Daniel Ginsberg, Hans Lindblad
We prove a local existence theorem for the free boundary problem for a relativistic fluid in a fixed spacetime. Our proof involves an a priori estimate which only requires control of derivatives tangential to the boundary, which holds also in the Newtonian compressible case.
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Semi-classical limit for Klein-Gordon equation toward relativistic Euler equations via an adapted modulated energy method
通过适配调制能量方法，研究Klein-Gordon方程在半经典极限下向相对论欧拉方程的收敛性，并证明其动量和密度在Lebesgue范数下的收敛性。
Our results provide a first step to make rigorous the formal analysis in terms of $\frac{1}{c^2}$ proposed by Chandrasekhar \cite{Chandra65b}, \cite{Chandra65a}, motivated by the methods of Einstein, Infeld and Hoffmann, see Thorne \cite{Thorne1}. We consider the non-relativistic limit for the local smooth solutions to the free boundary value problem of the cylindrically symmetric relativistic Euler equations, when the mass energy density includes the vacuum states at the free boundary. For large enough (rescaled) speed of light $c$ and suitably small time $T,$ we obtain uniform, with respect …
The relativistic Euler-Poisson equation as a mean-field limit
本文通过改编重整化能量方法，证明了相对论牛顿动力学的单动力学平均场极限，得到相对论Euler-Poisson方程，并首次建立了相对论Coulomb流的平均场极限。
A regularity result for the free boundary compressible Euler equations of a liquid
针对无表面张力的液体自由边界可压缩欧拉方程，提出新加权函数框架并利用Hardy不等式改善流映射正则性，通过分解初始密度函数实现，无需高阶波动方程。
We derive a priori estimates for the compressible free-boundary Euler equations with surface tension in three spatial dimensions in the case of a liquid. These are estimates for local existence in Lagrangian coordinates when the initial velocity and initial density belong to $H^3$, with an extra regularity condition on the moving boundary, thus lowering the regularity of the initial data. Our methods are direct and involve two key elements: the boundary regularity provided by the mean curvature, and a new compressible Cauchy invariance.
We prove a global existence theorem for the $3\times 3$ system of relativistic Euler equations in one spacial dimension. It is shown that in the ultra-relativistic limit, there is a family of equations of state that satisfy the second law of thermodynamics for which solutions exist globally. With this limit and equation of state, which includes equations of state for both an ideal gas and one dominated by radiation, the relativistic Euler equations can be analyzed by a Nishida-type method leading to a large data existence theorem, including the entropy and particle number evolution, using a Gl…
Hydrodynamic limit and Newtonian limit from the relativistic Boltzmann equation to the classical Euler equations
本文严格证明了相对论Boltzmann方程在无Knudsen数与光速依赖假设下，经Hilbert展开得到经典Euler方程的水动力极限与牛顿极限，并给出收敛速率。
On short wave-long wave interactions\\ in the relativistic context: Application to the Relativistic Euler Equations
本文提出相对论短波-长波相互作用模型，用Thirring模型描述短波、相对论欧拉方程描述长波，并引入新的相对论拉格朗日变换，证明正则化模型光滑解的短时间存在唯一性。
In this paper, we prove a new type of energy estimates for the compressible Euler's equation with free boundary, with a boundary part and an interior part. These can be thought of as a generalization of the energies in Christodoulou and Lindblad [CL] to the compressible case and do not require the fluid to be irrotational. In addition, we show that our estimates are in fact uniform in the sound speed. As a consequence, we obtain convergence of solutions of compressible Euler equations with a free boundary to solutions of the incompressible equations, generalizing the result of Ebin [Eb] to whe…
The relativistic full Euler equations for a Chaplygin gas are studied. The Riemann problem is solved constructively. There are two kinds of Riemann solutions, in which one consists of three contact discontinuities and the other involves a delta shock wave on which both state variables the rest mass density and the proper energy density simultaneously contain the Dirac delta functions. It is quite different from the previous ones on which only one state variable contains the Dirac delta function. The formation mechanism, generalized Rankine-Hugoniot relation and entropy condition are clarified …
