Artificial Intelligence (AI) is transforming our daily life with several applications in healthcare, space exploration, banking and finance. These rapid progresses in AI have brought increasing attention to the potential impacts of AI technologies on society, with ethically questionable consequences. In recent years, several ethical principles have been released by governments, national and international organisations. These principles outline high-level precepts to guide the ethical development, deployment, and governance of AI. However, the abstract nature, diversity, and context-dependency of these principles make them difficult to implement and operationalize, resulting in gaps between principles and their execution. Most recent work analysed and summarized existing AI principles and guidelines but they did not provide findings on principle-implementation gaps and how to mitigate them. These findings are particularly important to ensure that AI implementations are aligned with ethical principles and values. In this paper, we provide a contextual and global evaluation of current ethical AI principles for all continents, with the aim to identify potential principle characteristics tailored to specific countries or applicable across countries. Next, we analyze the current level of AI readiness and current implementations of ethical AI principles in different countries, to identify gaps in the implementation of AI principles and their causes. Finally, we propose recommendations to mitigate the principle-implementation gaps.
Although essential to revealing biased performance, well intentioned attempts at algorithmic auditing can have effects that may harm the very populations these measures are meant to protect. This concern is even more salient while auditing biometric systems such as facial recognition, where the data is sensitive and the technology is often used in ethically questionable manners. We demonstrate a set of five ethical concerns in the particular case of auditing commercial facial processing technology, highlighting additional design considerations and ethical tensions the auditor needs to be aware…
Six Interventions for the Responsible and Ethical Implementation of Medical AI Agents
Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School（麻省总医院，哈佛医学院）；Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Medical Informatics（柏林夏里特医科大学，柏林自由大学成员，柏林洪堡大学，医学信息学研究所）；Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt Universität zu Berlin, Institute for the History of Medicine and Ethics in Medicine（柏林夏里特医科大学，柏林自由大学成员，柏林洪堡大学，医学史与医学伦理学研究所）；Else Kroener Fresenius Center for Digital Health, Faculty of Medicine, TUD Dresden University of Technology（德累斯顿工业大学 Else Kroener Fresenius 数字健康中心，医学院）；Department of Medicine I, Faculty of Medicine, TUD Dresden University of Technology（德累斯顿工业大学医学院，第一内科系）；Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg（海德堡大学医院，国家肿瘤疾病中心 (NCT)，医疗肿瘤科）；Pathology & Data Analytics, Leeds Institute of Medical Research at St James's, University of Leeds（利兹大学，圣詹姆斯医学研究所，病理与数据分析系）；Natera, Inc.（Natera公司）
Digitalization and Smart systems are part of our everyday lives today. So far the development has been rapid and all the implications that comes after the deployment has not been able to foresee or even assess during the development, especially when ethics or trustworthiness is concerned. Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Autonomous Systems (AS) are the direction that software systems are taking today. It is witnessed in banks, stores, internet and it is proceeding to transportation as well as on traveling. Autonomous maritime industry has also taking this direction when taking under developmen…
The AI Robotics Ethics Society (AIRES) is a non-profit organization founded in 2018 by Aaron Hui to promote awareness and the importance of ethical implementation and regulation of AI. AIRES is now an organization with chapters at universities such as UCLA (Los Angeles), USC (University of Southern California), Caltech (California Institute of Technology), Stanford University, Cornell University, Brown University, and the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (Brazil). AIRES at PUCRS is the first international chapter of AIRES, and as such, we are committed to promoting and enhan…
There is a struggle in Artificial intelligence (AI) ethics to gain ground in actionable methods and models to be utilized by practitioners while developing and implementing ethically sound AI systems. AI ethics is a vague concept without a consensus of definition or theoretical grounding and bearing little connection to practice. Practice involving primarily technical tasks like software development is not aptly equipped to process and decide upon ethical considerations. Efforts to create tools and guidelines to help people working with AI development have been concentrating almost solely on t…
University of Oxford（牛津大学）；Alan Turing Institute（艾伦·图灵研究所）
A series of recent developments points towards auditing as a promising mechanism to bridge the gap between principles and practice in AI ethics. Building on ongoing discussions concerning ethics-based auditing, we offer three contributions. First, we argue that ethics-based auditing can improve the quality of decision making, increase user satisfaction, unlock growth potential, enable law-making, and relieve human suffering. Second, we highlight current best practices to support the design and implementation of ethics-based auditing: To be feasible and effective, ethics-based auditing should t…
We consider two fundamental and related issues currently faced by Artificial Intelligence (AI) development: the lack of ethics and interpretability of AI decisions. Can interpretable AI decisions help to address ethics in AI? Using a randomized study, we experimentally show that the empirical and liberal turn of the production of explanations tends to select AI explanations with a low denunciatory power. Under certain conditions, interpretability tools are therefore not means but, paradoxically, obstacles to the production of ethical AI since they can give the illusion of being sensitive to et…
In the last five years, private companies, research institutions as well as public sector organisations have issued principles and guidelines for ethical AI, yet there is debate about both what constitutes "ethical AI" and which ethical requirements, technical standards and best practices are needed for its realization. To investigate whether a global agreement on these questions is emerging, we mapped and analyzed the current corpus of principles and guidelines on ethical AI. Our results reveal a global convergence emerging around five ethical principles (transparency, justice and fairness, n…
