Let X be a non-degenerate, connected, locally path-connected metrizable space and Fin(X) be the hyperspace consisting of non-empty finite subsets in X endowed with the Vietoris topology. In this paper, we show that every compact set in Fin(X) is a strong Z-set.
For a Hausdorff space $X$ we denote be $2^X$ the family of all closed subsets of $X$. In this paper we continue to research relationships between closure -type properties of hyperspaces over a space $X$ and covering properties of $X$. We investigate selectors for sequence of subsets of the space $2^{X}$ with the $Z^{+}$-topology and the upper Fell topology.
Let $X$ be a metrizable space and ${\rm Comp}(X)$ be the hyperspace consisting of non-empty compact subsets of $X$ endowed with the Vietoris topology. In this paper, we give a necessary and sufficient condition on $X$ for ${\rm Comp}(X)$ to be homeomorphic to a non-separable Hilbert space. Moreover, we consider the topological structure of pair $({\rm Comp}(\overline{X}),{\rm Fin}(X))$ of hyperspaces of $X$ and its completion $\overline{X}$, where ${\rm Fin}(X)$ is the hyperspace of non-empty finite sets in $X$.
For a regular space $X$, the hyperspace $(CL(X), τ_{F})$ (resp., $(CL(X), τ_{V})$) is the space of all nonempty closed subsets of $X$ with the Fell topology (resp., Vietoris topology). In this paper, we give the characterization of the space $X$ such that the hyperspace $(CL(X), τ_{F})$ (resp., $(CL(X), τ_{V})$) with a countable character of closed subsets. We mainly prove that $(CL(X), τ_F)$ has a countable character on each closed subset if and only if $X$ is compact metrizable, and $(CL(X), τ_F)$ has a countable character on each compact subset if and only if $X$ is locally compact and sepa…
We prove that the inclusion of map(X,Y) into map(K(X),K(Y)) is continuous, where K(X) is the space of non-empty compact subsets of X (also known as the hyperspace of compact subsets of X), and both spaces of maps are endowed with the compact-open topology.
When one considers the collection $\mathcal{H}(\mathbb{R}^n)$ of all compact subsets of $\mathbb{R}^n$ and equip it with a topology, many questions can be asked about the topological space one ends up with. This is an example of a hyperspace, a mathematical object which has been studied in a more abstract setting since the beginning of the 20th century. Here we give an elementary proof of the path-connectedness of $\mathcal{H}(\mathbb{R}^n)$, with the topology induced by the Hausdoff metric, by exploring the vector structure of $\mathbb{R}^n$ and using only basic ideas of topology of metric sp…
We study the heredity of the classes of generalized metric spaces (for example, spaces with a $σ$-hereditarily closure-preserving $k$-network, spaces with a point-countable base, spaces with a base of countable order, spaces with a point-regular base, Nagata-spaces, $c$-semi-stratifiable spaces, $γ$-spaces, semi-metrizable spaces) to the hyperspaces of nonempty compact subsets and finite subsets with the Vietoris topology.
Let $X$ be a nondegenerate Peano unicoherent continuum. The family $CB(X)$ of proper subcontinua of $X$ with connected boundaries is a $G_δ$-subset of the hyperspace $C(X)$ of all subcontinua of $X$. If every nonempty open subset of $X$ contains an open subset homeomorphic to $\mathbb R^n$ (such space is called $π$-$n$-Euclidean) and $2\le n<\infty$, then $C(X)\setminus CB(X)$ is recognized as an $F_σ$-absorber in $C(X)$; if additionally, no one-dimensional subset separates $X$, then the family of all members of $CB(X)$ which separate $X$ is a $D_2(F_σ)$-absorber in $C(X)$, where $D_2(F_σ)$ de…
Recently, David S. Lipham has shown that if $X$ is an Erdős space factor then the Vietoris hyperspace $\mathcal{F}(X)$ of finite subsets of $X$ is an Erdős space factor. In this short note we prove that if $\mathfrak{E}$ denotes Erdős space then $\mathcal{F}(\mathfrak{E})$ is in fact homeomorphic to $\mathfrak{E}$.