On a Class of Global Solutions to 3D Free-Boundary Relativistic Euler Equations with a Physical Vacuum Boundary
本文研究了具有物理真空边界的相对论欧拉方程的一类全局解，通过构造特定初始数据，得出了具有球对称性和小初始密度的渐近线性扩展解。
In this paper we establish the incompressible limit for the compressible free-boundary Euler equations with surface tension in the case of a liquid. Compared to the case without surface tension treated recently, the presence of surface tension introduces severe new technical challenges, in that several boundary terms that automatically vanish when surface tension is absent now contribute at top order. Combined with the necessity of producing estimates uniform in the sound speed in order to pass to the limit, such difficulties imply that neither the techniques employed for the case without surf…
This paper contributes to the study of large data problems for $C^1$ solutions of the relativistic Euler equations. In the $(1+1)$-dimensional spacetime setting, if the initial data are away from vacuum, a key difficulty in proving the global well-posedness or finite time blow-up is coming up with a way to obtain sharp enough control on the lower bound of the mass-energy density function $ρ$. First, for $C^1$ solutions of the 1-dimensional classical isentropic compressible Euler equations in the Eulerian setting, we show a novel idea of obtaining a mass density time-dependent lower bound by st…
Three-dimensional steady transonic shocks for the relativistic Euler equations
本文研究半球壳中定常相对论Euler方程的跨音速激波问题，通过打靶法和单调性证明球对称解的存在唯一性，并在无背景限制下证明三维扰动的存在稳定性，采用变形张量、涡量解耦及球面投影坐标处理奇异性。
Hydrodynamic limit and Newtonian limit from the relativistic Vlasov-Maxwell-Boltzmann system to the classical Euler-Poisson system
本文在经典等熵可压缩Euler-Poisson系统全局光滑无旋解附近，构造了单物种相对论性Vlasov-Maxwell-Boltzmann系统的经典解，并严格证明了流体极限和牛顿极限到Euler-Poisson系统的结合。
We prove energy estimates for a relativistic free liquid body with sufficiently small fluid velocity in a general Einstein spacetime. These estimates control Sobolev norms of the fluid velocity and enthalpy in the interior as well as Sobolev norms of the second fundamental form on the boundary.
We derive a new formulation of the relativistic Euler equations that exhibits remarkable properties. This new formulation consists of a coupled system of geometric wave, transport, and elliptic equations, sourced by nonlinearities that are null forms relative to the acoustical metric. Our new formulation is well-suited for various applications, in particular for the study of stable shock formation, as it is surveyed in the paper. Moreover, using the new formulation presented here, we establish a local well-posedness result showing that the vorticity and the entropy of the fluid are one degree …
Phase transitions are in the focus of the modeling of multiphase flows. A large number of models is available to describe such processes. We consider several different two phase models that are based on the Euler equations of compressible fluid flows and which take into account phase transitions between a liquid phase and its vapor. Especially we consider the flow of liquid water and water vapor. We give a mathematical proof, that all these models are not able to describe the process of condensation by compression. This behavior is in agreement with observations in experiments, that simulate a…
A priori estimates for the motion of charged liquid drop: A dynamic approach via free boundary Euler equations
本文针对三维带电液滴运动的带电场自由边界Euler方程，证明若初始数据光滑且流动形状C^{1,α}正则、速度Lipschitz连续，则流动时空C^∞光滑，量化了高阶能量估计，该结果对无电场情形也具创新性。
A relativistic quantum Euler-Poisson system derived from the Klein-Gordon-Poisson equation: hyperbolic-elliptic structure
本文从克莱因-戈尔登-泊松方程出发，通过马德勒变换推导出相对论量子欧拉-泊松系统，揭示其双曲-椭圆结构，并在非局部相互作用下建立经典解的局部存在性和唯一性。
We establish the local well-posedness for the free boundary problem for the compressible Euler equations describing the motion of liquid under the influence of Newtonian self-gravity. We do this by solving a tangentially-smoothed version of Euler's equations in Lagrangian coordinates which satisfies uniform energy estimates as the smoothing parameter goes to zero. The main technical tools are delicate energy estimates and optimal elliptic estimates in terms of boundary regularity, for the Dirichlet problem and Green's function.