Ethics is an ancient matter for human kind, from the origin of civilizations ethics have been related with the most relevant human concerns and determined cultures. Ethics was initially related to religion, politics and philosophy to then be fragmented into specific communities of practice. The undergoing digital revolution enabled by Artificial Intelligence and Data are bringing ethical wicked problems in the social application of these technologies. However, a broader perspective is also necessary. We now face global and highly dynamics challenges that affect groups and individuals, speciall…
UN Office for Information and Communications Technology（联合国信息和通信技术办公室）
This paper aims to provide an overview of the ethical concerns in artificial intelligence (AI) and the framework that is needed to mitigate those risks, and to suggest a practical path to ensure the development and use of AI at the United Nations (UN) aligns with our ethical values. The overview discusses how AI is an increasingly powerful tool with potential for good, albeit one with a high risk of negative side-effects that go against fundamental human rights and UN values. It explains the need for ethical principles for AI aligned with principles for data governance, as data and AI are tigh…
Artificial intelligence (AI) is a technology which is increasingly being utilised in society and the economy worldwide, and its implementation is planned to become more prevalent in coming years. AI is increasingly being embedded in our lives, supplementing our pervasive use of digital technologies. But this is being accompanied by disquiet over problematic and dangerous implementations of AI, or indeed, even AI itself deciding to do dangerous and problematic actions, especially in fields such as the military, medicine and criminal justice. These developments have led to concerns about whether…
Human services organizations and the responsible integration of AI: Considering ethics and contextualizing risk(s)
School of Social Work, University of Michigan（密歇根大学社会工作学院）；Graduate School of Social Service, Fordham University（福特汉姆大学社会工作研究生院）；School of Social Work, Wayne State University（韦恩州立大学社会工作学院）
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has an increasing impact on all areas of people's livelihoods. A detailed look at existing interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary metrics frameworks could bring new insights and enable practitioners to navigate the challenge of understanding and assessing the impact of Autonomous and Intelligent Systems (A/IS). There has been emerging consensus on fundamental ethical and rights-based AI principles proposed by scholars, governments, civil rights organizations, and technology companies. In order to move from principles to real-world implementation, we adopt a lens m…
The metaverse is expected to be the next major evolution phase of the internet. The metaverse will have an impact on human society, production, and life. In this work, we analyze the current trends and challenges that building such a virtual environment will face. We focus on three major pillars to guide the development of the metaverse: privacy, governance, and ethical design, to guide the development of the metaverse. Finally, we propose a preliminary modular-based framework for an ethical design of the metaverse.
Columbia University（哥伦比亚大学）；Parity；J. P. Morgan（摩根大通）
Artificial intelligence (AI) continues to find more numerous and more critical applications in the financial services industry, giving rise to fair and ethical AI as an industry-wide objective. While many ethical principles and guidelines have been published in recent years, they fall short of addressing the serious challenges that model developers face when building ethical AI solutions. We survey the practical and overarching issues surrounding model development, from design and implementation complexities, to the shortage of tools, and the lack of organizational constructs. We show how prac…
NTNU（挪威科技大学）；SimulaMet（SimulaMet 研究所）；University of Bergen（卑尔根大学）；Berlin Institute of Health (BIH)（柏林健康研究所）；Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin（柏林夏里特医学院）；Birmingham City University（伯明翰城市大学）
While the demand for ethical artificial intelligence (AI) systems increases, the number of unethical uses of AI accelerates, even though there is no shortage of ethical guidelines. We argue that a possible underlying cause for this is that AI developers face a social dilemma in AI development ethics, preventing the widespread adaptation of ethical best practices. We define the social dilemma for AI development and describe why the current crisis in AI development ethics cannot be solved without relieving AI developers of their social dilemma. We argue that AI development must be professionalis…
Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts（马其顿科学与艺术学院）；Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje（斯科普里圣西里尔与圣美多迪乌斯大学）
This paper addresses ontology and ethics of an AI agent called digital me. We define digital me as autonomous, decision-making, and learning agent, representing an individual and having practically immortal own life. It is assumed that digital me is equipped with the big-five personality model, ensuring that it provides a model of some aspects of a strong AI: consciousness, free will, and intentionality. As computer-based personality judgments are more accurate than those made by humans, digital me can judge the personality of the individual represented by the digital me, other individuals' pe…
From massive face-recognition-based surveillance and machine-learning-based decision systems predicting crime recidivism rates, to the move towards automated health diagnostic systems, artificial intelligence (AI) is being used in scenarios that have serious consequences in people's lives. However, this rapid permeation of AI into society has not been accompanied by a thorough investigation of the sociopolitical issues that cause certain groups of people to be harmed rather than advantaged by it. For instance, recent studies have shown that commercial face recognition systems have much higher …
Mälardalen University（梅拉达伦大学）；University of Gothenburg（哥德堡大学）
