For a Banach algebra $A$, we say that an element $M$ in $A\otimes^γA$ is a hyper-commutator if $(a\otimes 1)M=M(1\otimes a)$ for every $a\in A$. A diagonal for a Banach algebra is a hyper-commutator which its image under diagonal mapping is $1$. It is well-known that a Banach algebra is contractible iff it has a diagonal. The main aim of this note is to show that for any Banach subalgebra $A\subseteq\mathcal{L}(X)$ of bounded linear operators on infinite-dimensional Banach space $X$, which contains the ideal of finite-rank operators, the image of any hyper-commutator of $A$ under the canonical algebra-morphism $\mathcal{L}(X)\otimes^γ\mathcal{L}(X)\to\mathcal{L}(X\otimes^γX)$, vanishes.
It is a longstanding problem whether every contractible Banach algebra is necessarily finite-dimensional. In this note, we confirm this for Banach algebras acting on Banach spaces with the uniform approximation property. This generalizes a result of Paulsen and Smith who proved the same for Banach algebras acting on Hilbert spaces.
In this note, we show that \cite[Corollary 3.2]{sad} is not always true. In fact, we characterize essential left $ϕ$-contractibility of the the group algebras in the term of compactness of its related locally compact group. Also we show that for any compact commutative group $G$, $L^{2}(G)$ is always essentially left $ϕ$-contractible. We discuss essential left $ϕ$-contractibility of some Fourier algebras.
In this paper, we study the notion of Johnson pseudo-contractibility for certain Banach algebras. For a bicyclic semigroup $S$, we show that $\ell^{1}(S)$ is not Johnson pseudo-contractible. Also for a Johnson pseudo-contractible Banach algebra $A$, we show that $A$ has no non-zero complemented closed nilpotent ideal.
Given Banach algebras $ A $ and $ B $ with $ θ\inΔ(B) $. We shall study the Johnson pseudo-contractibility and pseudo-amenability of $ θ$-Lau product $ A\times_θ B $. We show that if $ A\times_θ B $ is Johnson pseudo-contractible, then $ A $ is Johnson pseudo-contractible and has a bounded approximate identity and $ B $ is Johnson pseudo-contractible. In some particular cases complete characterization of Johnson pseudo-contractibility of $ A\times_θ B $ are given. Also, we show that pseudo-amenability of $ A\times_θ B $ implies approximate amenability of $ A $ and pseudo-amenability of $ B $.
In this paper, we investigate homological properties of Banach algebras. We show that retractions Banach algebras preserve biprojectivity, contractibility and biflatness. We also prove that contractibility of second dual of a Banach algebra implies contractibility of the Banach algebra. For a Banach algebra $A$ with $Δ(A)\neq\emptyset$, let $\frak{F}(X, A)$ be one of the Banach algebras $C_b(X, A)$, $C_0(X, A)$, $\hbox{Lip}_α(X, A)$ or $\hbox{lip}_α(X, A)$. In the following, we study homological properties of Banach algebra $\frak{F}(X, A)$, especially contractibility of it. We prove that cont…
We will show that if (Ω,Σ,μ) is an atomless positive measure space, X is a Banach space and 1\leq p<\infty, then the group of isometric automorphisms on the Bochner space L^{p}(μ,X) is contractible in the strong operator topology. We do not require Σor X above to be separable.
In this paper, the generalized Hyers--Ulam--Rassias stability of $(σ-τ)$-derivations on normed algebras into Banach bimodules is established. We introduce the notion of approximate $(σ-τ)$-contractibility and prove that a Banach algebra is $(σ-τ)$-contractible if and only if it is approximately $(σ-τ)$-Contractible.
We characterize projective and injective Banach modules in approximate terms, generalizing thereby a characterization of contractible Banach algebras given by F. Ghahramani and R. J. Loy. As a corollary, we show that each uniformly approximately amenable Banach algebra is amenable. Some applications to homological dimensions of Banach modules and algebras are also given.
