本文回顾了 Zadko Observatory 从单一望远镜到多仪器能力的演进，重点介绍了其在 GRB 探测和中子星碰撞发现中的贡献，并展望了其发展为国际 Space Surveillance Hub 的潜力。
摘要：
Zadko Observatory 位于西澳大利亚 Gingin Shire 的 Yeal 自然保护区，距 Perth 以北约 70 公里，最初配备了 1.0 米 f/4 快速转向 Zadko Telescope，于 2008 年 6 月投入使用。自运行以来，该望远镜通过探测多次 Gamma Ray Burst afterglows 证明了其价值，其中两次是澳大利亚望远镜拍摄到的最遥远“optical transients”。Zadko telescope 还在 2017 年中子星碰撞的发现中做出了贡献，激发了公众的想象力。它的另一重要用途是追踪和测绘 Space Debris，即所有大于 10 微米、在地球外层空间轨道运行的人造物体及其碎片或部件，但不包括活跃的空间飞行器。Zadko telescope 是 ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery (OzGrav) 的一部分。为支持持续的科学仪器升级和 observatory 维护，吸引额外资金并寻求国际合作已被证明至关重要。本文将聚焦该 Observatory 的行政与技术细节，重点关注其可持续性及未来发展为国际认可的 Space Surveillance Hub 的潜力。我们将回顾 Observatory 从早期单一仪器状态到当前多望远镜、多仪器能力的演进，最后概述其及周围区域的未来。
英文摘要：
The Zadko Observatory located approximately 70 kilometres north of Perth in the Yeal nature reserve within the Shire of Gingin, Western Australia, initially housed the 1.0 metre f/4 fast-slew Zadko Telescope which was commissioned in June 2008. Since the Zadko telescope has been in operation it has proven its worth by detecting numerous Gamma Ray Burst afterglows, two of these being the most distant 'optical transients' imaged by an Australian telescope. The Zadko telescope also contributed to the discovery of colliding neutron stars in 2017 capturing the imagination of the public. Another important use for the Zadko Telescope is the tracking and mapping of Space Debris which consist of all man-made objects, including their fragments or parts, other than active space vehicles larger than 10 microns and orbiting the Earth in outer space. The Zadko telescope forms part of the ARC Centre of Excellence for Gravitational Wave Discovery (OzGrav). With a view to supporting ongoing scientific instrument upgrades and observatory maintenance it has proven critical to attract additional funding and seek out collaboration with international partners. In this article, we will focus on the administrative and technical details of the Observatory, focusing on the sustainability of the Observatory and its ongoing potential for future growth into an internationally recognized Space Surveillance Hub. We will review the evolution of the Observatory, from its early, single instrument state, to its current multi-telescope and multi-instrument capabilities. We will finish by outlining the future of the Observatory and surrounds.
Wayne State University's Dan Zowada Memorial Observatory is a fully robotic 0.5m telescope and imaging system located under the dark skies of New Mexico. The observatory is particularly suited to time domain astronomy: the observation of variable objects, such as tidal disruption events, supernovae, and active galactic nuclei. We have developed a software suite for image reduction, alignment and stacking, and calculation of absolute photometry in the Sloan filters used at the telescope. Our pipeline also performs image subtraction to enable photometry of objects embedded in bright backgrounds …
Project management of the Canadian Hydrogen Observatory and Radio-transient Detector
McGill University（麦吉尔大学）；National Research Council Canada（加拿大国家研究委员会）；Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics（珀米特理论物理研究所）；University of Toronto（多伦多大学）
Goals and strategies in the global control design of the OAJ Robotic Observatory
有很多方法可以解决从头开始制造高性能机器人天文台的挑战性问题。Javalambre天文台（OAJ）是位于Sierra de Javalambre（西班牙特鲁埃尔）的一个新的天文设施，其主要作用是进行全天天文观测。OAJ控制系统是从全局的角度设计的，不仅包括天文子系统，还包括基础设施和其他设施。在机器人OAJ的全局控制系统的设计中考虑了三个主要因素：质量、可靠性和效率。我们建议CIA（控制集成架构）设计和OEE（整体设备效率）作为关键性能指标，以改善操作流程，最大限度地减少资源，并获得高成本降低保持质量要求。控制集成架构考虑的OAJ子系统如下：两台宽视场望远镜及其仪器、主动光学子系统、天空质量监测设施（视宁度，消光，天空背景，天空亮度，云层分布，气象站），圆顶和几个基础设施，如供水，乙二醇水，水处理厂，空调，压缩空气，液氮厂，照明、监视、访问控制、灭火、发电机、配电、电力消耗、通信网络、不间断电源和两个主控制室，一个位于OAJ，另一个位于距天文台40公里的Teruel，通过微波无线电链路连接。在这里，我们提出了OAJ战略控制设计，以实现最大的质量效率的观测过程和操作，给出我们的方法的实际例子。
We present a Python-based framework for the complete operation of a robotic telescope observatory. It provides out-of-the-box support for many popular camera types while other hardware like telescopes, domes, and weather stations can easily be added via a thin abstraction layer to existing code. Common functionality like focusing, acquisition, auto-guiding, sky-flat acquisition, and pipeline calibration are ready for use. A remote-control interface, a "mastermind" for truly robotic operations as well as an interface to the Las Cumbres Observatory observation portal is included. The whole syste…
