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arXiv 2007.10696astro-ph.EP
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Turbulence设定了微行星形成的长度尺度:流动不稳定性和微行星形成的局部2D模拟

Turbulence sets the length scale for planetesimal formation: Local 2D simulations of streaming instability and planetesimal formation

Hubert Klahr, Andreas Schreiber

摘要:

海王星外天体2014 MU 69,名为Arrokoth,是最新的证据,表明微行星不是由较小天体的连续碰撞形成的,而是由卵石云的直接引力坍缩形成的。但是,是什么过程决定了这种崩溃可能发生的物理尺度呢?恒星的形成具有金斯质量,即引力大于热压力,这有助于我们了解太阳的质量。但在星子形成的情况下,是什么控制着质量和大小呢?小行星和柯伊伯带天体在100公里处的大小分布都显示出一种扭曲。在这里,我们推导出一个引力坍缩标准卵石云碎片的星子,表明一个临界质量是需要克服湍流扩散的团块。我们成功地测试了这个标准的有效性,在直接数值模拟的星子形成触发的流动不稳定性。因此,我们的结果可以解释的大小,在文献中的流动不稳定性模拟中发现形成的星子,而不是解决详细的大小分布。我们发现,所观察到的特征直径为$\sim$ 100公里对应的卵石云的临界质量所设置的湍流扩散的强度产生的流不稳定性为广泛的区域的太阳星云模型从2 - 60 AU,有一种倾向,以允许更小的物体在距离以外,并在较晚的时候,当星云气体被耗尽。

英文摘要:

The trans-Neptunian object 2014 MU69, named Arrokoth, is the most recent evidence that planetesimals did not form by successive collisions of smaller objects, but by the direct gravitational collapse of a pebble cloud. But what process sets the physical scales on which this collapse may occur? Star formation has the Jeans mass, that is when gravity is stronger than thermal pressure, helping us to understand the mass of our sun. But what controls mass and size in the case of planetesimal formation? Both asteroids and Kuiper belt objects show a kink in their size distribution at 100 km. Here we derive a gravitational collapse criterion for a pebble cloud to fragment to planetesimals, showing that a critical mass is needed for the clump to overcome turbulent diffusion. We successfully tested the validity of this criterion in direct numerical simulations of planetesimal formation triggered by the streaming instability. Our result can, therefore, explain the sizes for planetesimals found forming in streaming instability simulations in the literature, while not addressing the detailed size distribution. We find that the observed characteristic diameters of $\sim$ 100 km correspond to the critical mass of a pebble cloud set by the strength of turbulent diffusion stemming from streaming instability for a wide region of a solar nebula model from 2 - 60 au, with a tendency to allow for smaller objects at distances beyond and at late times, when the nebula gas gets depleted.

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