本文证明了文献中 Renault 与 Farsi 等人提出的 AF groupoid 两种定义的等价性，并揭示其基础 elementary groupoid 定义仅在 local homeomorphism 为 covering map 时重合。
摘要：
我们证明了文献中 AF groupoid 的两种定义的等价性：一种由 Renault 提出，另一种由 Farsi、Kumjian、Pask 和 Sims 提出。在两种定义中，AF groupoid 都是更基本的 groupoid（称为 elementary groupoid）的递增并集。令人惊讶的是，elementary groupoid 的两种定义并不等价；它们重合当且仅当刻画它们的 local homeomorphism 是一个 covering map。
英文摘要：
We prove the equivalence of two definitions of AF groupoid in the literature: one by Renault and the other by Farsi, Kumjian, Pask and Sims. In both definitions, an AF groupoid is an increasing union of more basic groupoids, called elementary groupoids. Surprisingly, the two definitions of elementary groupoid are not equivalent; they coincide if and only if the local homeomorphism that characterises them is a covering map.
Given two locally compact Hausdorff groupoids $G$ and $H$ and a $(G,H)$-equivalence $Z$, one can construct the associated linking groupoid $L$. This is reminiscent of the linking algebra for Morita equivalent $C^*$-algebras. Indeed, Sims and Williams reestablished Renault's equivalence theorem by realizing $C^*(L)$ as the linking algebra for $C^*(G)$ and $C^*(H)$. Since the proof that Morita equivalence preserves exactness for $C^*$-algebras depends on the linking algebra, the linking groupoid should serve the same purpose for groupoid exactness and equivalence. We exhibit such a proof here.
In a recent article of Kenny De Commer, was investigated a Morita equivalence between locally compact quantum groups, in which a measured quantum groupoid, of basis $\mathbb{C}^2$, was constructed as a linking object. Here, we generalize all these constructions and concepts to the level of measured quantum groupoids. As for locally compact quantum groups, we apply this construction to the deformation of a measured quantum groupoid by a 2-cocycle.
We provide an exposition and proof of Renault's equivalence theorem for crossed products by locally Hausdorff, locally compact groupoids. Our approach stresses the bundle approach, concrete imprimitivity bimodules and is a preamble to a detailed treatment of the Brauer semigroup for a locally Hausdorff, locally compact groupoid.
Given groupoids $G$ and $H$ and a $(G,H)$-equivalence $X$ we may form the transformation groupoid $G\ltimes X\rtimes H$. Given a separable groupoid dynamical system $(A,G\ltimes X\rtimes H,ω)$ we may restrict $ω$ to an action of $G\ltimes X$ on $A$ and form the crossed product $A\rtimes G\ltimes X$. We show that there is an action of $H$ on $A\rtimes G\ltimes X$ and that the iterated crossed product $(A\rtimes G\ltimes X)\rtimes H$ is naturally isomorphic to the crossed product $A\rtimes (G\ltimes X\rtimes H)$.
We prove that ample groupoids with sigma-compact unit spaces are equivalent if and only if they are stably isomorphic in an appropriate sense, and relate this to Matui's notion of Kakutani equivalence. We use this result to show that diagonal-preserving stable isomorphisms of graph C*-algebras or Leavitt path algebras give rise to isomorphisms of the groupoids of the associated stabilised graphs. We deduce that the Leavitt path algebras $L_Z(E_2)$ and $L_Z(E_{2-})$ are not stably *-isomorphic.
In this paper we define a monoid called the equivariant Brauer semigroup for a locally compact Hausdorff groupoid E whose elements consist of Morita equivalence classes of E-dynamical systems. This construction generalizes both the equivariant Brauer semigroup for transformation groups and the equivariant Brauer group for a groupoid. We show that groupoid equivalence induces an isomorphism of equivariant Brauer semigroups and that this isomorphism preserves the Morita equivalence classes of the respective crossedproducts, thus generalizing Raeburn's symmetric imprimitivity theorem.
We use the technology of linking groupoids to show that equivalent groupoids have Morita equivalent reduced C*-algebras. This equivalence is compatible in a natural way in with the Equivalence Theorem for full groupoid C*-algebras.
In this series of papers, we develop the theory of a class of locally compact quantum groupoids, which is motivated by the purely algebraic notion of weak multiplier Hopf algebras. In this Part I, we provide motivation and formulate the definition in the C*-algebra framework. Existence of a certain canonical idempotent element is required and it plays a fundamental role, including the establishment of the coassociativity of the comultiplication. This class contains locally compact quantum groups as a subclass.