Metadata and Data Management for the Keck Observatory Archive
W. M.凯克天文台档案馆（KOA）是由夏威夷的凯克天文台（WMKO）和加利福尼亚州的美国宇航局系外行星科学研究所（NExScI）于2004年委托保存来自WMKO的观测数据，WMKO运营着两台经典的10米地面望远镜。来自Keck的观测数据不适合直接摄取到存档中，因为原始FITS头中包含的元数据缺乏正确存档所需的信息。再加上仪器制造者之间的不同标准，以及传统观测所固有的数据的异质性，在传统观测中，观测者完全控制仪器及其观测结果，这些数据对KOA提出了一些技术挑战。我们描述的方法和工具，我们已经开发成功地解决这些困难，添加内容的FITS头和“改造”的元数据，以支持存档凯克数据，特别是那些获得之前的存档设计。凭借在WMKO成功存档所有八个当前活跃仪器的观测结果所获得的专业知识，我们从处理这种复杂的异构元数据中吸取了经验教训，这些元数据有助于确保不仅为当前而且为未来的仪器顺利摄取数据，以及为存档用户提供更好的体验。
The current STELLA Echelle spectrograph (SES), which records 390nm to 870nm in one shot at a spectral resolution of 55000, will be replaced by a suite of specialized spectrographs in three spectral bands. The UV will be covered by a newly designed H&K spectrograph covering 380nm to 470nm (SES-H&K), the visual band (470nm - 690nm) will be covered by SES-VIS, which is a vacuum-stabilized spectrograph designed for high radial-velocity accuracy, and the NIR will be covered by the current SES spectrograph from 690nm to 1050nm. In order to improve the UV transmission, and to accommodate three differ…
Test Management and Coordination During the Vera C. Rubin Observatory Commissioning and Early Operations Using Zephyr Scale
NSF–DOE Vera C. Rubin Observatory/NSF NOIRLab（美国国家科学基金会-能源部薇拉·C·鲁宾天文台/美国国家光学红外天文实验室）；Department of Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison（威斯康星大学麦迪逊分校物理系）
We present the Rubin Observatory system for data storage/retrieval and pipelined code execution. The layer for data storage and retrieval is named the Butler. It consists of a relational database, known as the registry, to keep track of metadata and relations, and a system to manage where the data is located, named the datastore. Together these systems create an abstraction layer that science algorithms can be written against. This abstraction layer manages the complexities of the large data volumes expected and allows algorithms to be written independently, yet be tied together automatically …
Astra: an open-source fully autonomous robotic observatory control software
ETH Zürich（苏黎世联邦理工学院）；Astrobiology Research Unit, Université de Liège（列日大学天体生物学研究组）；Thüringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg（图林根州陶滕堡天文台）；Center for Space and Habitability, University of Bern（伯尔尼大学太空与宜居性中心）；School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Birmingham（伯明翰大学物理与天文学学院）；AIM, CEA, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Université de Paris（巴黎萨克雷大学、巴黎大学、CEA、CNRS联合天体物理研究所（AIM））；Department of Physics, University of Warwick（华威大学物理系）
TIGRE (Telescopio Internacional de Guanajuato Robótico Espectroscópico) has been operating in fully robotic mode in the Observatory La Luz (Guanajuato, Mexico) since the end of 2013. With its sole instrument, HEROS, an échelle spectrograph with a spectral resolution R~20000, TIGRE has collected more than 48000 spectra of 1151 different sources with a total exposure time of more than 11000 hours in these eight years. Here we briefly describe the system and the upgrades performed during the last years. We present the statistics of the weather conditions at the La Luz Observatory, emphasizing the…
The Gravitational-wave Optical Transient Observer (GOTO) is a wide-field telescope project focused on detecting optical counterparts to gravitational-wave sources. Each GOTO robotic mount holds eight 40 cm telescopes, giving an overall field of view of 40 square degrees. As of 2022 the first two GOTO mounts have been commissioned at the Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on La Palma, Canary Islands, and construction of the second node with two additional 8-telescope mounts has begin at Siding Spring Observatory in New South Wales, Australia. Once fully operational each GOTO mount will be netwo…
Starting from a description of the Rubin Observatory Data Management System Architecture, and drawing on our experience with and involvement in a range of other projects including Gaia, SDSS, UKIRT, and JCMT, we derive a series of generic design patterns and lessons learned.
