When one considers the collection $\mathcal{H}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ of all compact subsets of $\mathbb{R}^n$ and equip it with a topology, many questions can be asked about the topological space one ends up with. This is an example of a hyperspace, a mathematical object which has been studied in a more abstract setting since the beginning of the 20th century. Here we give an elementary proof of the path-connectedness of $\mathcal{H}(\mathbb{R}^n)$, with the topology induced by the Hausdoff metric, by exploring the vector structure of $\mathbb{R}^n$ and using only basic ideas of topology of metric spaces that undergraduate students with just a basic knowledge of these concepts will be able to understand.
This paper is a continuation of the work done in \cite{sal-yas} and \cite{may-pat-rob}. We deal with the Vietoris hyperspace of all nontrivial convergent sequences $\mathcal{S}_c(X)$ of a space $X$. We answer some questions in \cite{sal-yas} and generalize several results in \cite{may-pat-rob}. We prove that: The connectedness of $X$ implies the connectedness of $\mathcal{S}_c(X)$; the local connectedness of $X$ is equivalent to the local connectedness of $\mathcal{S}_c(X)$; and the path-wise connectedness of $\mathcal{S}_c(X)$ implies the path-wise connectedness of $X$. We also show that the …
The hyperspace of all nontrivial convergent sequences in a Hausdorff space $X$ is denoted by $\mathcal{S}_c(X)$. This hyperspace is endowed with the Vietoris topology. In connection with a question and a problem by García-Ferreira, Ortiz-Castillo and Rojas-Hernández, concerning conditions under which $\mathcal S_c(X)$ is pathwise connected, in the current paper we study the latter property and the contractibility of $\mathcal{S}_c(X)$. We present necessary conditions on a space $X$ to obtain the path connectedness of $\mathcal{S}_c(X)$. We also provide some sufficient conditions on a space $X$…
This article introduces strongly proximal continuous (s.p.c.) functions, strong proximal equivalence (s.p.e.) and strong connectedness. A main result is that if topological spaces $X,Y$ are endowed with compatible strong proximities and $f:X\longrightarrow Y$ is a bijective s.p.e., then its extension on the hyperspaces $\CL(X)$ and $\CL(Y)$, endowed with the related strongly hit and miss hypertopologies, is a homeomorphism. For a topological space endowed with a strongly near proximity, strongly proximal connectedness implies connectedness but not conversely. Conditions required for strongly p…
Let X be a non-degenerate, connected, locally path-connected metrizable space and Fin(X) be the hyperspace consisting of non-empty finite subsets in X endowed with the Vietoris topology. In this paper, we show that every compact set in Fin(X) is a strong Z-set.
For a Hausdorff space $X$ we denote be $2^X$ the family of all closed subsets of $X$. In this paper we continue to research relationships between closure -type properties of hyperspaces over a space $X$ and covering properties of $X$. We investigate selectors for sequence of subsets of the space $2^{X}$ with the $Z^{+}$-topology and the upper Fell topology.
Let $X$ be a metrizable space and ${\rm Comp}(X)$ be the hyperspace consisting of non-empty compact subsets of $X$ endowed with the Vietoris topology. In this paper, we give a necessary and sufficient condition on $X$ for ${\rm Comp}(X)$ to be homeomorphic to a non-separable Hilbert space. Moreover, we consider the topological structure of pair $({\rm Comp}(\overline{X}),{\rm Fin}(X))$ of hyperspaces of $X$ and its completion $\overline{X}$, where ${\rm Fin}(X)$ is the hyperspace of non-empty finite sets in $X$.
Our main result states that the hyperspace of convex compact subsets of a compact convex subset $X$ in a locally convex space is an absolute retract if and only if $X$ is an absolute retract of weight $\leω_1$. It is also proved that the hyperspace of convex compact subsets of the Tychonov cube $I^{ω_1}$ is homeomorphic to $I^{ω_1}$. An analogous result is also proved for the cone over $I^{ω_1}$. Our proofs are based on analysis of maps of hyperspaces of compact convex subsets, in particular, selection theorems for such maps are proved.
