CR 集的概念与广义 van der Waerden 定理密切相关。本文证明两个 CR 集的乘积仍是 CR 集，从而回答了 N. Hindman、H. Hosseini、D. Strauss 和 M. Tootkaboni 在《Semigroup Forum》107（2023），127–143 中《任意半群中的组合丰富集》一文的 Question 4.2。我们使用组合论证来证明该结果。
英文摘要：
The notions of CR set is intimately related with the generalized van der Waerden's theorem. In this article, we prove the product of two CR sets is again a CR set. This answers [Question 4.2., N. Hindman, H. Hosseini, D. Strauss, and M. Tootkaboni: Combinatorially rich sets in arbitrary semigroups, Semigroup Forum, 107 (2023), 127-143.] . We use combinatorial arguments to prove our result.
N. Hindman and D. Strauss had shown that, for discrete semigroups, the cartesian product of two central sets are central. They also proved that the product of J- sets and C-sets are also J-set and C-set and characterized when the infnite product of these sets are preserved. To prove these results they used the algebraic structure of Stone-Cech compactification of discrete semigroups. In this work we will give a combinatorial proof of the preserveness of those large sets under fnite cartesian product.
The general position number ${\rm gp}(G)$ of a connected graph $G$ is the cardinality of a largest set $S$ of vertices such that no three distinct vertices from $S$ lie on a common geodesic; such sets are refereed to as gp-sets of $G$. The general position number of cylinders $P_r\,\square\, C_s$ is deduced. It is proved that ${\rm gp}(C_r\,\square\, C_s)\in \{6,7\}$ whenever $r\ge s \ge 3$, $s\ne 4$, and $r\ge 6$. A probabilistic lower bound on the general position number of Cartesian graph powers is achieved. Along the way a formula for the number of gp-sets in $P_r\,\square\, P_s$, where $r…
Recently, Bapat and Kurata [\textit{Linear Algebra Appl.}, 562(2019), 135-153] defined the Cartesian product of two square matrices $A$ and $B$ as $A\oslash B=A\otimes \J+\J\otimes B$, where $\J$ is the all one matrix of appropriate order and $\otimes$ is the Kronecker product. In this article, we find the expression for the trace of the Cartesian product of any finite number of square matrices in terms of traces of the individual matrices. Also, we establish some identities involving the Cartesian product of matrices. Finally, we apply the Cartesian product to study some graph-theoretic prope…
In this paper, we study the Cartesian product of signed graphs as defined by Germina, Hameed and Zaslavsky (2011). Here we focus on its algebraic properties and look at the chromatic number of some Cartesian products. One of our main results is the unicity of the prime factor decomposition of signed graphs. This leads us to present an algorithm to compute this decomposition in linear time based on a decomposition algorithm for oriented graphs by Imrich and Peterin (2018). We also study the chromatic number of a signed graph, that is the minimum order of a signed graph to which the input signed…
Given a finite set $V$, a convexity $\mathscr{C}$, is a collection of subsets of $V$ that contains both the empty set and the set $V$ and is closed under intersections. The elements of $\mathscr{C}$ are called convex sets. The digital convexity, originally proposed as a tool for processing digital images, is defined as follows: a subset $S\subseteq V(G)$ is digitally convex if, for every $v\in V(G)$, we have $N[v]\subseteq N[S]$ implies $v\in S$. The number of cyclic binary strings with blocks of length at least $k$ is expressed as a linear recurrence relation for $k\geq 2$. A bijection is est…
Recently, we have introduced and modified two graph-decomposition theorems based on a new graph product, motivated by applications in the context of synchronising periodic real-time processes. This vertex-removing synchronised product (VRSP), is based on modifications of the well-known Cartesian product and is closely related to the synchronised product due to Wöhrle and Thomas. Here, we introduce a new graph-decomposition theorem based on the VRSP that provides a Cartesian decomposition of graphs.
An Italian dominating function on a (di)graph $G$ with vertex set $V(G)$ is a function $f: V(G) \to \{0, 1, 2\}$ such that every vertex $v \in V(G)$ such that $f(v) = 0$ has an (in)neighbour assigned 2 or two (in)neighbours assigned 1. We complete the investigation of the Italian domination numbers of Cartesian products of directed cycles.
In this paper we study the weak Roman domination number and the secure domination number of a graph. In particular, we obtain general bounds on these two parameters and, as a consequence of the study, we derive new inequalities of Nordhaus-Gaddum type involving secure domination and weak Roman domination. Furthermore, the particular case of Cartesian product graphs is considered.
A proper vertex coloring of a graph $G$ is called a star coloring if every two color classes induce a forest whose each component is a star, which means there is no bicolored $P_4$ in $G$. In this paper, we show that the Cartesian product of any two cycles, except $C_3 \square C_3$ and $C_3 \square C_5$, has a $5$-star coloring.
we define the sunlet graph is the graph obtained by taking one copy of the cycle and joined every vertex of the cycle to an exactly one pendant vertex such that the degree of each vertex in the cycle is three. In this paper, we establish necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of decomposition of the Cartesian product of complete graphs into sunlet graph of order eight.