We study the groupoid C*-algebras associated to the equivalence relation induced by a quotient map on a locally compact Hausdorff space. This C*-algebra is always a Fell algebra, and if the quotient space is Hausdorff, it is a continuous-trace algebra. We show that the C*-algebra of a locally compact, Hausdorff and principal groupoid is a Fell algebra if and only if the groupoid is one of these relations, extending a theorem of Archbold and Somerset about etale groupoids. The C*-algebras of these relations are, up to Morita equivalence, precisely the Fell algebras with trivial Dixmier-Douady i…
We introduce notions of continuous orbit equivalence and strong (respective, weak) continuous orbit equivalence for automorphism systems of étale equivalence relations, and characterize them in terms of the semi-direct product groupoids, as well as their reduced groupoid $C^*$-algebras and the associated $C^*$-automorphism systems of group actions or coactions on them. In particular, we study topological rigidity of expansive automorphism actions on compact (connected) metrizable groups
We show that if E is an equivalence of upper semicontinuous Fell bundles B and C over groupoids, then there is a linking bundle L(E) over the linking groupoid L such that the full cross-sectional algebra of L(E) contains those of B and C as complementary full corners, and likewise for reduced cross-sectional algebras. We show how our results generalise to groupoid crossed-products the fact, proved by Quigg and Spielberg, that Raeburn's symmetric imprimitivity theorem passes through the quotient map to reduced crossed products.
We investigate the homology of ample Hausdorff groupoids. We establish that a number of notions of equivalence of groupoids appearing in the literature coincide for ample Hausdorff groupoids, and deduce that they all preserve groupoid homology. We compute the homology of a Deaconu{Renault groupoid associated to k pairwisecommuting local homeomorphisms of a zero-dimensional space, and show that Matui's HK conjecture holds for such a groupoid when k is one or two. We specialise to k-graph groupoids, and show that their homology can be computed in terms of the adjacency matrices, using a chain co…
Several relations on graphs, including primitive equivalence, explosion equivalence and strong shift equivalence, are examined and shown to preserve either the graph groupoid, a construction of Kumjian, Pask, Raeburn, and Renault, or the groupoid of a pointed version of the graph. Thus these relations preserve either the isomorphism class or the Morita equivalence class of the graph C*-algebra, as defined by Kumjian, Pask, and Raeburn.
To every one-sided shift space $\mathsf{X}$ we associate a cover $\tilde{\mathsf{X}}$, a groupoid $\mathcal{G}_{\mathsf{X}}$ and a $\mathrm{C^*}$-algebra $\mathcal{O}_{\mathsf{X}}$. We characterize one-sided conjugacy, eventual conjugacy and (stabilizer preserving) continuous orbit equivalence between $\mathsf{X}$ and $\mathsf{Y}$ in terms of isomorphism of $\mathcal{G}_{\mathsf{X}}$ and $\mathcal{G}_{\mathsf{Y}}$, and diagonal preserving $^*$-isomorphism of $\mathcal{O}_{\mathsf{X}}$ and $\mathcal{O}_{\mathsf{Y}}$. We also characterize two-sided conjugacy and flow equivalence of the associate…
A $λ$-graph system $\frak L$ is a labeled Bratteli diagram with shift operation. It is a generalized notion of finite labeled graph and presents a subshifts. We will study continuous orbit equivalence of one-sided subshifts and topological conjugacy of two-sided subshifts from the view points of groupoids and $C^*$-algebras constructed from $λ$-graph systems.
We give a definition of amenability at infinity for a locally compact, $σ$-compact and Hausdorff etale groupoid and we study in some case the exactness of the reduced $C^*$-algebra of a such groupoid.
It is well known that a measured groupoid G defines a von Neumann algebra W*(G), and that a Lie groupoid G canonically defines both a C*-algebra C*(G) and a Poisson manifold A*(G). We show that the maps G -> W*(G), G -> C*(G) and G -> A*(G) are functorial with respect to suitable categories. In these categories Morita equivalence is isomorphism of objects, so that these maps preserve Morita equivalence.
Any etale Lie groupoid G is completely determined by its associated convolution algebra C_c(G) equipped with the natural Hopf algebroid structure. We extend this result to the generalized morphisms between etale Lie groupoids: we show that any principal H-bundle P over G is uniquely determined by the associated C_c(G)-C_c(H)-bimodule C_c(P) equipped with the natural coalgebra structure. Furthermore, we prove that the functor C_c gives an equivalence between the Morita category of etale Lie groupoids and the Morita category of locally grouplike Hopf algebroids.