In this paper, we study the notion of $ϕ$-biflatness, $ϕ$-biprojectivity, approximate biprojectivity and Johnson pseudo-contractibility for a new class of Banach algebras. Using this class of Banach algebras we give some examples which are approximately biprojective. Also some Banach algebras are given among matrix algebras which are never Johnson pseudo-contractible.
The notions of module pseudo-amenable and module pseudo-contractible Banach algebras are introduced. For a Banach algebra with bounded approximate identity, module pseudo-amenability and module approximate amenability are the same properties. It is given a complete characterization of module pseudo-amenability for a Banach algebra. For every inverse semigroup $S$ with subsemigroup $E$ of idempotents, necessary and sufficient conditions are obtained for the $\ell^1(S)$ and its second dual to be $\ell^1(E)$-module pseudo-amenable.
In this paper, we study the structure of Lipschitz algebras under the notions of approximate biflatness and Johnson pseudo-contractibility. We show that for a compact metric space $X,$ the Lipschitz algebras $Lip_α(X)$ and $\ell ip_α(X)$ are approximately biflat if and only if $X$ is finite, provided that $0<α<1$. We give an enough and sufficient condition that a vector-valued Lipschitz algebras is Johnson pseudo-contractible for each $α>0.$ We also show that some triangular Banach algebras are not approximately biflat.
In this paper, we introduce a homological notion of left $ϕ$-biprojectivity for Banach algebras, where $ϕ$ is a non-zero multiplicative linear functional. We show that for a locally compact group $G$, the Segal algebra $S(G)$ is left $ϕ$-contractible if and only if $G$ is compact. Also, we prove that the Fourier algebra $A(G)$ is left $ϕ$-biprojective if and only if $G$ is discrete. Finally, we study left $ϕ$-biprojectivity of certain semigroup algebras. We give some examples which show the differences between our new notion and the classical ones.
We investigate the notions of amenability and its related homological notions for a class of $I\times I$-upper triangular matrix algebra, say $UP(I,A)$, where $A$ is a Banach algebra equipped with a non-zero character. We show that $UP(I,A)$ is pseudo-contractible (amenable) if and only if $I$ is singleton and $A$ is pseudo-contractible (amenable), respectively. We also study the notions of pseudo-amenability and approximate biprojectivity of $UP(I,A)$.
In this paper, we study the hereditary properties of module $(ϕ,φ)$-amenability on Banach algebras. We also define the concept of module character contractibility for Banach algebras and obtain characterizations of module character contractible Banach algebras in terms of the existence of module $(ϕ,φ)$-diagonals. We introduce module approximately character amenable Banach algebras. Finally, for every inverse semigroup $S$ with subsemigroup $E$ of idempotents, we find necessary and sufficient conditions for the $\ell^1(S)$ and its second dual to be module approximate character amenable (as a $…
In the present paper, the concepts of module (uniform) approximate amenability and contractibility of Banach algebras that are modules over another Banach algebra, are introduced. The general theory is developed and some hereditary properties are given. In analogy with the Banach algebraic approximate amenability, it is shown that module approximate amenability and contractibility are the same properties. It is also shown that module uniform approximate (contractibility) amenability and module (contractibility, respectively) amenability for commutative Banach modules are equivalent. Applying t…
We investigate rich subspaces of $L_1$ and deduce an interpolation property of Sidon sets. We also present examples of rich separable subspaces of nonseparable Banach spaces and we study the Daugavet property of tensor products.
We show that there are uncountably many geodesics between any two non-isometric $n$-dimensional normed spaces. We construct two explicit geodesics that can be used to describe all the points of the other geodesics.
Using a variation of the Murphy-Varopoulos Theorem, we give a new proof of the following R.J.Loy Theorem: Let A be a separable Banach*-algebra with center Z such that ZA has at most countable codimension, then every positive linear functional on A is continuous.