The 4 meter New Robotic Telescope project: an updated report
Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias（加那利群岛天体物理研究所）；University of La Laguna（拉各纳大学）；Astrophysics Research Institute, Liverpool John Moores University（利物浦约翰摩尔斯大学天体物理研究所）；Instituto Universitario de Ciencias y Tecnologías Espaciales de Asturias（阿斯图里亚斯宇宙科学与技术大学研究所）
Long-Term Monitoring of Throughput in Las Cumbres Observatory's Fleet of Telescopes
拉斯坎布雷斯天文台拥有一支由机器人控制的望远镜队，目前有两台2米，九台1米和十台0.4米望远镜，分布在覆盖两个半球的六个地点。同一孔径级别的望远镜都配备了一套相同的光学成像仪，这些数据随后由一个共同的管道（BANZAI）处理。这些望远镜的运行没有人的直接监督，评估这些望远镜和仪器的日常和长期科学生产力是一项业务挑战。望远镜/仪器系统的一个关键操作指标是吞吐量。我们提出了一种基于夜间科学观测的长期性能监测方法：对于在匹配滤波器中拍摄的每张图像和PANSTARRS DR 1目录的足迹内，我们获得了光度零点，这是系统吞吐量的良好代理。这个超过$250000$数据点的数据集使我们能够回答有关一般吞吐量下降趋势的问题，以及各个望远镜在各个站点的表现如何。这一特定的度量标准有助于规划现场支持的工作水平，并分别优先考虑望远镜光学系统和反射镜的清洁和重新镀铝时间表。
The 1.0 metre f/4 fast-slew Zadko Telescope was installed in June 2008 approximately seventy kilometres north of Perth at Yeal, in the Shire of Gingin, Western Australia. Since the Zadko Telescope has been in operation it has proven its worth by detecting numerous Gamma Ray Burst afterglows, two of these being the most distant `optical transients' imaged by an Australian telescope. Other projects include a contract with the European Space Agency (ESA) to image potentially hazardous near Earth asteroids (2019), monitoring space weather on nearby stars (2019), and photometry of a transit of Satu…
The GWAC-N is an observation network composed of multi-aperture and multi-field of view robotic optical telescopes. The main instruments are the GWAC-A. Besides, several robotic optical telescopes with narrower field of views provide fast follow-up multi-band capabilities to the GWAC-N. The primary scientific goal of the GWAC-N is to search for the optical counterparts of GRB that will be detected by the SVOM. The GWAC-N performs many other observing tasks including the follow-ups of ToO and both the detection and the monitoring of variable/periodic objects as well as optical transients. To ha…
TRAPPIST: a robotic telescope dedicated to the study of planetary systems
我们在这里介绍一个新的机器人望远镜称为TRAPPIST（TRAnsiting Planets and PlanetesImals Small Telescope）。TRAPPIST配备了高质量的CCD相机，安装在0.6米的轻型光学管上，于2010年4月安装在ESO La Silla天文台（智利），现在正在开始其科学计划。TRAPPIST的科学目标是通过两种方法研究行星系：探测和研究系外行星以及研究彗星。我们在这里描述的项目目标，硬件，我们提出了一些在调试阶段获得的第一批成果。
The Simons Observatory (SO) is an upcoming polarized cosmic microwave background (CMB) survey experiment with three small-aperture telescopes and one large-aperture telescope that will observe from the Atacama Desert in Chile. In total, SO will field over 60,000 transition-edge sensor (TES) bolometers in six spectral bands centered between 27 and 280 GHz to achieve the sensitivity necessary to measure or constrain numerous cosmological parameters, including the tensor-to-scalar ratio, effective number of relativistic species, and sum of the neutrino masses. The SO scientific goals require coor…
We used the 0.5-m robotic telescopes located at the Special Astrophysical Observatory of the Russian Academy of Sciences for monitoring two square degrees of the sky with the aim of detecting new exoplanets. A dimming of the visible brightness is expected due to the exoplanets transiting their host stars. We analyzed about 25000 raw images of stars taken in the period between August 2020 and January 2021 and plotted the light curves for about 30000 stars on a half-year timescale. Five newly discovered exoplanet candidates are being investigated to determine their transit event parameters. We a…