For a regular space $X$, the hyperspace $(CL(X), τ_{F})$ (resp., $(CL(X), τ_{V})$) is the space of all nonempty closed subsets of $X$ with the Fell topology (resp., Vietoris topology). In this paper, we give the characterization of the space $X$ such that the hyperspace $(CL(X), τ_{F})$ (resp., $(CL(X), τ_{V})$) with a countable character of closed subsets. We mainly prove that $(CL(X), τ_F)$ has a countable character on each closed subset if and only if $X$ is compact metrizable, and $(CL(X), τ_F)$ has a countable character on each compact subset if and only if $X$ is locally compact and sepa…
We prove that the inclusion of map(X,Y) into map(K(X),K(Y)) is continuous, where K(X) is the space of non-empty compact subsets of X (also known as the hyperspace of compact subsets of X), and both spaces of maps are endowed with the compact-open topology.
We study the heredity of the classes of generalized metric spaces (for example, spaces with a $σ$-hereditarily closure-preserving $k$-network, spaces with a point-countable base, spaces with a base of countable order, spaces with a point-regular base, Nagata-spaces, $c$-semi-stratifiable spaces, $γ$-spaces, semi-metrizable spaces) to the hyperspaces of nonempty compact subsets and finite subsets with the Vietoris topology.
Let $X$ be a nondegenerate Peano unicoherent continuum. The family $CB(X)$ of proper subcontinua of $X$ with connected boundaries is a $G_δ$-subset of the hyperspace $C(X)$ of all subcontinua of $X$. If every nonempty open subset of $X$ contains an open subset homeomorphic to $\mathbb R^n$ (such space is called $π$-$n$-Euclidean) and $2\le n<\infty$, then $C(X)\setminus CB(X)$ is recognized as an $F_σ$-absorber in $C(X)$; if additionally, no one-dimensional subset separates $X$, then the family of all members of $CB(X)$ which separate $X$ is a $D_2(F_σ)$-absorber in $C(X)$, where $D_2(F_σ)$ de…
In a previuos paper the author asked if there exists a one-dimensional space $X$ that is not almost zero-dimensional, such that the dimension of the hyperspace of compact subsets of $X$ is one-dimensional. In this short note we give examples of spaces $X$ that are not almost zero-dimensional such that $X$ is one-dimensional and their hyperspace of compacta of $X$ also is one-dimensional.
Recently, David S. Lipham has shown that if $X$ is an Erdős space factor then the Vietoris hyperspace $\mathcal{F}(X)$ of finite subsets of $X$ is an Erdős space factor. In this short note we prove that if $\mathfrak{E}$ denotes Erdős space then $\mathcal{F}(\mathfrak{E})$ is in fact homeomorphic to $\mathfrak{E}$.
In this paper we consider the hyperspace $C_{n}(X)$ of non-empty and closed subsets of a base space $X$ with up to $n$ connected components. We consider a class of base spaces called finite ray-graphs, which are a noncompact variation on finite graphs. We prove two results about the structure of these hyperspaces under different topologies (Hausdorff and Vietoris), in particular, about their number of connected components.
This article introduces strongly near proximity, which represents a new kind of proximity called \emph{almost proximity}. A main result in this paper is the introduction of a hit-and-miss topology on ${CL}(X)$, the hyperspace of nonempty closed subsets of $X$, based on the strongly near proximity.
This article introduces strongly far proximity, which is associated with Lodato proximity $δ$. A main result in this paper is the introduction of a hit-and-miss topology on $\mbox{CL}(X)$, the hyperspace of nonempty closed subsets of $X$, based on the strongly far proximity.
Let $X$ be a Hausdorff space and let $\mathcal{H}$ be one of the hyperspaces $CL(X)$, $\mathcal{K}(X)$, $\mathcal{F}(X)$ or $\mathcal{F}_n(X)$ ($n$ a positive integer) with the Vietoris topology. We study the following disconnectedness properties for $\mathcal{H}$: extremal disconnectedness, being a $F^\prime$-space, $P$-space or weak $P$-space and hereditary disconnectedness. Our main result states: if $X$ is Hausdorff and $F\subset X$ is a closed subset such that $(a)$ both $F$ and $X-F$ are totally disconnected, $(b)$ the quotient $X/F$ is hereditarily disconnected, then $\mathcal{K}(X)$ is…
Let $CLB_H(X)$ denote the hyperspace of closed bounded subsets of a metric space $X$, endowed with the Hausdorff metric topology. We prove, among others, that natural dense subspaces of $CLB_H(R^m)$ of all nowhere dense closed sets, of all perfect sets, of all Cantor sets and of all Lebesgue measure zero sets are homeomorphic to the Hilbert space $\ell_2$. Moreover, we investigate the hyperspace $CL_H(R)$ of all nonempty closed subsets of the real line $R$ with the Hausdorff (infinite-valued) metric. We show that a nonseparable component of $CL_H(R)$ is homeomorphic to the Hilbert space $\ell_…
Let ${\rm Fin}(X)$ be the hyperspace consisting of non-empty finite subsets of a space $X$ endowed with the Vietoris topology. In this paper, we characterize a metrizable space $X$ whose hyperspace ${\rm Fin}(X)$ is homeomorphic to the linear subspace spanned by the canonical orthonormal basis of a non-separable Hilbert space.