It is proved that a commutative algebra $A$ of operators on a reflexive real Banach space has an invariant subspace if each operator $T\in A$ satisfies the condition $$\|1- \varepsilon T^2\|_e \le 1 + o(\varepsilon) \text{ when } \varepsilon\searrow 0,$$ where $\|\cdot\|_e$ is the essential norm. This implies the existence of an invariant subspace for every commutative family of essentially selfadjoint operators on a real Hilbert space.
We construct a locally finite graph and a bounded geometry metric space which do not admit a quasi-isometric embedding into any uniformly convex Banach space. Connections with the geometry of $c_0$ and superreflexivity are discussed.
We prove that in every separable Banach space $X$ with a Schauder basis and a $C^k$-smooth norm it is possible to approximate, uniformly on bounded sets, every equivalent norm with a $C^k$-smooth one in a way that the approximation is improving as fast as we wish on the elements depending only on the tail of the Schauder basis. Our result solves a problem from the recent monograph of Guirao, Montesinos and Zizler.
Let $X$ be a complex Banach space and let $J:X \to X^*$ be a duality section on $X$ (i.e. $\langle x,J(x)\rangle=\|J(x)\|\|x\|=\|J(x)\|^2=\|x\|^2$). For any unit vector $x$ and any ($C_0$) contraction semigroup $T=\{e^{tA}:t \geq 0\}$, Goldstein proved that if $X$ is a Hilbert space and if $|\langle T(t) x,J(x)\rangle| \to 1 $ as $t \to \infty$, then $x$ is an eigenvector of $A$ corresponding to a purely imaginary eigenvalue. In this article, we prove the similar result holds if $X$ is a strictly convex complex Banach space.
We continue the investigation of notions of approximate amenability that were introduced in work of the second and third authors. It is shown that every boundedly approximately contractible Banach algebra has a bounded approximate identity. Among our other results, it is shown that the Fourier algebra of the free group on two generators is not approximately amenable. Further examples are obtained of ${\ell}^1$-semigroup algebras which are approximately amenable but not amenable; using these, we show that bounded approximate amenability need not imply sequential approximate amenability. Results…
Some remarks on smooth mappings of Hilbert and Banach spaces and their local convexity property
University of Agriculture in Krakow（克拉科夫农业大学）；Institute of Mathematics of NAS of Ukraine（乌克兰国家科学院数学研究所）；Lviv Polytechnic National University（利沃夫国立理工大学）；Comenius University in Bratislava（布拉迪斯拉发康斯坦丁尼查尔大学）
Let $X$ be a real Banach space. A subset $B$ of the dual unit sphere of $X$ is said to be a boundary for $X$, if every element of $X$ attains its norm on some functional in $B$. The well-known Boundary Problem originally posed by Godefroy asks whether a bounded subset of $X$ which is compact in the topology of pointwise convergence on $B$ is already weakly compact. This problem was recently solved by H.Pfitzner in the positive. In this note we collect some stronger versions of the solution to the Boundary Problem, most of which are restricted to special types of Banach spaces. We shall use the…
The article presents a new method of integration of functions with values in Banach spaces. This integral and related notions prove to be a useful tool in the study of Banach space geomtry.
A separable Banach space $X$ is said to be finitely determined if for each separable space $Y$ such that $X$ is finitely representable (f.r.) in $Y$ and $Y$ is f.r. in $X$ then $Y$ is isometric to $X$. We provide a direct proof (without model theory) of the fact that every finitely determined space $X$ (isometrically) contains every (separable) space $Y$ which is finitely representable in $X$. We also point out how a similar argument proves the Krivine-Maurey theorem on stable Banach spaces, and give the model theoretic interpretations of some results.
We explore the relation between the orthogonality of bounded linear operators in the space of operators and that of elements in the ground space. To be precise, we study if $ T, A \in \mathbb{L}(\mathbb{X}, \mathbb{Y}) $ satisfy $ T \bot_B A,$ then whether there exists $ x \in \mathbb{X} $ such that $ Tx\bot_B Ax$ with $ \|x\| =1, \|Tx\| = \|T\|$, where $\mathbb{X}, \mathbb{Y} $ are normed linear spaces. In this context, we introduce the notion of Property $ P_n $ for a Banach space and illustrate its connection with orthogonality of a bounded linear operator between Banach spaces. We further …
In this note we show that every Banach space $X$ not containing $\ell_1^n$ uniformly and with unconditional basis contains an arbitrarily distortable subspace.