In this paper we consider the hyperspace $C_{n}(X)$ of non-empty and closed subsets of a base space $X$ with up to $n$ connected components. We consider a class of base spaces called finite ray-graphs, which are a noncompact variation on finite graphs. We prove two results about the structure of these hyperspaces under different topologies (Hausdorff and Vietoris), in particular, about their number of connected components.
Given a non-degenerate Peano continuum $X$, a dimension function $D:2^X_*\to[0,\infty]$ defined on the family $2^X_*$ of compact subsets of $X$, and a subset $Γ\subset[0,\infty)$, we recognize the topological structure of the system $(2^X,\D_{\leγ}(X))_{α\inΓ}$, where $2^X$ is the hyperspace of non-empty compact subsets of $X$ and $D_{\leγ}(X)$ is the subspace of $2^X$, consisting of non-empty compact subsets $K\subset X$ with $D(K)\leγ$.
Let $X$ be a Hausdorff space and let $\mathcal{H}$ be one of the hyperspaces $CL(X)$, $\mathcal{K}(X)$, $\mathcal{F}(X)$ or $\mathcal{F}_n(X)$ ($n$ a positive integer) with the Vietoris topology. We study the following disconnectedness properties for $\mathcal{H}$: extremal disconnectedness, being a $F^\prime$-space, $P$-space or weak $P$-space and hereditary disconnectedness. Our main result states: if $X$ is Hausdorff and $F\subset X$ is a closed subset such that $(a)$ both $F$ and $X-F$ are totally disconnected, $(b)$ the quotient $X/F$ is hereditarily disconnected, then $\mathcal{K}(X)$ is…
Let ${\rm Fin}(X)$ be the hyperspace consisting of non-empty finite subsets of a space $X$ endowed with the Vietoris topology. In this paper, we characterize a metrizable space $X$ whose hyperspace ${\rm Fin}(X)$ is homeomorphic to the linear subspace spanned by the canonical orthonormal basis of a non-separable Hilbert space.
The notion of max-plus convex subset of Euclidean space can be naturally extended to other linear spaces. The aim of this paper is to describe the topology of hyperspaces of max-plus convex subsets of Tychonov powers $\mathbb R^τ$ of the real line. We show that the corresponding spaces are AR's if and only if $τ\leω_1$.
A continuum is a compact connected metric space. A non-empty closed subset $B$ of a continuum $X$ does not block $x\in X\setminus B$ provided that the union of all subcontinua of $X$ containing $x$ and contained in $X\setminus B$ is dense in $X$. We denote the collection of all non-empty closed subset $B$ of $X$ such that $B$ does not block each element of $X\setminus B$ by $NB(F_1(X))$. In this paper we show some properties of the hyperspace $NB(F_1(X))$. Particularly, we prove that the simple closed curve is the unique continuum $X$ such that $NB(F_1(X))=F_1(X)$, given a positive answer to a…
Let G be a compact group acting on a Banach space L by means of linear isometries. The action of G on L induces a natural continuous action on cc(L), the hyperspace of all compact convex subsets of L endowed with the Hausdorff metric topology. The main result of this paper states that the G-space cc(L) is a G-AE. Under some extra assumptions, this result can be extended to CB(L), the hyperspace of all closed and bounded convex subsets of L.