In the present paper we establish that the space $\exp_βX$ of compact subsets of a Tychonoff space $X$ is superparacompact iff $X$ is so. Further, we prove the Tychonoff map $\exp_β f:\ \exp_β X\rightarrow \exp_β Y$ is superparacompact iff a given map $f:\ X\rightarrow Y$ is superparacompact.
A continuum is a compact connected metric space. A non-empty closed subset $B$ of a continuum $X$ does not block $x\in X\setminus B$ provided that the union of all subcontinua of $X$ containing $x$ and contained in $X\setminus B$ is dense in $X$. We denote the collection of all non-empty closed subset $B$ of $X$ such that $B$ does not block each element of $X\setminus B$ by $NB(F_1(X))$. In this paper we show some properties of the hyperspace $NB(F_1(X))$. Particularly, we prove that the simple closed curve is the unique continuum $X$ such that $NB(F_1(X))=F_1(X)$, given a positive answer to a…
Given a non-degenerate Peano continuum $X$, a dimension function $D:2^X_*\to[0,\infty]$ defined on the family $2^X_*$ of compact subsets of $X$, and a subset $Γ\subset[0,\infty)$, we recognize the topological structure of the system $(2^X,\D_{\leγ}(X))_{α\inΓ}$, where $2^X$ is the hyperspace of non-empty compact subsets of $X$ and $D_{\leγ}(X)$ is the subspace of $2^X$, consisting of non-empty compact subsets $K\subset X$ with $D(K)\leγ$.
We introduce a new Vietoris-type hypertopology by means of the upper-Vietoris-type hypertopology defined by G. Dimov and D. Vakarelov [On Scott consequence systems, Fundamenta Informaticae, 33 (1998), 43-70] (it was called there {\em Tychonoff-type hypertopology}) and the lower-Vietoris-type hypertopology introduced by E. Ivanova-Dimova [Lower-Vietoris-type topologies on hyperspaces, Topology Appl. (to appear)]. We study this new Vietoris-type hypertopology and show that it is, in general, different from the Vietoris topology. Also, some of the results of E. Michael [Topologies on spaces of su…
The notion of max-plus convex subset of Euclidean space can be naturally extended to other linear spaces. The aim of this paper is to describe the topology of hyperspaces of max-plus convex subsets of Tychonov powers $\mathbb R^τ$ of the real line. We show that the corresponding spaces are AR's if and only if $τ\leω_1$.
Hyperspaces form a powerful tool in some branches of mathematics: lots of fractal and other geometric objects can be viewed as fixed points of some functions in suitable hyperspaces - as well as interesting classes of formal languages in theoretical computer sciences, for example (to illustrate the wide scope of this concept). Moreover, there are many connections between hyperspaces and function spaces in topology. Thus results from hyperspaces help to get new results in function spaces and vice versa. Unfortunately, there ist no natural hyperspace construction known for general topological ca…
Given uniformly homeomorphic metric spaces $X$ and $Y$, it is proved that the hyperspaces $C(X)$ and $C(Y)$ are uniformly homeomorphic, where $C(X)$ denotes the collection of all nonempty closed subsets of $X$, and is endowed with Hausdorff distance. Gerald Beer has proved that the hyperspace $C(X)$ is Atsuji when $X$ is either compact or uniformly discrete. An Atsuji space is a generalization of compact metric spaces as well as of uniformly discrete spaces. In this article, we investigate the space $C(X)$ when $X$ is Atsuji, and a class of Atsuji subspaces of $C(X)$ is obtained. Using the obt…
We say that two classes of topological spaces are equivalent if each member of one class has a homeomorphic copy in the other class and vice versa. Usually when the Borel complexity of a class of metrizable compacta is considered, the class is realized as the subset of the hyperspace $\mathcal{K}([0, 1]^ω)$ containing all homeomorphic copies of members of the given class. We are rather interested in the lowest possible complexity among all equivalent realizations of the given class in the hyperspace. We recall that to every analytic subset of $\mathcal{K}([0, 1]^ω)$ there exist an equivalent $…
In this paper, we shall study categorial properties of the hyperspace of all nontrivial convergent sequences $\mathcal{S}_c(X)$ of a Freéch-Urysohn space $X$, this hyperspace is equipped with the Vietoris topology. We mainly prove that $\mathcal{S}_c(X)$ is meager whenever $X$ is a crowded space, as a corollary we obtain that if $\mathcal{S}_c(X)$ is Baire, the $X$ has a dense subset of isolated points. As an interesting example $\mathcal{S}_c(ω_1)$ has the Baire property, where $ω_1$ carries the order topology (this answers a question from \cite{sal-yas}). We can give more examples like this …
Recently, Cakalli has introduced a concept of $G$-sequential connectedness in the sense that a non-empty subset $A$ of a Hausdorff topological group $X$ is $G$-sequentially connected if there are no non-empty, disjoint $G$-sequentially closed subsets $U$ and $V$ meeting $A$ such that $A\subseteq U\bigcup V$. In this paper we investigate further properties of $G$-sequential connectedness and prove some interesting theorems.