Let $A$ be a real commutative Banach algebra with unity. Let $a_0\in A\setminus\{0\}$. Let $\mathbb Z a_0:=\{na_0\}_{n\in \mathbb Z}$. Then, $\mathbb Z a_0$ is a discrete subgroup of $A$. For any $n\in \mathbb Z$, the Frechet derivative of the mapping $$x \, \in \, A \ \ \ \mapsto \ \ \ x+na_0 \, \in \, A$$ is the identity map on $A$ and, especially, an $A$-linear transformation on $A$. So, the quotient group $A/(\mathbb Z a_0)$ is a $1$-dimensional $A$-manifold and the covering projection $$x \, \in \, A \ \ \ \mapsto \ \ \ x+\mathbb Z a_0 \, \in \, A/(\mathbb Z a_0)$$ is an $A$-map. We call …
A Banach algebra $A$ is said to be zero Lie product determined if every continuous bilinear functional $φ\colon A\times A\to \mathbb{C}$ with the property that $φ(a,b)=0$ whenever $a$ and $b$ commute is of the form $φ(a,b)=τ(ab-ba)$ for some $τ\in A^*$. In the first part of the paper we give some general remarks on this class of algebras. In the second part we consider amenable Banach algebras and show that all group algebras $L^1(G)$ with $G$ an amenable locally compact group are zero Lie product determined.
The paper investigates the variation of the spectrum of operators in infinite dimensional Banach spaces. In particular, it is shown that the spectrum function is Borel from the space of bounded operators on a separable Banach space; equipped with the strong operator topology, into the Polish space of compact subsets of the closed unit disc of the complex plane; equipped with the Hausdorff topology. Remarks and results are given when other topologies are used.
It was shown by M. I. Zelikin (2007) that the spectrum of a nuclear operator in a separable Hilbert space is central-symmetric iff the spectral traces of all odd powers of the operator equal zero. The criterium can not be extended to the case of general Banach spaces: It follows from Grothendieck-Enflo results that there exists a nuclear operator $U$ in the space $l_1$ with the property that $\operatorname{trace}\, U=1$ and $U^2=0.$ B. Mityagin (2016) has generalized Zelikin's criterium to the case of compact operators (in Banach spaces) some of which powers are nuclear. We give sharp generali…
A remarkable result of Molnár [Proc. Amer. Math. Soc., 126 (1998), 853-861] states that automorphisms of the algebra of operators acting on a separable Hilbert space is stable under "small" perturbations. More precisely, if $ϕ,ψ$ are endomorphisms of $\mathcal{B}(\mathcal{H})$ such that $\|ϕ(A)-ψ(A)\|<\|A\|$ and $ψ$ is surjective then so is $ϕ$. The aim of this paper is to extend this result to a larger class of Banach spaces including $\ell_p$ and $L_p$ spaces ($1<p<+\infty$). En route to the proof we show that for any Banach space $X$ from the above class all faithful, unital, separable, ref…
We denote by A_0+AP_+ the Banach algebra of all complex-valued functions f defined in the closed right half plane, such that f is the sum of a holomorphic function vanishing at infinity and a ``causal'' almost periodic function. We give a complete description of the maximum ideal space M(A_0+AP_+) of A_0+AP_+. Using this description, we also establish the following results: (1) The corona theorem for A_0+AP_+. (2) M(A_0+AP_+) is contractible (which implies that A_0+AP_+ is a projective free ring). (3) A_0+AP_+ is not a GCD domain. (4) A_0+AP_+ is not a pre-Bezout domain. (5) A_0+AP_+ is not a …
Let $E$ be a locally convex Hausdorff space satisfying the convex compact property and let $(T_x)_{x \in \mathbb{R}^d}$ be a locally equicontinuous $C_0$-group of linear continuous operators on $E$. In this article, we show that if $E$ is quasinormable, then the space of smooth vectors in $E$ associated to $(T_x)_{x \in \mathbb{R}^d}$ is also quasinormable. In particular, we obtain that the space of smooth vectors associated to a $C_0$-group on a Banach space is always quasinormable. As an application, we show that the translation-invariant Fréchet spaces of smooth functions of type $\mathcal{…
In this paper, we deal with three aspects of $p$-monotone operators. First we study $p$-monotone operators with a unique maximal extension (called pre-maximal), and with convex graph. We then deal with linear operators, and provide characterizations of $p$-monotonicity and maximal $p$-monotonicity. Finally we show that the Brezis-Browder theorem preserves $p$-monotonicity in reflexive Banach spaces.