In this paper, we study the blowup phenomena for the regular solutions of the isentropic relativistic Euler-Poisson equations with a vacuum state in spherical symmetry. Using a general family of testing functions, we obtain new blowup conditions for the relativistic Euler-Poisson equations. We also show that the proposed blowup conditions are valid regardless of the speed requirement, which was one of the key constraints stated in "Y. Geng, Singularity Formation for Relativistic Euler and Euler-Poisson Equations with Repulsive Force, Commun. Pure Appl. Anal., 14 (2015), 549--564.".
In this paper we provide a complete local well-posedness theory for the free boundary relativistic Euler equations with a physical vacuum boundary on a Minkowski background. Specifically, we establish the following results: (i) local well-posedness in the Hadamard sense, i.e., local existence, uniqueness, and continuous dependence on the data; (ii) low regularity solutions: our uniqueness result holds at the level of Lipschitz velocity and density, while our rough solutions, obtained as unique limits of smooth solutions, have regularity only a half derivative above scaling; (iii) stability: ou…
We study the relativistic Euler equations on the Minkowski spacetime background. We make assumptions on the equation of state and the initial data that are relativistic analogs of the well-known physical vacuum boundary condition, which has played an important role in prior work on the non-relativistic compressible Euler equations. Our main result is the derivation, relative to Lagrangian (also known as co-moving) coordinates, of local-in-time a priori estimates for the solution. The solution features a fluid-vacuum boundary, transported by the fluid four-velocity, along which the hyperbolicit…
We analyze the relativistic Euler equations of conservation laws of baryon number and momentum with a general pressure law. The existence of global-in-time bounded entropy solutions for the system is established by developing a compensated compactness framework. The proof relies on a careful analysis of the entropy and entropy-flux functions, which are represented by the fundamental solutions of the entropy and entropy-flux equations for the relativistic Euler equations. Based on the careful entropy analysis, we establish a compactness framework for sequences of both exact solutions and approx…
In this paper, from an investigation of a symmetric hyperbolic system, a prior derivation of the logarithm equation of state is provided. Through a diffeomorphism transforming the classical Euler equations to the symmetric hyperbolic system, we show that the logarithm pressure co-exists with existing barotropic equations of state without applying any physical laws. In this connection, we also establish a local existence of classical solutions for the relativistic Euler equations with the logarithm equation of state.
In this paper, we are concerned with the non-relativistic limit of a class of computable approximation models for radiation hydrodynamics. The models consist of the compressible Euler equations coupled with moment closure approximations to the radiative transfer equation. They are first-order partial differential equations with source terms. As hyperbolic relaxation systems, they are showed to satisfy the structural stability condition proposed by W.-A. Yong (1999). Base on this, we verify the non-relativistic limit by combining an energy method with a formal asymptotic analysis.
A priori estimates for the linearized relativistic Euler equations with a physical vacuum boundary and an ideal gas equation of state
本文研究具有物理真空边界和理想气体状态方程的相对论欧拉方程，通过选择合适的热力学变量并建立加权记账方案，在加权Sobolev空间中证明了线性化系统的先验能量估计。
Semi-classical limit of the massive Klein-Gordon-Maxwell system toward the relativistic Euler-Maxwell system via an adapted modulated energy method
本文通过适应性调制能量方法，研究了大规模克莱因-戈尔登-麦克斯韦系统在半经典极限下向相对论欧拉-麦克斯韦系统过渡的收敛性，并探讨了该系统与相对论大规模维拉夫-麦克斯韦方程的关系。
We establish the local-in-time existence of solutions to the relativistic Euler equations representing dynamical liquid bodies in vacuum.
