Solar flares significantly impact the conditions of the Earth's ionosphere. In particular, the sudden increase in X-ray flux during a flare penetrates down to the lowest-lying D-region and dominates ionization at these altitudes (60-100 km). Measurements of very low frequency (VLF: 3-30kHz) radio waves that reflect at D-region altitudes provide a unique remote-sensing probe to investigate the D-region response to solar flare emissions. Here, using a combination of VLF amplitude measurements at 24kHz together with X-ray observations from the Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) X-ray sensor, we present a large-scale statistical study of 334 solar flare events and their impacts on the D-region over the past solar cycle. Focusing on both GOES broadband X-ray channels, we investigate how the flare peak fluxes and position on the solar disk dictate an ionospheric response and extend this to investigate the characteristic time delay between incident X-ray flux and the D-region response. We show that the VLF amplitude linearly correlates with both the 1-8 A and 0.5-4 A channels, with correlation coefficients of 0.80 and 0.79, respectively. Unlike higher altitude ionospheric regions for which the location of the flare on the solar disk affects the ionospheric response, we find that the D-region response to solar flares does not depend on the flare location. By comparing the time delays between the peak X-ray fluxes in both GOES channels and VLF amplitudes, we find that there is an important difference between the D-region response and the X-ray spectral band. We also demonstrate for several flare events that show a negative time delay, the peak VLF amplitude matches with the impulsive 25-50 keV hard X-ray fluxes measured by the Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI).
Numerical study of multiple solar flare induced modulation of Very Low Frequency (VLF) diurnal profile
Indian Centre for Space Physics(印度空间物理中心);Dhulauri High School(杜劳里高中);Ionospheric and Earthquake Research Centre & Optical Observatory(电离层与地震研究中心及光学天文台)
Geomagnetic Storm Impacts On The Ionosphere Over Türkiye During Solar Cycle 25: Focusing On The May 2024 Storm
Yeditepe University, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Programme of Physics(耶迪特佩大学,文理学院,物理系);Istanbul University, Institute of Graduate Studies in Science, Programme of Astronomy and Space Sciences(伊斯坦布尔大学,科学研究生研究所,天文学与空间科学系);Akdeniz University, Faculty of Science, Department of Space Sciences and Technologies(安塔利亚大学,理学院,空间科学与技术系)
Real-time detection of solar flares from ground-based VLF data
LIRA, Observatoire de Paris, Université PSL, Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CY Cergy Paris Université, CNRS(拉格朗日天体物理学实验室,巴黎天文台,巴黎文理研究大学,索邦大学,巴黎西岱大学,塞吉-蓬图瓦兹大学,法国国家科学研究中心);Georgia Institute of Technology(佐治亚理工学院)
Inverse FIP Effects in Giant Solar Flares Found from Earth X-Ray Albedo with Suzaku/XIS