In 1979 Pisier proved remarkably that a sequence of independent and identically distributed standard Gaussian random variables determines, via random Fourier series, a homogeneous Banach algebra $\mathscr{P}$ strictly contained in $C(\mathbb{T})$, the class of continuous functions on the unit circle $\mathbb{T}$ and strictly containing the classical Wiener algebra $\mathbb{A}(\mathbb{T})$, that is, $\mathbb{A}(\mathbb{T}) \subsetneqq \mathscr{P} \subsetneqq C(\mathbb{T}).$ This improved some previous results obtained by Zafran in solving a long-standing problem raised by Katznelson. In this pa…
Let X be a Banach space. Suppose that for all $p\in (1, \infty)$ a constant $C_{p,X}$ depending only on X and p exists such that for any two X-valued martingales f and g with tangent martingale difference sequences one has \[\E\|f\|^p \leq C_{p,X} \E\|g\|^p (*).\] This property is equivalent to the UMD condition. In fact, it is still equivalent to the UMD condition if in addition one demands that either f or g satisfy the so-called (CI) condition. However, for some applications it suffices to assume that (*) holds whenever g satisfies the (CI) condition. We show that the class of Banach spaces…
We investigate properties of the $m$-th error of approximation by polynomials with constant coefficients $\mathcal{D}_{m}(x)$ and with modulus-constant coefficients $\mathcal{D}_{m}^{\ast}(x)$ introduced by Berná and Blasco (2016) to study greedy bases in Banach spaces. We characterize when $\liminf_{m}{\mathcal{D}_{m}(x)}$ and $\liminf_{m}{\mathcal{D}_{m}^*(x)}$ are equivalent to $\| x\|$ in terms of the democracy and superdemocracy functions, and provide sufficient conditions ensuring that $\lim_{m}{\mathcal{D}_{m}^*(x)} = \lim_{m}{\mathcal{D}_{m}(x)} = \| x\|$, extending previous very parti…
As a follow-up to work done in [7], some new insights to the structure of the socle of a semisimple Banach algebra is obtained. In particular, it is shown that the socle is isomorphic as an algebra to the direct sum of tensor products of corresponding left and right minimal ideals. Remarkably, the finite-dimensional case here reduces to the classical Wedderburn-Artin Theorem, and this approach does not use any continuous irreducible representations of the algebra in question. Furthermore, the structure of the socles for which the classical Shoda's Theorem for matrices can be extended, is chara…
In this manuscript, we claim that the newly introduced $\mathcal{F}$-metric space \cite[\, M.~Jleli and B.~Samet, On a new generalization of metric spaces, J. Fixed Point Theory Appl, 20(3) 2018]{JS1} is metrizable. Also, we deduce that the notions of convergence, Cauchy sequence, completeness due to Jleli and Samet for $\mathcal{F}$-metric spaces are equivalent with that of usual metric spaces. Moreover, we assert that the Banach contraction principle in the context of $\mathcal{F}$-metric spaces is a direct consequence of its standard metric counterpart.