Self-similar imploding solutions of the relativistic Euler equations
本文构造了等温状态方程下相对论Euler方程的自相似光滑内爆解，覆盖物理空间维数2、3及更高维数，为超临界散焦非线性波动方程的有限时间爆破问题提供了关键步骤。
Strichartz estimates and low regularity solutions of 3D relativistic Euler equations
该研究针对3D相对论欧拉方程的低正则适定性问题，通过速度新分解、涡度输运方程推导及Strichartz估计建立，解决了Disconzi的开放问题D，并进一步证明了更低正则性条件下的局部适定性。
The purpose of this paper is to study the phenomenon of singularity formation in large data problems for classical solutions to the Cauchy problem of the relativistic Euler equations. The classical theory established by P. D. Lax in 1964 (J. Math. Phys. 5: 611-614) shows that, for 2x2 hyperbolic systems, the break-down of classical solutions occurs in finite time if initial data contain any compression in some truly nonlinear characteristic field under some additional conditions, which include genuine nonlinearity and the strict positivity of the difference between two corresponding eigenvalue…
In this paper, we consider the compressible Euler-Maxwell equations arising in semiconductor physics, which take the form of Euler equations for the conservation laws of mass density and current density for electrons, coupled to Maxwell's equations for self-consistent electromagnetic field. We study the global well-posedness in critical spaces and the limit to zero of some physical parameters in the scaled Euler-Maxwell equations. More precisely, using high- and low-frequency decomposition methods, we first construct uniform (global) classical solutions (around constant equilibrium) to the Cau…
We study the free boundary problem for the equations of compressible Euler equations with a vacuum boundary condition. Our main goal is to recover in Eulerian coordinates the earlier well-posedness result obtained by Lindblad [Lindblad H., Commun. Math. Phys. 260 (2005), 319-392] for the isentropic Euler equations and extend it to the case of full gas dynamics. For technical simplicity we consider the case of an unbounded domain whose boundary has the form of a graph and make short comments about the case of a bounded domain. We prove the local-in-time existence in Sobolev spaces by the techni…
Rough Solutions of the Relativistic Euler Equations
本文研究相对论欧拉方程的低正则性解，通过将初值分解为波部分与输运部分，克服涡量和熵梯度对应的非椭圆时空散度-旋度系统难题，证明短时间内解的范数可控，得到波部分索伯列夫正则性的最优结果。
We introduce a new wave formulation for the relativistic Euler equations with vacuum boundary conditions that consists of a system of non-linear wave equations in divergence form with a combination of acoustic and Dirichlet boundary conditions. We show that solutions of our new wave formulation determine solutions of the relativistic Euler equations that satisfy the vacuum boundary conditions provided the initial data is chosen to make a specific set of constraints vanish on the initial hypersurface. Moreover, we prove that these constraints propagate. This article is the first step of a two s…
This article is focused on a multidimensional nonlinear variational wave equation which is the Euler-Lagrange equation of a variational principle arising form the theory of nematic liquid crystals. By using the method of characteristics, we show that the smooth solutions for the spherically-symmetric variational wave equation breakdown in finite time, even for the arbitrarily small initial energy.