We say that two classes of topological spaces are equivalent if each member of one class has a homeomorphic copy in the other class and vice versa. Usually when the Borel complexity of a class of metrizable compacta is considered, the class is realized as the subset of the hyperspace $\mathcal{K}([0, 1]^ω)$ containing all homeomorphic copies of members of the given class. We are rather interested in the lowest possible complexity among all equivalent realizations of the given class in the hyperspace. We recall that to every analytic subset of $\mathcal{K}([0, 1]^ω)$ there exist an equivalent $…
Hyperspaces $\mathcal H(X)$ of all countable compact subsets of a metric space $X$ and $\mathcal A_n(X)$ of infinite compact subsets which have at most $n$ ($n\in\mathbb N$), or finitely many ($n=ω$) or countably many ($n=ω+1$) accumulation points are studied. By descriptive set-theoretical methods, we fully characterize them for 0-dimensional, dense-in-itself, Polish spaces and partially for $σ$-compact spaces $X$. Using the theory of absorbing sets, we get characterizations of $\mathcal H(X)$, $\mathcal A_ω(X)$ and $\mathcal A_{ω+1}(X)$ for nondegenerate connected, locally connected Polish s…
Given a continuum $X$, let $\mathcal{NB} (\mathcal{F}_1(X))$ be the hyperspace of nonblockers of $\mathcal{F}_1(X)$. In this paper, we show that if $X$ is hereditarily decomposable with the property of Kelley such that $\mathcal{NB} (\mathcal{F}_1(X))$ is a continuum, then $X$ is a simple closed curve. Thus, we characterize the simple closed curve as the unique hereditarily decomposable continuum with the property of Kelley $X$ such that its hyperspace $\mathcal{NB} (\mathcal{F}_1(X))$ is a continuum.
For a topological space $X$, let $CL(X)$ be the set of all non-empty closed subset of $X$, and denote the set $CL(X)$ with the Vietoris topology by $(CL(X), \mathbb{V})$. In this paper, we mainly discuss the hyperspace $(CL(X), \mathbb{V})$ when $X$ is an infinite countable discrete space. As an application, we first prove that the hyperspace with the Vietoris topology on an infinite countable discrete space contains a closed copy of $n$-th power of Sorgenfrey line for each $n\in\mathbb{N}$. Then we investigate the tightness of the hyperspace $(CL(X), \mathbb{V})$, and prove that the tightness…
We introduce and study the topological concepts of chain transitivity, mixing and chain mixing property for dynamical systems induced by uniform hyperspaces. These notions generalize the relevant concepts for metric spaces.
This paper is a continuation of the work done in \cite{sal-yas} and \cite{may-pat-rob}. We deal with the Vietoris hyperspace of all nontrivial convergent sequences $\mathcal{S}_c(X)$ of a space $X$. We answer some questions in \cite{sal-yas} and generalize several results in \cite{may-pat-rob}. We prove that: The connectedness of $X$ implies the connectedness of $\mathcal{S}_c(X)$; the local connectedness of $X$ is equivalent to the local connectedness of $\mathcal{S}_c(X)$; and the path-wise connectedness of $\mathcal{S}_c(X)$ implies the path-wise connectedness of $X$. We also show that the …
For a metric space $X$, let $\mathsf FX$ be the space of all nonempty finite subsets of $X$ endowed with the largest metric $d^1_{\mathsf FX}$ such that for every $n\in\mathbb N$ the map $X^n\to\mathsf FX$, $(x_1,\dots,x_n)\mapsto \{x_1,\dots,x_n\}$, is non-expanding with respect to the $\ell^1$-metric on $X^n$. We study the completion of the metric space $\mathsf F^1\!X=(\mathsf FX,d^1_{\mathsf FX})$ and prove that it coincides with the space $\mathsf Z^1\!X$ of nonempty compact subsets of $X$ that have zero length (defined with the help of graphs). We prove that each subset of zero length in…
Given a metric continuum $X$, a nonempty proper closed subspace $B$ of $X$, does not block a point $p\in X\setminus B$ provided that the union of all subcontinua of $X$ containing $p$ and contained in $X\setminus B$ is a dense subset of $X$. The collection of all nonempty proper closed subspaces $B$ of $X$ such that $B$ does not block any element of $X\setminus B$ is denoted by $NB(F_{1}(X))$. In this paper we prove that for each completely metrizable and separable space $Z$, there exists a continuum $X$ such that $Z$ is homeomorphic to $NB(F_{1}(X))$. This answers a series of questions by Cam…
We study the problem of topologically order-embedding a given topological poset X in the space of all closed subsets of X which is topologized by the Fell topology and ordered by set inclusion. We show that this can be achieved whenever X is a topological semilattice (resp. lattice) or a topological po-group, and X is locally compact and order-connected (resp. connected). We give limiting examples to show that these results are tight, and provide several applications of them. In particular, a locally compact version of the Urysohn-Carruth metrization theorem is obtained, a new fixed point theo…
It is shown that if a $T_2$ topological space $X$ contains a closed uncountable discrete subspace, then the spaces $(ω_1 + 1)^ω$ and $(ω_1 + 1)^{ω_1}$ embed into $(CL(X),τ_F)$, the hyperspace of nonempty closed subsets of $X$ equipped with the Fell topology. If $(X,d)$ is a non-separable perfect topological space, then $(ω_1 + 1)^ω$ and $(ω_1 + 1)^{ω_1}$ embed into $(CL(X),τ_{w(d)})$, the hyperspace of nonempty closed subsets of $X$ equipped with the Wijsman topology, giving a partial answer to the Question 3.4 in [CJ].
