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arXiv 2109.06558astro-ph.SRphysics.space-ph
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太阳耀斑对地球低电离层的影响

Solar Flare Effects on the Earth's Lower Ionosphere

Laura A. Hayes, Oscar S. D. O'Hara, Sophie A. Murray, Peter T. Gallagher

摘要:

太阳耀斑会严重影响地球电离层的状况。特别是,在耀斑期间X射线通量的突然增加穿透到最低的D区,并在这些高度(60-100公里)主导电离。在D区高度反射的甚低频(VLF:3- 30 kHz)无线电波的测量提供了一个独特的遥感探测器,以研究D区对太阳耀斑发射的响应。在这里,使用的组合的VLF振幅测量在24 kHz连同X射线观测从地球静止运行环境卫星(GOES)的X射线传感器,我们提出了一个大规模的统计研究的334个太阳耀斑事件和它们的影响,在过去的太阳活动周期的D-区。专注于两个GOES宽带X射线通道,我们调查如何耀斑峰值通量和太阳盘面上的位置决定电离层响应,并扩展到调查入射X射线通量和D-区域响应之间的特征时间延迟。我们发现,VLF振幅与1-8 A和0.5-4 A通道线性相关,相关系数分别为0.80和0.79。不像更高海拔的电离层区域的太阳盘上的耀斑的位置影响电离层响应,我们发现,D-区域响应太阳耀斑不依赖于耀斑的位置。通过比较两个GOES通道的峰值X射线通量与VLF振幅之间的时间延迟,我们发现D区响应与X射线谱带之间存在重要差异。我们还证明了几个耀斑事件,表现出负的时间延迟,峰值VLF振幅与脉冲25-50 keV的硬X射线通量的Ramaty高能太阳光谱成像仪(RHESSI)测量相匹配。

英文摘要:

Solar flares significantly impact the conditions of the Earth's ionosphere. In particular, the sudden increase in X-ray flux during a flare penetrates down to the lowest-lying D-region and dominates ionization at these altitudes (60-100 km). Measurements of very low frequency (VLF: 3-30kHz) radio waves that reflect at D-region altitudes provide a unique remote-sensing probe to investigate the D-region response to solar flare emissions. Here, using a combination of VLF amplitude measurements at 24kHz together with X-ray observations from the Geostationary Operational Environment Satellite (GOES) X-ray sensor, we present a large-scale statistical study of 334 solar flare events and their impacts on the D-region over the past solar cycle. Focusing on both GOES broadband X-ray channels, we investigate how the flare peak fluxes and position on the solar disk dictate an ionospheric response and extend this to investigate the characteristic time delay between incident X-ray flux and the D-region response. We show that the VLF amplitude linearly correlates with both the 1-8 A and 0.5-4 A channels, with correlation coefficients of 0.80 and 0.79, respectively. Unlike higher altitude ionospheric regions for which the location of the flare on the solar disk affects the ionospheric response, we find that the D-region response to solar flares does not depend on the flare location. By comparing the time delays between the peak X-ray fluxes in both GOES channels and VLF amplitudes, we find that there is an important difference between the D-region response and the X-ray spectral band. We also demonstrate for several flare events that show a negative time delay, the peak VLF amplitude matches with the impulsive 25-50 keV hard X-ray fluxes measured by the Ramaty High Energy Solar Spectroscopic Imager (RHESSI).

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