Development of the intelligent autonomous robot technology presupposes its anticipated beneficial effect on the individuals and societies. In the case of such disruptive emergent technology, not only questions of how to build, but also why to build and with what consequences are important. The field of ethics of intelligent autonomous robotic cars is a good example of research with actionable practical value, where a variety of stakeholders, including the legal system and other societal and governmental actors, as well as companies and businesses, collaborate bringing about shared view of ethi…
Machine learning datasets have elicited concerns about privacy, bias, and unethical applications, leading to the retraction of prominent datasets such as DukeMTMC, MS-Celeb-1M, and Tiny Images. In response, the machine learning community has called for higher ethical standards in dataset creation. To help inform these efforts, we studied three influential but ethically problematic face and person recognition datasets -- Labeled Faces in the Wild (LFW), MS-Celeb-1M, and DukeMTM -- by analyzing nearly 1000 papers that cite them. We found that the creation of derivative datasets and models, broad…
Since the outbreak of the novel coronavirus, COVID-19, there has been increased interest in the use of digital contact tracing as a means of stopping chains of viral transmission, provoking alarm from privacy advocates. Concerning the ethics of this technology, recent studies have predominantly focused on (1) the formation of guidelines for ethical contact tracing, (2) the analysis of specific implementations, or (3) the review of a select number of contact tracing applications and their relevant privacy or ethical implications. In this study, we provide a comprehensive survey of the evolving …
In this article we focus on the structural aspects of the development of ethical software, and argue that ethical considerations need to be embedded into the (agile) software development process. In fact, we claim that agile processes of software development lend themselves specifically well for this endeavour. First, we contend that ethical evaluations need to go beyond the use of software products and include an evaluation of the software itself. This implies that software engineers influence peoples' lives through the features of their designed products. Embedded values are thus approached …
In the development of governmental policy for artificial intelligence (AI) that is informed by ethics, one avenue currently pursued is that of drawing on AI Ethics Principles. However, these AI Ethics Principles often fail to be actioned in governmental policy. This paper proposes a novel framework for the development of Actionable Principles for AI. The approach acknowledges the relevance of AI Ethics Principles and homes in on methodological elements to increase their practical implementability in policy processes. As a case study, elements are extracted from the development process of the E…
The infamous Facebook emotion contagion experiment is one of the most prominent and best-known online experiments based on the concept of what we here call "living labs". In these kinds of experiments, real-world applications such as social web platforms trigger experimental switches inside their system to present experimental changes to their users - most of the time without the users being aware of their role as virtual guinea pigs. In the Facebook example the researches changed the way users' personal timeline was compiled to test the influence on the users' moods and feelings. The reaction…
Beyond the Flag: A Framework for Integrating Cybersecurity Competitions into K-12 Education for Cognitive Apprenticeship and Ethical Skill Development
University of Wisconsin–Stout（威斯康星大学斯托特分校）；Posts and Telecommunications Institute of Technology（邮电理工学院）；Danang Architecture University（岘港建筑大学）；Swinburne Vietnam, FPT University（斯威本越南，富国大学）；Hewlett Packard Enterprise（惠普企业）
In this meta-ethnography, we explore three different angles of ethical artificial intelligence (AI) design implementation including the philosophical ethical viewpoint, the technical perspective, and framing through a political lens. Our qualitative research includes a literature review that highlights the cross-referencing of these angles by discussing the value and drawbacks of contrastive top-down, bottom-up, and hybrid approaches previously published. The novel contribution to this framework is the political angle, which constitutes ethics in AI either being determined by corporations and …
The ethical implications and social impacts of artificial intelligence have become topics of compelling interest to industry, researchers in academia, and the public. However, current analyses of AI in a global context are biased toward perspectives held in the U.S., and limited by a lack of research, especially outside the U.S. and Western Europe. This article summarizes the key findings of a literature review of recent social science scholarship on the social impacts of AI and related technologies in five global regions. Our team of social science researchers reviewed more than 800 academic …
The data revolution continues to transform every sector of science, industry and government. Due to the incredible impact of data-driven technology on society, we are becoming increasingly aware of the imperative to use data and algorithms responsibly -- in accordance with laws and ethical norms. In this article we discuss three recent regulatory frameworks: the European Union's General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the New York City Automated Decisions Systems (ADS) Law, and the Net Neutrality principle, that aim to protect the rights of individuals who are impacted by data collection an…
Development of Application-Specific Large Language Models to Facilitate Research Ethics Review
University of Copenhagen（哥本哈根大学）；University of Oxford（牛津大学）；National University of Singapore（新加坡国立大学）；Yale University（耶鲁大学）；University of Cambridge（剑桥大学）
This article is concerned with setting up practical guardrails within the research activities and environments of CSS. It aims to provide CSS scholars, as well as policymakers and other stakeholders who apply CSS methods, with the critical and constructive means needed to ensure that their practices are ethical, trustworthy, and responsible. It begins by providing a taxonomy of the ethical challenges faced by researchers in the field of CSS. These are challenges related to (1) the treatment of research subjects, (2) the impacts of CSS research on affected individuals and communities, (3) the q…