We give conditions for when continuous orbit equivalence of one-sided shift spaces implies flow equivalence of the associated two-sided shift spaces. Using groupoid techniques, we prove that this is always the case for shifts of finite type. This generalises a result of Matsumoto and Matui from the irreducible to the general case. We also prove that a pair of one-sided shift spaces of finite type are continuously orbit equivalent if and only if their groupoids are isomorphic, and that the corresponding two-sided shifts are flow equivalent if and only if the groupoids are stably isomorphic. As …
In this paper we suggest a definition for a C*-algebra attached to an injective morphism of some Étale groupoid. We take into account all the peculiarities of such objects and present some interesting relations with already well-known C*-algebras from the literature.
We show that the groupoids of two directed graphs are isomorphic if and only if the two graphs are orbit equivalent by an orbit equivalence that preserves isolated eventually periodic points. We also give a complete description of the (topological) isolated points of the boundary path space of a graph. As a result, we are able to show that the groupoids of two directed graphs with finitely many vertices and no sinks are isomorphic if and only if the two graphs are orbit equivalent, and that the groupoids of the stabilisations of two such graphs are isomorphic if and only if the stabilisations …
Following the operator algebraic approach to Gabor analysis, we construct frames of translates for the Hilbert space localisation of the Morita equivalence bimodule arising from a groupoid equivalence between Hausdorff groupoids, where one of the groupoids is étale and with a compact unit space. For finitely generated and projective submodules, we show these frames are orthonormal bases if and only if the module is free. We then apply this result to the study of localised Wannier bases of spectral subspaces of Schrödinger operators with atomic potentials supported on (aperiodic) Delone sets. T…
We introduce the notion of groupoid pre-equivalences and prove that they give rise to groupoid equivalences by taking certain quotients. Then, given an equivalence of Fell bundles $\mathscr{B}$ and $\mathscr{C}$ and another equivalence between $\mathscr{C}$ and $\mathscr{D}$, we construct an equivalence between $\mathscr{B}$ and $\mathscr{D}$ out of the tensor product bundle. As a consequence, we obtain that Fell bundle equivalence is indeed an equivalence relation.
In this paper, we consider semigroup actions of discrete countable semigroups on compact spaces by surjective local homeomorphisms. We introduce notions of continuous one-sided orbit equivalence and continuous orbit equivalence for semigroup actions, and characterize them in terms of the corresponding semi-groupoids and transformation groupoids respectively. Finally, we consider the case of semigroup actions by homeomorphisms and relate continuous orbit equivalence of semigroup actions to that of group actions.
This paper is aimed at investigating links between Fell bundles over Morita equivalent groupoids and their corresponding reduced C*-algebras. Mainly, we review the notion of Fell pairs over a Morita equivalence of groupoids, and give the analogue of the Renault's Equivalence Theorem for the reduced C*-algebras of equivalent Fell systems. Eventually, we will use this theorem to connect the reduced C*-algebra of an S^1-central groupoid extension to that of its associated Dixmier-Douady bundle.
We study the C*-algebras of Fell bundles. In particular, we prove the analogue of Renault's disintegration theorem for groupoids. As in the groupoid case, this result is the key step in proving a deep equivalence theorem for the C*-algebras of Fell bundles.
We define the notion of a principal S-bundle where S is a groupoid group bundle and show that there is a one-to-one correspondence between principal S-bundles and elements of a sheaf cohomology group associated to S. We also define the notion of a locally unitary action and show that the spectrum of the crossed product is a principal bundle. Furthermore, we prove that the isomorphism class of the spectrum determines the exterior equivalence class of the action and that every principal bundle can be realized as the spectrum of some locally unitary crossed product.
We extend ultragraph shift spaces and the realization of ultragraph C*-algebras as partial crossed products to include ultragraphs with sinks (under a mild condition, called (RFUM2), which allow us to dismiss the use of filters) and we describe the associated transformation groupoid. Using these characterizations we study continuous orbit equivalence of ultragraph shift spaces (via groupoids) and KMS and ground states (via partial crossed products).