Hyperspaces $\mathcal H(X)$ of all countable compact subsets of a metric space $X$ and $\mathcal A_n(X)$ of infinite compact subsets which have at most $n$ ($n\in\mathbb N$), or finitely many ($n=ω$) or countably many ($n=ω+1$) accumulation points are studied. By descriptive set-theoretical methods, we fully characterize them for 0-dimensional, dense-in-itself, Polish spaces and partially for $σ$-compact spaces $X$. Using the theory of absorbing sets, we get characterizations of $\mathcal H(X)$, $\mathcal A_ω(X)$ and $\mathcal A_{ω+1}(X)$ for nondegenerate connected, locally connected Polish s…
For a topological space $X$, let $CL(X)$ be the set of all non-empty closed subset of $X$, and denote the set $CL(X)$ with the Vietoris topology by $(CL(X), \mathbb{V})$. In this paper, we mainly discuss the hyperspace $(CL(X), \mathbb{V})$ when $X$ is an infinite countable discrete space. As an application, we first prove that the hyperspace with the Vietoris topology on an infinite countable discrete space contains a closed copy of $n$-th power of Sorgenfrey line for each $n\in\mathbb{N}$. Then we investigate the tightness of the hyperspace $(CL(X), \mathbb{V})$, and prove that the tightness…
A topological group $X$ is called connected if the only subsets which are both open and closed are the whole space $X$ and the null set $\emptyset$. A subset of a topological group is connected if the subspace is connected. We say that a subset $A$ of $X$ is $G$-sequentially connected if the only subsets of $A$ which are both $G$-sequentially open and $G$-sequentially closed, with respect to the relative $G$-sequentially open and $G$-sequentially closed subsets of $A$, are open and closed subsets of $A$ are $A$ and the null set, $\emptyset$. We investigate the impact of changing the definition…
We characterize metric spaces $X$ whose hyperspaces $2^X$ or $Bd(X)$ of non-empty closed (bounded) subsets, endowed with the Hausdorff metric, are absolute [neighborhood] retracts.
We study Michael's lower semifinite topology and Fell's topology on the collection of all closed limit subsets of a topological space. Special attention is given to the subfamily of all maximal limit sets.
Let G be a compact group acting on a Banach space L by means of linear isometries. The action of G on L induces a natural continuous action on cc(L), the hyperspace of all compact convex subsets of L endowed with the Hausdorff metric topology. The main result of this paper states that the G-space cc(L) is a G-AE. Under some extra assumptions, this result can be extended to CB(L), the hyperspace of all closed and bounded convex subsets of L.
