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arXiv 2502.01752astro-ph.EP
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星子的多分散形成:团块中的尘埃粒径分布

Polydisperse Formation of Planetesimals: The dust size distribution in clumps

Jip Matthijsse, Hossam Aly, Sijme-Jan Paardekooper

AI总结:

本文用FARGO3D二维多尘埃流体模拟和Gauss-Legendre求积研究多分散流式不稳定性,发现其成团效率较低,且致密团块内粒径分布呈大颗粒富集、最大Stokes数颗粒外移的峰值特征。

摘要:

流式不稳定性是克服原行星盘中行星形成障碍的一种有效机制。以往对流式不稳定性的大量建模均采用气体与单一尘埃粒径的流体动力学模拟。然而,近期考虑更真实的粒径分布情形的研究表明,这会显著降低不稳定性的增长率。我们在这些研究的基础上,评估多分散流式不稳定性,考察最高密度区域中不稳定性的非线性阶段,并研究最致密尘埃结构内的尘埃粒径分布。我们使用FARGO3D,在包含多种尘埃组分的非分层剪切盒中开展二维流体动力学模拟,以表示潜在的连续尘埃粒径谱。为计算连续尘埃粒径分布对气体产生的阻力,我们在尘埃粒径空间中应用Gauss-Legendre求积法。与通常的均匀采样方法相比,该方法随尘埃组分数增加而收敛得更快。在生成可能坍缩为星子的致密团块方面,多分散流式不稳定性的效率低于其单分散对应情形。在最致密的尘埃结构中,较大粒径的尘埃更为丰富,因为它们与气体的耦合较弱,因此比较小的尘埃颗粒更易聚集。这一趋势在最大尘埃粒径处被打破,原因是最高密度区域存在依赖于粒径的空间分异:具有最大Stokes数的颗粒恰好位于所有尘埃组分叠加后最致密区域的外侧。这表现为最致密区域内粒径分布中的一个峰值;该峰值可能与坍缩后最终进入星子的粒径分布有关,并且能够模拟尘埃生长的粒径分布。

英文摘要:

The streaming instability is an efficient method for overcoming the barriers to planet formation in protoplanetary discs. The streaming instability has been extensively modelled by hydrodynamic simulations of gas and a single dust size. However, more recent studies considering a more realistic case of a particle size distribution show that this will significantly decrease the growth rate of the instability. We follow up on these studies by evaluating the polydisperse streaming instability, looking at the non-linear phase of the instability at the highest density regions, and investigating the dust size distribution in the densest dust structures. We employ 2D hydrodynamic simulations in an unstratified shearing box with multiple dust species representing an underlying continuous dust size spectrum using FARGO3D. To calculate the drag force on the gas due to a continuous dust size distribution, we apply the Gauss-Legendre quadrature method in dust size space. This method converges faster with the number of dust species than the usual uniform sampling method. The polydisperse streaming instability is less efficient than its monodisperse counterpart in generating dense clumps that could collapse into planetesimals. In the densest dust structure, the larger dust sizes are more abundant because they are less coupled to the gas and, therefore, can clump together more than the smaller dust grains. This trend is broken at the largest dust size due to size-dependent spatial segregation of the highest-density regions, where particles with the largest Stokes numbers are located just outside the densest areas of the combined dust species. This is observed as a peak in the size distribution at the densest regions, which could relate to the size distribution that ends up in the planetesimal after collapse and can mimic the size distribution of dust growth.

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