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arXiv 2210.02530cond-mat.str-elmath-phmath.MPquant-ph
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分数统计

Fractional Statistics

Martin Greiter, Frank Wilczek

摘要:

量子力学对运动受限于二维(或一维)空间的粒子集合的描述提供了许多不同于玻色子和费米子的可能性。我们称这种粒子为任意子。最简单的任意子由角相位参数$θ$参数化。$θ= 0, π$分别对应于玻色子和费米子;在中间值,我们说我们有分数统计。在二维空间中,$θ$描述了当两个任意子逆时针缠绕在一起时,波函数所获得的相位。它产生了相对角动量允许值的偏移。局域电荷和磁通量的复合体与阿贝尔U(1)规范群相关联,实现了这种行为。更复杂的电荷通量结构可以涉及非阿贝尔和乘积群,它们作用于一系列允许的电荷和通量,从而产生非阿贝尔和互统计。非阿贝尔任意子的交换实现了波函数在内部态突现空间内的么正变换。所有种类的任意子都由包含陈-西蒙斯项的量子场论描述。一维任意子在环上的交叉是单向的,因此在交换时获得的分数相位$θ$引起任意子之间相对动量的分数位移。分数量子霍尔态的准粒子激发一直被预测包括任意子。最近,在散射和干涉实验中都观察到了$ν= 1/3$分数量子霍尔态中准粒子的任意子行为。在设计系统中的激发,特别是包括超导电路,可以表现出任意子行为。这样的系统正在开发中,可能用于量子信息处理。

英文摘要:

The quantum-mechanical description of assemblies of particles whose motion is confined to two (or one) spatial dimensions offers many possibilities that are distinct from bosons and fermions. We call such particles anyons. The simplest anyons are parameterized by an angular phase parameter $θ$. $θ= 0, π$ correspond to bosons and fermions respectively; at intermediate values we say that we have fractional statistics. In two dimensions, $θ$ describes the phase acquired by the wave function as two anyons wind around one another counterclockwise. It generates a shift in the allowed values for the relative angular momentum. Composites of localized electric charge and magnetic flux associated with an abelian U(1) gauge group realize this behavior. More complex charge-flux constructions can involve non-abelian and product groups acting on a spectrum of allowed charges and fluxes, giving rise to nonabelian and mutual statistics. Interchanges of non-abelian anyons implement unitary transformations of the wave function within an emergent space of internal states. Anyons of all kinds are described by quantum field theories that include Chern--Simons terms. The crossings of one-dimensional anyons on a ring are uni-directional, such that a fractional phase $θ$ acquired upon interchange gives rise to fractional shifts in the relative momenta between the anyons. The quasiparticle excitations of fractional quantum Hall states have long been predicted to include anyons. Recently the anyon behavior predicted for quasiparticles in the $ν= 1/3$ fractional quantum Hall state has been observed both in scattering and in interferometric experiments. Excitations within designed systems, notably including superconducting circuits, can exhibit anyon behavior. Such systems are being developed for possible use in quantum information processing.

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