We study the problem of topologically order-embedding a given topological poset X in the space of all closed subsets of X which is topologized by the Fell topology and ordered by set inclusion. We show that this can be achieved whenever X is a topological semilattice (resp. lattice) or a topological po-group, and X is locally compact and order-connected (resp. connected). We give limiting examples to show that these results are tight, and provide several applications of them. In particular, a locally compact version of the Urysohn-Carruth metrization theorem is obtained, a new fixed point theo…
For a metric space $X$, let $\mathsf FX$ be the space of all nonempty finite subsets of $X$ endowed with the largest metric $d^1_{\mathsf FX}$ such that for every $n\in\mathbb N$ the map $X^n\to\mathsf FX$, $(x_1,\dots,x_n)\mapsto \{x_1,\dots,x_n\}$, is non-expanding with respect to the $\ell^1$-metric on $X^n$. We study the completion of the metric space $\mathsf F^1\!X=(\mathsf FX,d^1_{\mathsf FX})$ and prove that it coincides with the space $\mathsf Z^1\!X$ of nonempty compact subsets of $X$ that have zero length (defined with the help of graphs). We prove that each subset of zero length in…
It is shown that if a $T_2$ topological space $X$ contains a closed uncountable discrete subspace, then the spaces $(ω_1 + 1)^ω$ and $(ω_1 + 1)^{ω_1}$ embed into $(CL(X),τ_F)$, the hyperspace of nonempty closed subsets of $X$ equipped with the Fell topology. If $(X,d)$ is a non-separable perfect topological space, then $(ω_1 + 1)^ω$ and $(ω_1 + 1)^{ω_1}$ embed into $(CL(X),τ_{w(d)})$, the hyperspace of nonempty closed subsets of $X$ equipped with the Wijsman topology, giving a partial answer to the Question 3.4 in [CJ].
It is shown that the hyperspace of all nonempty closed subsets $\Cld_{AW}(X)$ of a separable metric space $X$ endowed with the Attouch-Wets topology is homeomorphic to a separable Hilbert space if and only if the completion of $X$ is proper, locally connected and contains no bounded connected component, $X$ is topologically complete and not locally compact at infinity.
The objects of the Dranishnikov asymptotic category are proper metric spaces and the morphisms are asymptotically Lipschitz maps. In this paper we provide an example of an asymptotically zero-dimensional space (in the sense of Gromov) whose space of compact convex subsets of probability measures is not an absolute extensor in the asymptotic category in the sense of Dranishnikov.
Let $(X,ρ)$ be a metric space and $(CL(X),W_ρ)$ be the hyperspace of all nonempty closed subsets of $X$ equipped with the Wijsman topology. The Wijsman topology is one of the most important classical hyperspace topologies. We give a partial answer to a question posed in \cite{maio} whether the normality of $(CL(X),W_ρ)$ is equivalent to its metrizability. If $(X,ρ)$ is a linear metric space, then $(CL(X),W_ρ)$ is normal if and only if $(CL(X),W_ρ)$ is metrizable. Some further results concerning normality of the Wijsman topology on $CL(X)$ are also proved.
For a topological space $X$ and an ideal $\mathscr{H}$ of subsets of $X$ we introduce the notion of connectedness modulo $\mathscr{H}$. This notion of connectedness naturally generalizes the notion of connectedness in its usual sense. In the case when $X$ is completely regular, we introduce a subspace $γ_{\mathscr H} X$ of the Stone--Čech compactification $βX$ of $X$, such that connectedness modulo ${\mathscr H}$ is equivalent to connectedness of $βX\setminusγ_{\mathscr H} X$. In particular, we prove that when ${\mathscr H}$ is the ideal generated by the collection of all open subspaces of $X$…
In 1975, M. M. Choban introduced a new topology on the set of all closed subsets of a topological space, similar to the Tychonoff topology but weaker than it. In 1998, G. Dimov and D. Vakarelov used a generalized version of this new topology, calling it Tychonoff-type topology. The present paper is devoted to a detailed study of Tychonoff-type topologies on an arbitrary family M of subsets of a set X. When M contains all singletons, a description of all Tychonoff-type topologies O on M is given. The continuous maps of a special form between spaces of the type (M,O) are described in an isomorph…
It is shown that if a $T_2$ topological space contains an uncountable closed discrete set, then $ω_1 \times (ω_1 + 1)$ embeds as a closed subspace of $(CL(X),τ_F)$, the hyperspace of nonempty closed subsets of $X$ equipped with the Fell topology.
We describe non-locally connected planar continua via the concepts of fiber and numerical scale. Given a continuum $X\subset\mathbb{C}$ and $x\in\partial X$, we show that the set of points $y\in \partial X$ that cannot be separated from $x$ by any finite set $C\subset \partial X$ is a continuum. This continuum is called the {\em modified fiber} $F_x^*$ of $X$ at $x$. If $x\in X^o$, we set $F^*_x=\{x\}$. For $x\in X$, we show that $F_x^*=\{x\}$ implies that $X$ is locally connected at $x$. We also give a concrete planar continuum $X$, which is locally connected at a point $x\in X$ while the fib…