We study Birkhoff-James orthogonality of compact (bounded) linear operators between Hilbert spaces and Banach spaces. Applying the notion of semi-inner-products in normed linear spaces and some related geometric ideas, we generalize and improve some of the recent results in this context. In particular, we obtain a characterization of Euclidean spaces and also prove that it is possible to retrieve the norm of a compact (bounded) linear operator (functional) in terms of its Birkhoff-James orthogonality set. We also present some best approximation type results in the space of bounded linear opera…
Convex body domination is an important elaboration of the technique of sparse domination that has seen significant development and applications over the past ten years. In this paper, we present an abstract framework for convex body domination, which also applies to Banach space -valued functions, and yields matrix-weighted norm inequalities in this setting. We explore applications to "generalised commutators", obtaining new examples of bounded operators among linear combinations of compositions of pointwise multipliers and a singular integral operator.
A pair of Banach spaces $(E, F)$ is said to have the weak maximizing property (WMP, for short) if for every bounded linear operator $T$ from $E$ into $F$, the existence of a non-weakly null maximizing sequence for $T$ implies that $T$ attains its norm. This property was recently introduced in an article by R. Aron, D. García, D. Pelegrino and E. Teixeira, raising several open questions. The aim of the present paper is to contribute to the better knowledge of the WMP and its limitations. Namely, we provide sufficient conditions for a pair of Banach spaces to fail the WMP and study the behaviour…
Let l be a Banach sequence space with a monotone norm in which the canonical system (e_{n}) is an unconditional basis. We show that if there exists a continuous linear unbounded operator between l-Köthe spaces, then there exists a continuous unbounded quasi-diagonal operator between them. Using this result, we study in terms of corresponding Köthe matrices when every continuous linear operator between l-Köthe spaces is bounded. As an application, we observe that the existence of an unbounded operator between l-Köthe spaces, under a splitting condition, causes the existence of a common basic su…
It is a translation of an old paper of mine. We describe the topology tau_p in the space Pi_p(Y,X), for which the closures of convex sets in tau_p and in *-weak topology of the space Pi_p(Y,X) are coincident. Thereafter, we investigate some properties of the space Pi_p, related to this new topology. 2010-remark: Occasionally, the topology is coincides with the lambda_p-topology from the paper "Compact operators which factor through subspaces of l_p", Math. Nachr. 281(2008), 412-423 by Deba Prasad Sinha and Anil Kumar Karn.
For a complex Banach space $X$ with open unit ball $B_X,$ consider the Banach algebras $\mathcal H^\infty(B_X)$ of bounded scalar-valued holomorphic functions and the subalgebra $\mathcal A_u(B_X)$ of uniformly continuous functions on $B_X.$ Denoting either algebra by $\mathcal A,$ we study the Gleason parts of the set of scalar-valued homomorphisms $\mathcal M(\mathcal A)$ on $\mathcal A.$ Following remarks on the general situation, we focus on the case $X = c_0.$
We give several structural results concerning the Lipschitz-free spaces $\mathcal F(M)$, where $M$ is a metric space. We show that $\mathcal F(M)$ contains a complemented copy of $\ell_1(Γ)$, where $Γ=\text{dens}(M)$. If $\mathcal N$ is the net in a finite dimensional Banach space $X$, we show that $\mathcal F(\mathcal N)$ is isomorphic to its square. If $X$ contains a complemented copy of $\ell_p, c_0$ then $\mathcal F(\mathcal N)$ is isomorphic to its $\ell_1$-sum. Finally, we prove that for all $X\cong C(K)$ spaces $\mathcal F(\mathcal N)$ are mutually isomorphic spaces with a Schauder basi…
We begin by giving a detailed exposition of the original Bourgain-Delbaen construction and the generalised construction due to Argyros and Haydon. We show how these two constructions are related, and as a corollary, are able to prove that there exists some $δ> 0$ and an uncountable set of isometries on the original Bourgain-Delbaen spaces which are pairwise distance $δ$ apart. We subsequently extend these ideas to obtain our main results. We construct new Banach spaces of Bourgain-Delbaen type, all of which have $\ell_1$ dual. The first class of spaces are HI and possess few, but not very few …
