AI 中文总结
研究针对机器人和自主天文台运行需求，介绍开源跨平台Python系统阿斯特拉，它通过特定协议控制硬件，执行多设备操作，提供网络服务，已在多设施运行，满足巡天天文学可靠性要求。
AI 中文摘要
机器人和自主天文台对现代时域和高频率天文观测至关重要。其运行需要复杂软件协调来管理硬件、安排观测并确保安全。现有天文台控制软件常为专有且平台锁定，或需复杂消息代理基础设施。本文介绍阿斯特拉（Astra），一个开源、跨平台的Python系统，用于天文台持续、全自主运行，无需外部消息代理基础设施。它通过ASCOM Alpaca协议控制天文台硬件，在持续安全监督下执行预安排的天文台操作。其多设备操作包括基于星图求解的指向校正、PID控制的自动导星和自动对焦。FastAPI网络服务提供浏览器用户界面、REST和WebSocket API用于实时状态、图像预览以及SQLite支持的遥测和日志。自2024年1月以来，阿斯特拉已在完全无人值守的生产环境中运行，扩展到三个设施的六台望远镜，未因软件导致观测计划中止。在SPECULOOS - South网络中，它实现了亚角秒级自动导星（中值指向散射为0.11角秒），四台望远镜中有三台的星图求解失败率低于1%（最窄视场单元为3%），表明基于开放标准软件栈可满足生产性巡天天文学的可靠性要求。
英文摘要
Robotic and autonomous observatories are critical for modern time-domain and high-cadence astronomical surveys. The operation of these facilities requires complex software coordination to manage hardware, schedule observations, and ensure safety. However, existing observatory control software are often proprietary and platform-locked or require complex message-brokering infrastructure. Here we present Astra (Automated Survey observaTory Robotised with Alpaca): an open-source, cross-platform Python system for the sustained, fully autonomous operation of astronomical observatories, requiring no external message-broker infrastructure. Astra controls observatory hardware via the ASCOM Alpaca protocol, and executes prescheduled observatory actions under continuous safety supervision. Its multi-device actions include plate-solve-based pointing correction with a local Gaia--2MASS catalogue fallback, PID-controlled autoguiding, and autofocus. A FastAPI web service provides a browser UI, REST and WebSocket APIs for real-time status, image previews, and SQLite-backed telemetry and logs. Astra has run in fully unattended production since January 2024, scaling to six telescopes across three facilities: the SPECULOOS-South network (4 $\times$ 1\,m class, Chile), SAINT-EX (1\,m class, Mexico), and the ETH Observatory (0.5\,m class, Switzerland), with no schedule aborts attributable to Astra software. Across the SPECULOOS-South network, it achieves sub-arcsecond autoguiding (0.11\unit{\arcsecond} median pointing scatter) and plate-solve failure rates below 1\% on three of the four telescopes (3\% on the narrowest-field unit), demonstrating that an open, standards-based software stack can meet the reliability demands of production survey astronomy.
Comments16 pages, 3 figures, proceedings of SPIE Astronomical Telescopes + Instrumentation 2026, 14155-116