We present the design and performance of the GROWTH-India telescope, a 0.7 m robotic telescope dedicated to time-domain astronomy. The telescope is equipped with a 4k back-illuminated camera giving a 0.82-degree field of view and sensitivity of m_g ~20.5 in 5-min exposures. Custom software handles observatory operations: attaining high on-sky observing efficiencies (>~ 80%) and allowing rapid response to targets of opportunity. The data processing pipelines are capable of performing PSF photometry as well as image subtraction for transient searches. We also present an overview of the GROWTH-In…
SPECULOOS is a ground-based transit survey consisting of six identical 1-m robotic telescopes. The immediate goal of the project is to detect temperate terrestrial planets transiting nearby ultracool dwarfs (late M-dwarf stars and brown dwarfs), which could be amenable for atmospheric research with the next generation of telescopes. Here, we report the developments of the northern counterpart of the project - SPECULOOS Northern Observatory, and present its performance during the first three years of operations from mid-2019 to mid-2022. Currently, the observatory consists of one telescope, whi…
Lee Sang Gak Telescope (LSGT): A Remotely Operated Robotic Telescope for Education and Research at Seoul National University
我们介绍Lee Sang Gak望远镜（LSGT），这是一个远程操作的机器人0.43米望远镜。该望远镜于2014年10月安装在澳大利亚赛丁泉天文台，以确保从首尔国立大学校园定期和独家进入南半球的黑暗天空和良好的大气条件。在这里，我们描述了LSGT系统及其性能，从早期的观察，目前的例子图像，并讨论了未来的计划，以升级系统。该望远镜的使用包括：㈠对附近星系、活动星系核和超新星进行长期监测观测; ㈡对伽马射线暴和引力波源等瞬变现象进行快速跟踪观测; ㈢为国家自然科学大学的教育活动进行观测。基于到目前为止进行的观测，我们发现，该望远镜是能够提供图像的深度R=21.5马格（点源检测）在5西格玛与15分钟的总积分时间在良好的观测条件下。
A ready-to-deploy MLOps software platform for satellite and NEO detection at meter-class ground-based observatories
Real Instituto y Observatorio de la Armada (ROA)（皇家海军研究院与天文台）；Universidad de Granada（格拉纳达大学）；Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC)（安达卢西亚天体物理研究所）；Safran（赛峰集团）；Universidad de Cádiz（加的斯大学）
FRAM (F/Photometric Robotic Atmospheric Monitor) is a robotic telescope operated at the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina for the purposes of atmospheric monitoring using stellar photometry. As a passive system which does not produce any light that could interfere with the observations of the fluorescence telescopes of the observatory, it complements the active monitoring systems that use lasers. We discuss the applications of stellar photometry for atmospheric monitoring at optical observatories in general and the particular modes of operation employed by the Auger FRAM. We describe in de…
The PAU Survey: Operation and orchestration of multi-band survey data
加速宇宙物理学巡天（英语：Physics of the Accelerating Universe，PAU）是一个研究与暗能量有关的宇宙学参数的国际项目。PAU的18- CCD相机（PAUCam），安装在Roque de los Muchachos天文台的William Herschel望远镜的主焦点上（加那利群岛拉帕尔马），扫描北部天空的一部分，以收集数百万个星系的低分辨率光谱信息，其独特的40个窄带滤光片，光学范围从450纳米到850纳米，以及一组6个标准宽带滤波器。PAU数据管理（PAUdm）团队负责处理数据，包括将数据从观测站传输到位于Port d 'Informació Científica（PIC）的PAU调查数据中心。PAUdm还负责存储、数据整理，并最终将结果提供给科学界。我们描述的技术解决方案，采用涵盖不同方面的PAU调查数据管理，从计算基础设施，以支持业务，软件工具和网络服务的数据流程编排和探索。我们将特别关注PAU数据库，该数据库是为协调不同的PAUdm任务而开发的，旨在维护和保证数据和元数据的一致性。