We introduce the notion of continuous orbit equivalence for partial dynamical systems, and give an equivalent characterization in terms of Cartan-isomorphisms for partial C*-crossed products. Both graph C*-algebras and semigroup C*-algebras can be described as C*-algebras attached to partial dynamical systems. As applications, for graphs, we generalize and explain a result of Matsumoto and Matui relating orbit equivalence and Cartan-isomorphism, and for semigroups, we strengthen several structural results for semigroup C*-algebras concerning amenability, nuclearity as well as simplicity of bou…
In this second paper, we study the case of substitution tilings of R^d. The substitution on tiles induces substitutions on the faces of the tiles of all dimensions j=0, ..., d-1. We reconstruct the tiling's equivalence relation in a purely combinatorial way using the AF-relations given by the lower dimensional substitutions. We define a Bratteli multi-diagram B which is made of the Bratteli diagrams B^j, j=0, ..., d, of all those substitutions. The set of infinite paths in B^d is identified with the canonical transversal Xi of the tiling. Any such path has a "border", which is a set of tails i…
Suppose that $G$ is a groupoid acting on a small category $H$ in the sense of \cite[Definition 4]{NOT} and $H\times_αG$ is the resulting semi-direct product category (as in \cite[Proposition 8]{NOT}). We show that there exists a subcategory $H_r \subseteq H$ satisfying some nice property called ``regularity'' such that $H_r \times_αG = H\times_αG$. Moreover, we show that there exists a so-called ``quasi action'' (see Definition \ref{quasi}) $β$ of $G$ on $C^*(H_r)$ (where $C^*(H_r)$ is the semigroupoid $C^*$-algebra as defined in \cite{EXE}) such that $C^*(H_r\times_αG) = C^*(H_r)\times_βG$ (w…
Let G be a (not necessarily Hausdorff) locally compact groupoid. We introduce a notion of properness for G, which is invariant under Morita-equivalence. We show that any generalized morphism between two locally compact groupoids which satisfies some properness conditions induces a C*-correspondence from $C*_r(G_1)$ to $C^*_r(G_2)$, and thus two Morita equivalent groupoids have Morita-equivalent $C^*$-algebras.
Let T be an aperiodic and repetitive tiling of R^d with finite local complexity. Let O be its tiling space with canonical transversal X. The tiling equivalence relation R_X is the set of pairs of tilings in X which are translates of each others, with a certain (etale) topology. In this paper R_X is reconstructed as a generalized "tail equivalence" on a Bratteli diagram, with its standard AF-relation as a subequivalence relation. Using a generalization of the Anderson-Putnam complex, O is identified with the inverse limit of a sequence of finite CW-complexes. A Bratteli diagram B is built from …
We introduce a generalization of the notion of approximately proper equivalence relations studied by Renault and with it we build an étale groupoid. Choosing a suitable set of continuous functions to play the role of a potential, we construct a cocycle in that groupoid and discuss the corresponding Radon-Nikodym problem.
We propose a definition of compact quantum groupoids in the setting of C*-algebras, associate to such a quantum groupoid a regular C*-pseudo-multiplicative unitary, and use this unitary to construct a dual Hopf C*-bimodule and to pass to a measurable quantum groupoid in the sense of Enock and Lesieur. Moreover, we discuss examples related to compact and to étale groupoids and study principal compact C*-quantum groupoids.
A locally compact groupoid is said to have the weak containment property if its full $C^*$-algebra coincides with its reduced one. This property is strictly weaker than amenability and is known to be equivalent to amenability for transformation groupoids relative to actions of exact discrete groups. We believe that for general étale groupoids one should have the same equivalence of the two properties under some mild exactness assumption. In this paper we try to support this statement.
Let $G$ be a discrete countable group and $C$ its central subgroup with $G/C$ treeable. We show that for any treeable action of $G/C$ on a standard probability space $X$, the groupoid $G\ltimes X$ is isomorphic to the direct product of $C$ and $(G/C)\ltimes X$, through cohomology of groupoids. We apply this to show that any group in the minimal class of groups containing treeable groups and closed under taking direct products, commensurable groups and central extensions has the Haagerup property.
We consider probability measure preserving discrete groupoids, group actions and equivalence relations in the context of general probability spaces. We study for these objects the notions of cost, $β$-invariant and some higher-dimensional variants. We also propose various convergence results about $\ell^2$-Betti numbers and rank gradient for sequences of actions, groupoids or equivalence relations under weak finiteness assumptions. In particular we connect the combinatorial cost with the cost of the ultralimit equivalence relations. Finally a relative version of Stuck-Zimmer property is also c…
We extend the definitions and main properties of graded extensions to the category of locally compact groupoids endowed with involutions. We introduce Real Čech cohomology, which is an equivariant-like cohomology theory suitable for the context of groupoids with involutions. The Picard group of such a groupoid is discussed and is given a cohomological picture. Eventually, we generalize Crainic's result, about the differential cohomology of a proper Lie groupoid with coefficients in a given representation, to the topological case.