This paper is concerned with the rigorous analysis of a recently proposed model of Zheng et. al. for describing nematic liquid crystals within the dense regime, with the orientation distribution function as the variable. A key feature of the model is that in high density regimes all non-trivial minimisers are zero on a set of positive measure so that L^infinity variations cannot generally be taken about minimisers. In particular, it is unclear if the Euler-Lagrange equation is well defined, and if local minimisers satisfy it. It will be shown that there exists an analogue of the Euler-Lagrange…
Self-Similar Radially Symmetric Solutions of the Relativistic Euler Equations with Synge Energy
本文研究了基于Synge能量的相对论欧拉方程的自相似径向对称解，证明了解在经典和超相对论极限下的存在性和唯一性，并揭示了Synge能量的关键结构性质。
We investigate the initial-value problem for the relativistic Euler equations governing isothermal perfect fluid flows, and generalize an approach introduced by LeFloch and Shelukhin in the non-relativistic setting. We establish the existence of globally defined, bounded measurable, entropy solutions with arbitrary large amplitude. An earlier result by Smoller and Temple for the same system covered solutions with bounded variation that avoid the vacuum state. The new framework proposed here provides entropy solutions in a larger function space and allows for the mass density to vanish and the …
A symmetrization of the relativistic Euler equations in several spatial variables
针对闵可夫斯基时空中含真空态的相对论可压缩流体欧拉方程，提出一种新的对称化方法，并证明在速度有界且远离光速的条件下，含真空态解的局部存在性及紧支撑解支撑集不随时间扩张的性质。
Hilbert Expansion for Coulomb Collisional Kinetic Models
本文提出新的加权能量方法，证明r-VML系统与r-LAN方程的Hilbert展开有效，并在Knudsen数趋于零时严格建立其流体动力学极限。
In this paper the author studies the singular limit c to infinity of the family of Euler-Nordström systems indexed by the parameters kappa and c (EN_kappa,c), where kappa^2 > 0 is the cosmological constant and c is the speed of light. Using Christodoulou's techniques to generate energy currents, the author develops Sobolev estimates that show that for initial data belonging to an appropriate Sobolev space, as c tends to infinity, the solutions to the EN_kappa,c system converge uniformly on a spacetime slab [0,T]xR^3 to the solution of the Euler-Poisson system with the cosmological constant kap…
Recent developments in mathematical aspects of relativistic fluids
本文综述相对论流体数学研究的最新进展，围绕相对论 Euler 方程介绍波–输运表述、激波形成、低正则性解、物理真空边界及黏性流体等主题，并指出开放问题。
We study the singularity formation of smooth solutions of the relativistic Euler equations in $(3+1)$-dimensional spacetime for both finite initial energy and infinite initial energy. For the finite initial energy case, we prove that any smooth solution, with compactly supported non-trivial initial data, blows up in finite time. For the case of infinite initial energy, we first prove the existence, uniqueness and stability of a smooth solution if the initial data is in the subluminal region away from the vacuum. By further assuming the initial data is a smooth compactly supported perturbation …
We prove a continuation critereon for incompressible liquids with free surface boundary. We combine the energy estimates of Christodoulou and Lindblad with an analog of the estimate due to Beale, Kato, and Majda for the gradient of the velocity in terms of the vorticity, and use this to show solution can be continued so long as the second fundamental form and injectivity radius of the free boundary, the vorticity, and one derivative of the velocity on the free boundary remain bounded, assuming that the Taylor sign condition holds.
A new proof of uniqueness of ground state for pseudo-relativistic Hartree equation
针对非相对论 regime下的拟相对论Hartree方程，通过将欧拉-拉格朗日方程与质量约束构建含拉格朗日乘子的增广系统，利用增广线性化的可逆性，给出基态唯一性的新证明。
We study the local-in-time hydrodynamic limit of the relativistic Boltzmann equation using a Hilbert expansion. More specifically, we prove the existence of local solutions to the relativistic Boltzmann equation that are nearby the local relativistic Maxwellian constructed from a class of solutions to the relativistic Euler equations that includes a large subclass of near-constant, non-vacuum fluid states. In particular, for small Knudsen number, these solutions to the relativistic Boltzmann equation have dynamics that are effectively captured by corresponding solutions to the relativistic Eul…
The relativistic Euler equations: ESI notes on their geo-analytic structures and implications for shocks in $1D$ and multi-dimensions
本文以讲义形式梳理相对论Euler方程的一阶与二阶几何解析表述，并借助Riemann不变量构造一维等熵激波形成解，同时讨论多维激波形成及开放问题。
We construct spherically symmetric solutions to the Einstein-Euler equations, which give models of gaseous stars in the framework of the general theory of relativity. We assume a realistic barotropic equation of state. Equilibria of the spherically symmetric Einstein-Euler equations are given by the Tolman-Oppenheimer-Volkoff equations, and time periodic solutions around the equilibrium of the linearized equations can be considered. Our aim is to find true solutions near these time-periodic approximations. Solutions satisfying so called physical boundary condition at the free boundary with the…
We demonstrate that a sufficiently smooth solution of the relativistic Euler equations that represents a dynamical compact liquid body, when expressed in Lagrangian coordinates, determines a solution to a system of non-linear wave equations with acoustic boundary conditions. Using this wave formulation, we prove that these solutions satisfy energy estimates without loss of derivatives. Importantly, our wave formulation does not require the liquid to be irrotational, and the energy estimates do not rely on divergence and curl type estimates employed in previous works.
