The CMS Magnetic Field Measuring and Monitoring Systems
Vyacheslav Klyukhin, Austin Ball, Felix Bergsma, Henk Boterenbrood, Benoit Curé, Domenico Dattola, Andrea Gaddi, Hubert Gerwig, Alain Hervé, Richard Loveless, G… 展开作者
Vyacheslav Klyukhin, Austin Ball, Felix Bergsma, Henk Boterenbrood, Benoit Curé, Domenico Dattola, Andrea Gaddi, Hubert Gerwig, Alain Hervé, Richard Loveless, Gary Teafoe, Daniel Wenman, Wolfram Zeuner, Jerry Zimmerman
本文介绍了紧凑型μ子螺线管（CMS）探测器的磁场测量和监测系统的性能。为了交叉检查用CMS磁体模型获得的磁通量分布，使用了四个用于测量检测器体积中的磁通量密度的系统。测量了6米直径超导螺线管内的磁感应强度，目前由四个核磁共振（NMR）探头监测，探头安装在桶形强子量能器外，使用特殊的管子。另外两个NRM探头安装在跟踪系统的表面。2006年，使用10个基于霍尔效应的三维（3D）B传感器，在直径为3.448 m，长度为7 m的圆柱体中精确测量了超导螺线管内部的磁场。这些B传感器安装在自动化现场测绘机的两个螺旋桨臂上。除了这些测量系统之外，还开发了一种用于在CMS检测器操作期间监测磁场的系统。在水平平面中的螺线管内部，4个3D B传感器安装在跟踪检测器的面上。12个三维B传感器安装在磁通返回轭鼻盘的表面上。在CMS磁轭的气隙中安装了70个3D B传感器。专门开发的磁通回路技术用于CMS磁轭钢块内部最复杂的磁通量密度测量。磁通回路安装在磁通返回轭块的22个部分中。这些线圈包围的面积在桶形轮块中为0.3至1.59 m $^{2}$，在轭端盖盘块中为0.5至1.12 m $^{2}$。这些系统的发展和跨CMS磁体的磁通量密度测量的结果在这篇评论文章中介绍和讨论。
英文摘要：
This review article describes the performance of the magnetic field measuring and monitoring systems for the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) detector. To cross-check the magnetic flux distribution obtained with the CMS magnet model, four systems for measuring the magnetic flux density in the detector volume were used. The magnetic induction inside the 6 m diameter superconducting solenoid was measured and is currently monitored by four nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) probes installed using special tubes outside the barrel hadron calorimeter. Two more NRM probes were installed at the faces of the tracking system. The field inside the superconducting solenoid was precisely measured in 2006 in a cylindrical volume of 3.448 m in diameter and 7 m in length using 10 three-dimensional (3D) B-sensors based on the Hall effect. These B-sensors were installed on each of the two propeller arms of an automated field-mapping machine. In addition to these measurement systems, a system for monitoring the magnetic field during the CMS detector operation has been developed. Inside the solenoid in the horizontal plane, 4 3D B-sensors were installed at the faces of the tracking detector. Twelve 3D B-sensors were installed on the surfaces of the flux-return yoke nose disks. Seventy 3D B-sensors were installed in the air gaps of the CMS magnet yoke. A specially developed flux loop technique was used for the most complex measurements of the magnetic flux density inside the steel blocks of the CMS magnet yoke. The flux loops are installed in 22 sections of the flux-return yoke blocks. The areas enclosed by these coils varied from 0.3 to 1.59 m$^{2}$ in the blocks of the barrel wheels and from 0.5 to 1.12 m$^{2}$ in the blocks of the yoke endcap disks. The development of these systems and the results of the magnetic flux density measurements across the CMS magnet are presented and discussed in this review article.
Fast Beam Condition Monitor for CMS: performance and upgrade
CMS束流和辐射监测子系统BCM1F（快速束流状态监测器）由8个独立的金刚石传感器组成，位于像素探测器体积内的束管周围，用于快速逐束流监测束流背景和碰撞产物。此外，正在努力将BCM1F用作在线光度监测器。BCM1F将在LHC中有束流时运行，其数据采集独立于CMS探测器的数据采集，因此即使CMS没有采集数据，它也会提供亮度。报告给出了在LHC运行I期间BCM1F的性能，包括2012年完成的van der Meer扫描和在线光度监测的结果。为了满足更高亮度和25 ns聚束间距的要求，在即将到来的关机期间必须对系统进行几项更改，包括升级电子设备和精确的增益监控。显示了运行II制备的第一批结果。
Anomaly Detection for Automated Data Quality Monitoring in the CMS Detector
Baylor University（贝勒大学）；University of Florida（佛罗里达大学）；University of Bristol（布里斯托大学）；INFN Sezione di Torino（都灵意大利国家核物理研究所）；RWTH Aachen University III. Physikalisches Institut A（亚琛工业大学第三物理研究所A）；Northeastern University（东北大学）；Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）；Boston University（波士顿大学）；University of California Santa Barbara（加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校）；Rice University（莱斯大学）；Panjab University（潘贾布大学）
The CMS RPC gas gain monitoring system: an overview and preliminary results
介绍了INFN（Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare）Frascati实验室研制的CMS RPC气体增益监测（GGM）系统的现状，GGM系统是一个基于小型RPC探测器的宇宙线望远镜，其工作气体与CMS RPC系统相同。GGM增益和效率被连续在线监测，从而提供对工作点条件的任何变化的快速和准确的确定。介绍了GGM的施工细节和调试的初步结果。