For a given continuum $X$ and a natural number $n,$ we consider the hyperspace $F_n(X)$ of all nonempty subsets of $X$ with at most $n$ points, metrized by the Hausdorff metric. In this paper we show that if $X$ is a dendrite whose set of end points is closed, $n \in \mathbb{N}$ and $Y$ is a continuum such that the hyperspaces $F_n(X)$ and $F_n(Y)$ are homeomorphic, then $Y$ is a dendrite whose set of end points is closed.
Let $(X,ρ)$ be a metric space and $(CL(X),W_ρ)$ be the hyperspace of all nonempty closed subsets of $X$ equipped with the Wijsman topology. The Wijsman topology is one of the most important classical hyperspace topologies. We give a partial answer to a question posed in \cite{maio} whether the normality of $(CL(X),W_ρ)$ is equivalent to its metrizability. If $(X,ρ)$ is a linear metric space, then $(CL(X),W_ρ)$ is normal if and only if $(CL(X),W_ρ)$ is metrizable. Some further results concerning normality of the Wijsman topology on $CL(X)$ are also proved.
1975年,M. M. Choban在拓扑空间的所有闭子集的集合上引入了一个新的拓扑,它类似于Tychonoff拓扑,但比它弱。Dimov和D. Vakarelov使用了这个新拓扑的推广版本,称之为吉洪诺夫型拓扑。本文研究了集合X的任意子集族M上的Tychonoff型拓扑。当M包含所有单例时,给出了M上所有Tychonoff型拓扑O的描述。用同构定理描述了(M,O)型空间之间特殊形式的连续映射。研究了超空间和子空间关于Tychonoff型拓扑的可积性问题。讨论了具有Tychonoff型拓扑O的超空间(M,O)的一些拓扑性质。
The hyperspace of all nontrivial convergent sequences in a Hausdorff space $X$ is denoted by $\mathcal{S}_c(X)$. This hyperspace is endowed with the Vietoris topology. In connection with a question and a problem by García-Ferreira, Ortiz-Castillo and Rojas-Hernández, concerning conditions under which $\mathcal S_c(X)$ is pathwise connected, in the current paper we study the latter property and the contractibility of $\mathcal{S}_c(X)$. We present necessary conditions on a space $X$ to obtain the path connectedness of $\mathcal{S}_c(X)$. We also provide some sufficient conditions on a space $X$…
We explore the connections between selection games on Hausdorff spaces and their corresponding Vietoris space of compact subsets. These considerations offer a similar relationship as the well-known relationship between $ω$-covers of $X$ and regular open covers of the finite powers of $X$. The primary utility of this method is to establish similar relationships with $k$-covers and the Vietoris space of compact subsets. Particularly, we show that some commonly studied selection principles are equivalent to a related hyperspace being Menger or Rothberger. We then apply these equivalences to corre…
In 2017, Tkachuk isolated the closed discrete selection property while working on problems related to function spaces [15]. In this paper we will study the closed discrete selection property and the related games and strategies on $C_k(X)$. Clontz and Holshouser showed previously that the closed discrete selection game on $C_p(X)$ is equivalent to a modification of the point-open game on $X$. In this paper we show that the closed discrete selection game on $C_k(X)$ is equivalent to a modification of the compact-open game on $X$. We also connect discrete selection properties on $C_k(X)$ to a va…