Several generalizations of the relativistic models of Burgers equations have recently been established and developed on different spacetime geometries. In this work, we take into account the de Sitter spacetime geometry, introduce our relativistic model by a technique based on the vanishing pressure Euler equations of relativistic compressible fluids on a (1+1)-dimensional background and construct a second order Godunov type finite volume scheme to examine numerical experiments within an analysis of the cosmological constant. Numerical results demonstrate the efficiency of the method for solut…
The Stability of Relativistic Fluids in Linearly Expanding Cosmologies
本文研究了 Einstein--Euler 方程的宇宙学解，通过引入适应 Fuchsian 方法的新变换，证明了线性膨胀时空中相对论流体非线性扰动的未来稳定性及 Milne 时空的全局正则性，揭示了结构形成需要减速膨胀期。
On Phase Boundaries in Relativistic Korteweg Fluids
作为系列论文首篇，本文将经典流体相锋研究成果拓展至相对论领域，通过拓展Korteweg毛细理论的洛伦兹不变表述，构造出对应欧拉-Korteweg方程下具有正则异宿轮廓的相锋族。
We establish the future stability of nonlinear perturbations of a class of homogeneous solutions to the relativistic Euler equations with a linear equation of state $p=Kρ$ on exponentially expanding FLRW spacetimes for the equation of state parameter values $1/3 < K < 1/2$.
We provide a new method for treating free boundary problems in perfect fluids, and prove local-in-time well-posedness in Sobolev spaces for the free-surface incompressible 3D Euler equations with or without surface tension for arbitrary initial data, and without any irrotationality assumption on the fluid. This is a free boundary problem for the motion of an incompressible perfect liquid in vacuum, wherein the motion of the fluid interacts with the motion of the free-surface at highest-order.
We prove that for large enough data, the life span of smooth solutions to the Cauchy problem for the following two quasilinear hyperbolic systems is finite: (1) equations of relativistic compressible fluid dynamics, (2) equations of plasma dynamics (Euler-Maxwell equations with background charge) in the spherically symmetric case.
The semiclassical limit from the Pauli-Poisswell/Darwin to the Euler-Poisswell/Darwin system by WKB methods
本文通过 WKB 方法研究了从泡利-泊松威尔/达尔文到欧拉-泊松威尔/达尔文系统的 semiclassical 极限，证明了时间局部的 semiclassical 极限和弱收敛性，以及宏观密度的强收敛性。
We consider steady state solutions of the massive, asymptotically flat, spherically symmetric Einstein-Vlasov system, i.e., relativistic models of galaxies or globular clusters, and steady state solutions of the Einstein-Euler system, i.e., relativistic models of stars. Such steady states are embedded into one-parameter families parameterized by their central redshift $κ>0$. We prove their linear instability when $κ$ is sufficiently large, i.e., when they are strongly relativistic, and that the instability is driven by a growing mode. Our work confirms the scenario of dynamic instability propo…
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