Using cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, we revealed three dimensional (3D) structural details of the electrochemically plated lithium (Li) flakes and their solid electrolyte interphase (SEI), including the composite SEI skin-layer and SEI fossil pieces buried inside the Li matrix. As the SEI skin-layer is largely comprised of nanocrystalline LiF and Li2O in amorphous polymeric matrix, when complete Li stripping occurs, the compromised SEI three-dimensional framework buckles, forming nanoscale bends and wrinkles. We showed that the flexibility and resilience of the SEI skin-layer plays a vital role in preserving an intact SEI 3D framework after Li stripping. The intact SEI network enables the nucleation and growth of the newly plated Li inside the previously formed SEI network in the subsequent cycles, preventing additional large amount of SEI formation between newly plated Li metal and the electrolyte. In addition, cells cycled under the accurately controlled uniaxial pressure can further enhance the repeated utilization of the SEI framework and improve the coulombic efficiency (CE) by up to 97%, demonstrating an effective strategy of reducing the formation of additional SEI and inactive dead Li. The identification of such flexible and porous 3D SEI framework clarifies the working mechanism of SEI in lithium metal anode for batteries. The insights provided in this work will inspire researchers to design more functional artificial 3D SEI on other metal anodes to improve rechargeable metal battery with long cycle life.
Quantifying Phase Transformations in Alloying Anodes via In-Situ Liquid Cell Hard X-ray Spectroscopy and Cryogenic Microscopy
Imperial College London(帝国理工学院);Diamond Light Source(钻石光源);Max-Planck Institute for Sustainable Materials(马克斯·普朗克可持续材料研究所);Univ Rouen Normandie, CNRS, INSA Rouen Normandie, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, UMR 6634(鲁昂诺曼底大学、法国国家科学研究中心、鲁昂诺曼底国立应用科学学院、材料物理研究组)
An Ultrathin Laterally Conductive Mesh Interphase Enables Spatially Extended Zinc Deposition for Aqueous Zinc Batteries
University of Chemistry and Technology Prague(布拉格化工大学);Technische Universität Dresden(德累斯顿工业大学);Center for Advancing Electronics Dresden (cfaed)(德累斯顿先进电子中心);Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Technische Universität Dresden(德累斯顿工业大学化学与食品化学学院);Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics(马克斯·普朗克微观结构物理研究所);Chair of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr- University Bochum(鲁尔大学波鸿分校化学与生物化学学院分析化学系)
Nanostructuring Strategies for Silicon-based Anodes in Lithium-ion Batteries: Tuning Areal Silicon Loading, SEI Formation/Irreversible Capacity Loss, Rate Capability Retention and Electrode Durability
硅是锂离子电池最有前途的负极材料之一。硅在循环时承受体积变化,这导致随后的粉化和容量衰减。这些缺点导致寿命差,并阻碍了硅阳极的商业化。在这项工作中,基于硅纳米颗粒(SiNPs)锚定在垂直排列的碳纳米管(VACNTs)与定义的间距,以适应体积变化的混合纳米结构阳极合成的商业宏观集流体。实现具有良好稳定性和优异电化学性能的电极仍然是一个挑战。因此,我们在本文中通过在固定的VACNT毯状物长度下改变硅沉积时间来调节SiNP体积,或者通过在固定的SiNP体积下改变VACNT长度来调节活性硅面积负载。SiNP的低面积负载改善了循环期间的容量稳定性,但由于形成了固体电解质界面(SEI)层而引发了大的不可逆容量损失。相比之下,较高的面积负载电极减少了所形成的SEI的量,但是在随后的循环期间负面地影响电极的容量稳定性。通过增加VACNTs毯状物长度而不损害循环稳定性来实现硅的更高重量容量和更高面积负载质量。该混合纳米结构电极显示出优异的稳定性,在2000次循环后可逆容量为1330 mAh g-1。
Interfacial Effects on Solid Electrolyte Interphase in Lithium-ion Batteries
界面处钝化层的存在是实现现代锂离子(Li离子)电池的主要因素。它们的特性决定了电池的循环寿命、性能和安全性。一种特殊情况是固体电解质中间相(SEI),一种由于电解质的不稳定性和随后在阳极表面的分解而形成的异质多组分膜。SEI充当阻碍电解质进一步分解的钝化层,这对库仑效率是有害的。在这项工作中,我们使用第一性原理模拟研究氟化锂(LiF)和碳酸锂(Li $_2$ CO $_3$)之间的界面的动力学和电子特性,这两种常见的SEI组件存在于具有有机液体电解质的锂离子电池中。我们发现,这些组件之间的一致的接口,限制在他们每个人的应变低于3%。我们发现,界面引起的弗伦克尔缺陷的形成能量的大幅度增加,产生Li空位的LiF和Li晶体中的Li $_2$ CO $_3$负责运输。另一方面,Li间隙跳跃势垒从体Li $_2$ CO $_3$中的$0.3$ eV降低到所考虑的界面结构中的$0.10$或$0.22$ eV,表明界面的有利作用。在异质SEI中控制这两种效应对于在SEI中保持快速离子传输是至关重要的。我们进一步进行了Car-Parrinello分子动力学模拟,以探讨在我们的界面结构,这揭示了增强的界面附近的锂离子扩散的锂离子传导。了解多相SEI的界面特性是实现下一代电池的重要前沿。
Influence of Electrode Thickness and Electrolyte Composition on SEI Formation and Cycle Stability in Binder-Free Hard Carbon Anodes for Na-Ion Batteries
Université de Haute-Alsace(阿尔萨斯大学);Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse (IS2M)(穆尔豪斯材料科学研究所);CNRS UMR 7361(法国国家科学研究中心联合研究实验室7361);Université de Strasbourg(斯特拉斯堡大学);Réseau sur le Stockage Electrochimique de l’Energie (RS2E)(电化学储能网络);CNRS FR3459(法国国家科学研究中心自由研究基金3459)
本研究探讨了硬碳自支撑电极厚度、大孔率及电解液添加剂对钠离子电池SEI形成和循环稳定性的影响,发现FEC添加剂可改善稳定性,实现高达93%的初始库仑效率和328 mAh g-1的可逆容量。