A topological space $X$ has the strong Pytkeev property at a point $x\in X$ if there exists a countable family $\mathcal N$ of subsets of $X$ such that for each neighborhood $O_x\subset X$ and subset $A\subset X$ accumulating at $x$, there is a set $N\in\mathcal N$ such that $N\subset O_x$ and $N\cap A$ is infinite. We prove that for any $\aleph_0$-space $X$ and any space $Y$ with the strong Pytkeev property at a point $y\in Y$ the function space $C_k(X,Y)$ has the strong Pytkeev property at the constant function $X\to \{y\}\subset Y$. If the space $Y$ is rectifiable, then the function space $…
All spaces are assumed to be separable and metrizable. Our main result is that the statement "For every space $X$, every closed subset of $X$ has the perfect set property if and only if every analytic subset of $X$ has the perfect set property" is equivalent to $\mathfrak{b}>ω_1$ (hence, in particular, it is independent of $\mathsf{ZFC}$). This, together with a theorem of Solecki and an example of Miller, will allow us to determine the status of the statement "For every space $X$, if every $\mathbfΓ$ subset of $X$ has the perfect set property then every $\mathbfΓ'$ subset of $X$ has the perfec…
We show that even for subsets X of the real line which do not contain perfect sets, the Hurewicz property does not imply the property S1(Gamma,Gamma), asserting that for each countable family of open gamma-covers of X, there is a choice function whose image is a gamma-cover of X. This settles a problem of Just, Miller, Scheepers, and Szeptycki. Our main result also answers a question of Bartoszynski and Tsaban, and implies that for C_p(X), the conjunction of Sakai's strong countable fan tightness and the Reznichenko property does not imply Arhangelskii's property alpha_2.
We discuss a set-valued generalization of strong proximinality in Banach spaces, introduced by J. Mach [Continuity properties of Chebyshev centers, J. Approx. Theory, 29(3):223--230, 1980] as property-$(P_1)$. We establish that if the closed unit ball of a closed subspace of a Banach space $X$ possesses property-$(P_1)$ for each of the classes of closed bounded, compact and finite subsets of $X$, then so does the subspace. It is also proved that the closed unit ball of an $M$-ideal in an $L_{1}$-predual space satisfies property-$(P_{1})$ for the compact subsets of the space. For a Choquet simp…
We extend the well-known Gelfand-Phillips property for Banach spaces to locally convex spaces, defining a locally convex space $E$ to be Gelfand-Phillips if every limited set in $E$ is precompact in the topology on $E$ defined by barrels. Several characterizations of Gelfand-Phillips spaces are given. The problem of preservation of the Gelfand-Phillips property by standard operations over locally convex spaces is considered. Also we explore the Gelfand-Phillips property in spaces $C(X)$ of continuous functions on a Tychonoff space $X$. If $τ$ and $\mathcal T$ are two locally convex topologies …
We show that every Abelian group satisfying a mild cardinal inequality admits a pseudocompact group topology from which all countable subgroups inherit the maximal totally bounded topology (we say that such a topology satisfies property $\h$). Every pseudocompact Abelian group $G$ with cardinality $|G|\leq 2^{2^\cc}$ satisfies this inequality and therefore admits a pseudocompact group topology with property $\h$. Under the Singular Cardinal Hypothesis (SCH) this criterion can be combined with an analysis of the algebraic structure of pseudocompact groups to prove that every pseudocompact Abeli…