Test beam characterization of sensor prototypes for the CMS Barrel MIP Timing Detector
R. Abbott, A. Abreu, F. Addesa, M. Alhusseini, T. Anderson, Y. Andreev, A. Apresyan, R. Arcidiacono, M. Arenton, E. Auffray, D. Bastos, L. A. T. Bauerdick, R. B… 展开作者
R. Abbott, A. Abreu, F. Addesa, M. Alhusseini, T. Anderson, Y. Andreev, A. Apresyan, R. Arcidiacono, M. Arenton, E. Auffray, D. Bastos, L. A. T. Bauerdick, R. Bellan, M. Bellato, A. Benaglia, M. Benettoni, R. Bertoni, M. Besancon, S. Bharthuar, A. Bornheim, E. Brücken, J. N. Butler, C. Campagnari, M. Campana, R. Carlin, P. Carniti, N. Cartiglia, M. Casarsa, O. Cerri, P. Checchia, H. Chen, S. Chidzik, F. Chlebana, F. Cossutti, M. Costa, B. Cox, I. Dafinei, F. De Guio, P. Debbins, D. del Re, A. Dermenev, E. Di Marco, K. Dilsiz, K. F. Di Petrillo, G. Dissertori, S. Dogra, U. Dosselli, I. Dutta, F. Caleb, C. Fernandez Madrazo, M. Fernandez, M. Ferrero, Z. Flowers, W. Funk, M. Gallinaro, S. Ganjour, M. Gardner, F. Geurts, A. Ghezzi, S. Gninenko, F. Golf, J. Gonzalez, C. Gotti, L. Gray, F. Guilloux, S. Gundacker, E. Hazen, S. Hedia, A. Heering, R. Heller, T. Isidori, R. Isocrate, R. Jaramillo, M. Joyce, K. Kaadze, A. Karneyeu, H. Kim, J. King, G. Kopp, M. Korjik, O. K. Koseyan, A. Kozyrev, N. Kratochwil, M. Lazarovits, A. Ledovskoy, H. Lee, J. Lee, A. Li, S. Li, W. Li, T. Liu, N. Lu, M. Lucchini, W. Lustermann, C. Madrid, M. Malberti, I. Mandjavize, J. Mao, Y. Maravin, D. Marlow, B. Marsh, P. Martinez del Arbol, B. Marzocchi, R. Mazza, C. McMahon, V. Mechinsky, P. Meridiani, A. Mestvirishvili, N. Minafra, A. Mohammadi, F. Monti, C. S. Moon, R. Mulargia, M. Murray, Y. Musienko, J. Nachtman, S. Nargelas, L. Narvaez, O. Neogi, C. Neu, T. Niknejad, M. Obertino, H. Ogul, G. Oh, I. Ojalvo, Y. Onel, G. Organtini, T. Orimoto, J. Ott, I. Ovtin, M. Paganoni, F. Pandolfi, R. Paramatti, A. Peck, C. Perez, G. Pessina, C. Pena, S. Pigazzini, O. Radchenko, N. Redaelli, D. Rigoni, E. Robutti, C. Rogan, R. Rossin, C. Rovelli, C. Royon, M. Ö. Sahin, W. Sands, F. Santanastasio, U. Sarica, I. Schmidt, R. Schmitz, J. Sheplock, J. C. Silva, F. Siviero, L. Soffi, V. Sola, G. Sorrentino, M. Spiropulu, D. Spitzbart, A. G. Stahl Leiton, A. Staiano, D. Stuart, I. Suarez, T. Tabarelli de Fatis, G. Tamulaitis, Y. Tang, B. Tannenwald, R. Taylor, E. Tiras, M. Titov, S. Tkaczyk, D. Tlisov, I. Tlisova, M. Tornago, M. Tosi, R. Tramontano, J. Trevor, C. G. Tully, B. Ujvari, J. Varela, S. Ventura, I. Vila, T. Wamorkar, C. Wang, X. Wang, M. Wayne, J. Wetzel, S. White, D. Winn, S. Wu, S. Xie, Z. Ye, G. B. Yu, G. Zhang, L. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Z. Zhang, R. Zhu
The MIP Timing Detector will provide additional timing capabilities for detection of minimum ionizing particles (MIPs) at CMS during the High Luminosity LHC era, improving event reconstruction and pileup rejection. The central portion of the detector, the Barrel Timing Layer (BTL), will be instrumented with LYSO:Ce crystals and Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) providing a time resolution of about 30 ps at the beginning of operation, and degrading to 50-60 ps at the end of the detector lifetime as a result of radiation damage. In this work, we present the results obtained using a 120 GeV proton beam at the Fermilab Test Beam Facility to measure the time resolution of unirradiated sensors. A proof-of-concept of the sensor layout proposed for the barrel region of the MTD, consisting of elongated crystal bars with dimensions of about 3 x 3 x 57 mm$^3$ and with double-ended SiPM readout, is demonstrated. This design provides a robust time measurement independent of the impact point of the MIP along the crystal bar. We tested LYSO:Ce bars of different thickness (2, 3, 4 mm) with a geometry close to the reference design and coupled to SiPMs manufactured by Hamamatsu and Fondazione Bruno Kessler. The various aspects influencing the timing performance such as the crystal thickness, properties of the SiPMs (e.g. photon detection efficiency), and impact angle of the MIP are studied. A time resolution of about 28 ps is measured for MIPs crossing a 3 mm thick crystal bar, corresponding to an MPV energy deposition of 2.6 MeV, and of 22 ps for the 4.2 MeV MPV energy deposition expected in the BTL, matching the detector performance target for unirradiated devices.