我们报告了发生在2005年9月7日(X17.0),2005年9月8日(X5.4),2005年9月9日(X6.2)和2006年12月5日(X9.0)的四个巨大的太阳耀斑的X射线光谱结果,获得了地球日冕数据与X射线成像光谱仪(XIS)的朱雀。良好的能量分辨率的XIS(FWHM $\sim$ 100 eV),使我们能够分离出一些线状特征和检测底层的连续发射。这些特征包括来源于太阳耀斑的Si He $α$、Si Ly $α$、S He $α$、S Ly $α$、Ar He $α$和Ca He $α$以及来自地球大气的荧光Ar K $α$和Ar K $β$。四次耀斑的平均绝对元素丰度(X/H)分别为$\sim$ 2.0(Ca)、$\sim$ 0.7(Si)、$\sim$ 0.3(S)和$\sim$ 0.9(Ar)。这种丰度模式类似于活动恒星日冕的丰度模式,显示出逆第一电离势(i-FIP)效应,即,元素丰度随着FIP的降低而降低,在FIP的低端进行周转。的丰度几乎是恒定的耀斑期间,除了硅增加了一个因素的$\sim$ 2在衰变阶段。Si丰度的演变与i-FIP等离子体起源于色球蒸发然后与周围的低FIP偏置材料混合的图片是一致的。耀斑与耀斑之间的丰度相差2倍,与过去观测到的太阳耀斑一致。最后,我们强调,由X射线天文卫星,如朱雀和XRISM获得的地球日冕数据可以显着有助于太阳物理学的研究。
FOXES: A Framework For Operational X-ray Emission Synthesis
Georgia State University(佐治亚州立大学);University of Arizona(亚利桑那大学);University of Colorado(科罗拉多大学);University of Graz(格拉茨大学);NSF National Center for Atmospheric Research(美国国家科学基金会国家大气研究中心);The Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory(约翰斯·霍普金斯大学应用物理实验室);Quantellia LLC(Quantellia有限责任公司)
The Effect of a Strong Stellar Flare on the Atmospheric Chemistry of an Earth-like Planet Orbiting an M dwarf
主序星M对天体生物学提出了一个有趣的问题:它们在我们银河系中的丰度使它们成为寻找可居住行星的目标,但它们强烈的色球活动产生高能辐射和带电粒子,可能对生命有害。我们研究了1985年4月12日耀斑的影响,从M矮星,AD狮子座(AD狮子座),模拟紫外线辐射和质子对大气化学的影响,一个假设的,类似地球的行星位于其宜居带。根据对太阳质子事件的观测和Neupert效应,我们估计了能量大于10 MeV的粒子的与$5.9\times 10^{8}$质子耀斑有关的质子通量cm $^{-2}$ sr $^{-1}$ s $^{-1}$。然后,我们计算了由耀斑产生的氮氧化合物的丰度,通过缩放这些化合物在一个大型太阳质子事件称为"卡林顿事件"的生产。使用1-D光化学模型耦合到1-D辐射/对流模型进行模拟。我们的研究结果表明,在耀斑期间发出的紫外线辐射并没有产生显着的变化,在臭氧柱深度的行星。当质子的作用包括在内时,对于一个没有磁场的行星,在耀斑爆发两年后臭氧消耗达到了94%的最大值。在耀斑的高峰期,计算出的到达地表的紫外线通量,在对生命有害的波长范围内,超过了地球在不到100秒内接收到的紫外线通量。因此,耀斑可能不会对轨道上的可居住行星表面的生命构成直接危险。由于狮子座AD是已知的磁活动最活跃的M矮星之一,这个结论应该适用于其他色球活动水平较低的M矮星周围的行星。
Stellar flare-driven evolution of primordial early exo-Earth atmospheres: Insights from a Young M Dwarf Flare model
University of Oslo(奥斯陆大学);National Solar Observatory, University of Colorado Boulder(美国国家太阳天文台,科罗拉多大学博尔德分校);Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado(科罗拉多大学天体物理与行星科学系);Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder(科罗拉多大学博尔德分校大气与空间物理实验室);Rosseland Centre for Solar Physics, University of Oslo(奥斯陆大学罗森兰太阳物理中心);Institute of Theoretical Astrophysics, University of Oslo(奥斯陆大学理论天体物理研究所)
Preparing for the Early eVolution Explorer: The Impact of Flare Temperature on Ozone Column Depth in Earth-Like Atmospheres
John Hopkins University(约翰霍普金斯大学);NASA Goddard Space Flight Center(美国国家航空航天局戈达德太空飞行中心);SETI Institute(搜寻地外文明研究所);NASA Ames Research Center(美国国家航空航天局艾姆斯研究中心);University of Colorado(科罗拉多大学);Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory(约翰霍普金斯大学应用物理实验室);Arizona State University(亚利桑那州立大学)
Revealing Flare Energetics and Dynamics with SDO EVE Solar Extreme Ultraviolet Spectral Irradiance Observations
Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado(科罗拉多大学大气与空间物理实验室);Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory(约翰斯·霍普金斯大学应用物理实验室);High Altitude Observatory, National Center for Atmospheric Research(美国国家大气研究中心高空观测站);Naval Research Laboratory(海军研究实验室)
Frequent X-class Far UV Flares from a Young Solar Analog DS Tucanae A
Pennsylvania State University(宾夕法尼亚州立大学);University of Colorado Boulder(科罗拉多大学博尔德分校);NASA Goddard Space Flight Center(美国宇航局戈达德太空飞行中心);American University(美国大学);Lehigh University(利哈伊大学)
Influence of ICME-driven Magnetic Cloud-like and Sheath Region induced Geomagnetic Storms in causing anomalous responses of the Low-latitude Ionosphere: A Case Study