Koh and Tay proved a fundamental classification of $G$ vertex-multiplications into three classes $\mathscr{C}_0, \mathscr{C}_1$ and $\mathscr{C}_2$. In this paper, we prove that vertex-multiplications of cartesian products of graphs $G\times H$ lie in $\mathscr{C}_0$ ($\mathscr{C}_0\cup \mathscr{C}_1$ resp.) if $G^{(2)}\in \mathscr{C}_0$ ($\mathscr{C}_1$ resp.), $d(G)\ge 2$ and $d(G\times H)\ge 4$. We also focus on cartesian products involving trees, paths and cycles and show that most of them lie in $\mathscr{C}_0$.
The exact crossing number is only known for a small number of families of graphs. Many of the families for which crossing numbers have been determined correspond to cartesian products of two graphs. Here, the cartesian product of the Sunlet graph, denoted $\mathcal{S}_n$, and the Star graph, denoted $K_{1,m}$, is considered for the first time. It is proved that the crossing number of $\mathcal{S}_n \Box K_{1,2}$ is $n$, and the crossing number of $\mathcal{S}_n \Box K_{1,3}$ is $3n$. An upper bound for the crossing number of $\mathcal{S}_n \Box K_{1,m}$ is also given.
There has been significant research dedicated towards computing the crossing numbers of families of graphs resulting from the Cartesian products of small graphs with arbitrarily large paths, cycles and stars. For graphs with four or fewer vertices, these have all been computed, but there are still various gaps for graphs with five or more vertices. We contribute to this field by determining the crossing numbers for fifteen such families.
If each minimal dominating set in a graph is a minimum dominating set, then the graph is called well-dominated. Since the seminal paper on well-dominated graphs appeared in 1988, the structure of well-dominated graphs from several restricted classes have been studied. In this paper we give a complete characterization of nontrivial direct products that are well-dominated. We prove that if a strong product is well-dominated, then both of its factors are well-dominated. When one of the factors of a strong product is a complete graph, the other factor being well-dominated is also a sufficient cond…
This paper is concerned with the linkedness of Cartesian products of complete graphs. A graph with at least $2k$ vertices is {\it $k$-linked} if, for every set of $2k$ distinct vertices organised in arbitrary $k$ pairs of vertices, there are $k$ vertex-disjoint paths joining the vertices in the pairs. We show that the Cartesian product $K^{d_{1}+1}\times K^{d_{2}+1}$ of complete graphs $K^{d_{1}+1}$ and $K^{d_{2}+1}$ is $\floor{(d_{1}+d_{2})/2}$-linked for $d_{1},d_{2}\ge 2$, and this is best possible. %A polytope is said to be {\it $k$-linked} if its graph is $k$-linked. This result is connec…
A star edge coloring of a graph $G$ is a proper edge coloring of $G$ such that every path and cycle of length four in $G$ uses at least three different colors. The star chromatic index of a graph $G$, is the smallest integer $k$ for which $G$ admits a star edge coloring with $k$ colors. In this paper, we first obtain some upper bounds for the star chromatic index of the Cartesian product of two graphs. We then determine the exact value of the star chromatic index of $2$-dimensional grids. We also obtain some upper bounds on the star chromatic index of the Cartesian product of a path with a cyc…
Let $p ,r $ and $n $ be positive integers. Then the O-Fibonacci $(p,r)$-cube $OΓ^{(p,r)}_{n}$ is the subgraph of $Q_{n}$ induced on the binary words in which there is at least $p-1$ zeros between any two $1$s and there is at most $r$ consecutive $10^{p-1}$. These cubes include a wide range of cubes as their special cases, such as hypercubes, Fibonacci cubes, and postal networks. In this note it is proved that $OΓ^{(p,r)}_{n}$ is a non-trivial Cartesian product if and only if $p=1$ and $r\geq n\geq2$.
Graph embedding is a powerful method in parallel computing that maps a guest network $G$ into a host network $H$. The performance of an embedding can be evaluated by certain parameters, such as the dilation, the edge congestion and the wirelength. In this manuscript, we obtain the wirelength (exact and minimum) of embedding complete multi-partite graphs into Cartesian product of paths and cycles, which include $n$-cube, $n$-dimensional mesh (grid), $n$-dimensional cylinder and $n$-dimensional torus, etc., as the subfamilies.
On total domination in the Cartesian product of graphs
Ho在[A note on the total dominance number，Util.Math. 77（2008）97- 100]中证明了任意两个没有孤立点的图的笛卡儿积的总控制数至少是它们的总控制数之积的一半。本文推广了Lu和Hou在[图与$K_2$或$C_n$的笛卡儿积的全控制，Util. Math.83（2010）313- 322]，通过表征图对$G$和$H$，其中$γ_t(G\Box H)=\frac{1}{2}γ_t(G) γ_t(H)\,$，无论何时$γ_t(H)=2$。此外，我们还得到了一类具有$γ_t(G_n)=2n$的图$G_n$，它们渐近地逼近$γ_t(G_n\Box G_n)\ge \frac{1}{2}γ_t(G_n)^2$中的等式.
Forts, (fractional) zero forcing, and Cartesian products of graphs
Penn State Behrend（宾州州立大学贝伦德分校）；American Institute of Mathematics（美国数学研究所）；Iowa State University（爱荷华州立大学）；Purdue University（普渡大学）；United States Naval Academy（美国海军学院）；University of Regina（里贾纳大学）；The University of Texas Permian Basin（德克萨斯大学永川盆地分校）