The CMS Magnetic Field Measuring and Monitoring Systems
本文介绍了紧凑型μ子螺线管（CMS）探测器的磁场测量和监测系统的性能。为了交叉检查用CMS磁体模型获得的磁通量分布，使用了四个用于测量检测器体积中的磁通量密度的系统。测量了6米直径超导螺线管内的磁感应强度，目前由四个核磁共振（NMR）探头监测，探头安装在桶形强子量能器外，使用特殊的管子。另外两个NRM探头安装在跟踪系统的表面。2006年，使用10个基于霍尔效应的三维（3D）B传感器，在直径为3.448 m，长度为7 m的圆柱体中精确测量了超导螺线管内部的磁场。这些B传感器安装在自动化现场测绘机的两个螺旋桨臂上。除了这些测量系统之外，还开发了一种用于在CMS检测器操作期间监测磁场的系统。在水平平面中的螺线管内部，4个3D B传感器安装在跟踪检测器的面上。12个三维B传感器安装在磁通返回轭鼻盘的表面上。在CMS磁轭的气隙中安装了70个3D B传感器。专门开发的磁通回路技术用于CMS磁轭钢块内部最复杂的磁通量密度测量。磁通回路安装在磁通返回轭块的22个部分中。这些线圈包围的面积在桶形轮块中为0.3至1.59 m $^{2}$，在轭端盖盘块中为0.5至1.12 m $^{2}$。这些系统的发展和跨CMS磁体的磁通量密度测量的结果在这篇评论文章中介绍和讨论。
Commissioning and Operation of the New CMS Phase-1 Pixel Detector
CMS像素探测器的第一阶段升级由四个桶层（BPix）和每个端盖（FPix）中的三个前向磁盘组成。它在1，856个模块中包含总共1.24亿像素通道，其设计可承受高达$2 \times 10^{34}\,$ cm $^{-2}$ s $^{-1}$的瞬时亮度。探测器的不同部分在去年组装完成，后来被带到CERN安装在CMS跟踪器内。在组装过程中的各个阶段，已经进行了测试，以确保读出和电力电子设备以及冷却系统符合设计规范。在对各个组件进行测试之后，在CMS内部安装之前进行了系统测试。除了审查这些测试，我们还介绍了使用中央CMS DAQ系统现场检测器的最终调试结果。最后，我们审查的结果，从最初的操作的探测器首先与宇宙射线，然后与pp碰撞。
Deep Diffused Avalanche Photodiodes for Charged Particles Timing
高亮度LHC（HL-LHC）的ATLAS和CMS的升级突出了物理对象计时作为解决束流交叉内主要相互作用的工具。由于预期的堆积是200左右，与r.m.s. 180 ps的时间扩展，需要大约30 ps的时间分辨率。对于桶和端盖区域，定时探测器将分别经历大约$Φ_{eq}=10^{14}$和$10^{15}$ cm $^{-2}$的1 MeV中子当量注量。在这方面的贡献，深扩散雪崩光电二极管（APD）的辐射监测设备生产的检查作为候选人的HL-LHC应用程序的定时探测器。为了提高探测器的定时性能，APD用于直接探测穿越的粒子，而不需要产生光的辐射体介质。具有$8\times8$ mm $^2$的有效面积的器件在射束测试中表征。使用光束望远镜和微通道板光电倍增管（MCP-PMT）测量作为检测器上的位置的函数的定时性能和信号特性。使用具有$2\times2$ mm $^2$的有效面积的器件来确定辐射损伤的影响，并使用ps脉冲激光来表征。这些探测器用高达$Φ_{eq}=10^{15}$ cm $^{-2}$的中子辐照。
