We investigate observability and Lipschitz stability for the Heisenberg heat equation on the rectangular domain $$Ω= (-1,1)\times\mathbb{T}\times\mathbb{T}$$ taking as observation regions slices of the form $ω=(a,b) \times \mathbb{T} \times \mathbb{T}$ or tubes $ω= (a,b) \times ω_y \times \mathbb{T}$, with $-1<a<b<1$. We prove that observability fails for an arbitrary time $T>0$ but both observability and Lipschitz stability hold true after a positive minimal time, which depends on the distance between $ω$ and the boundary of $Ω$: $$T_{\min} \geqslant \frac{1}{8} \min\{(1+a)^2,(1-b)^2\}.$$ Our proof follows a mixed strategy which combines the approach by Lebeau and Robbiano, which relies on Fourier decomposition, with Carleman inequalities for the heat equations that are solved by the Fourier modes. We extend the analysis to the unbounded domain $(-1,1)\times\mathbb{T}\times\mathbb{R}$.
In this paper, we study quantitative spatial analytic bounds and unique continuation inequalities of solutions for fractional heat equations with an analytic lower order term on the whole space. At first, we show that the solution has a uniform positive analytic radius for all time, and the solution enjoys a log-type ultra-analytic bound if the coefficient is ultra-analytic. Second, we prove a Hölder type interpolation inequality on a thick set, with an explicit dependence on the analytic radius of coefficient. Finally, by the telescoping series method, we establish an observability inequality…
Observability inequalities on lattice points are established for non-negative solutions of the heat equation with potentials in the whole space. As applications, some controllability results of heat equations are derived by the above-mentioned observability inequalities.
We give necessary and sufficient conditions for the controllability of a Schr\''odinger equation involving the sub-Laplacian of a nilmanifold obtained by taking the quotient of a group of Heisenberg type by one of its discrete sub-groups.This class of nilpotent Lie groups is a major example of stratified Lie groups of step 2. The sub-Laplacian involved in these Schr\''odinger equations is subelliptic, and, contrarily to what happens for the usual elliptic Schr\''odinger equation for example on flat tori or on negatively curved manifolds, there exists a minimal time of controllability. The main…
We build up an asymptotic observability identity for the heat equation in the whole space. It says that one can approximately recover a solution, through observing it over some countable lattice points in the space and at one time. This asymptotic identity is a natural extension of the well-known Shannon-Whittaker sampling theorem \cite{Shannon,Whittaker}. According to it, we obtain a kind of feedback null approximate controllability for impulsively controlled heat equations. We also obtain a weak asymptotic observability identity with finitely many observation lattice points. This identity ho…
In this paper we establish an observability inequality for the heat equation with bounded potentials on the whole space. Roughly speaking, such a kind of inequality says that the total energy of solutions can be controlled by the energy localized in a subdomain, which is equidistributed over the whole space. The proof of this inequality is mainly adapted from the parabolic frequency function method, which plays an important role in proving the unique continuation property for solutions of parabolic equations. As an immediate application, we show that the null controllability holds for the heat…
The aim of this paper is threefold. First, we obtain the precise bounds for the heat kernel on isotropic Heisenberg groups by using well-known results in the three dimensional case. Second, we study the asymptotic estimates at infinity for the heat kernel on nonisotropic Heisenberg groups. As a consequence, we give uniform upper and lower estimates of the heat kernel, and complete its short-time behavior obtained by Beals-Gaveau-Greiner. Third, we complete the results obtained in \cite{Li12} about the heat kernel of Grushin operators.
The goal of this paper is to study the action of the heat operator on the Heisenberg group H^d, and in particular to characterize Besov spaces of negative index on H^d in terms of the heat kernel. That characterization can be extended to positive indexes using Bernstein inequalities. As a corollary we obtain a proof of refined Sobolev inequalities in W^{s,p} spaces.
In this note we obtain gradient estimates for the heat semigroup on nonisotropic Heisenberg groups. More precisely, our aim is to get the H.-Q. Li inequality on nonisotropic Heisenberg groups, which is a generalization of the original result on the classical Heisenberg group of dimension 3 and a counterpart of the inequality on the H-type groups. Our proof is based on a Cheeger type inequality, which is an approach proposed by Bakry et al.
We study the following nonlocal diffusion equation in the Heisenberg group $\mathbb{H}_n$, \[ u_t(z,s,t)=J\ast u(z,s,t)-u(z,s,t), \] where $\ast$ denote convolution product and $J$ satisfies appropriated hypothesis. For the Cauchy problem we obtain that the asymptotic behavior of the solutions is the same form that the one for the heat equation in the Heisenberg group. To obtain this result we use the spherical transform related to the pair $(U(n),\mathbb{H}_n)$. Finally we prove that solutions of properly rescaled nonlocal Dirichlet problem converge uniformly to the solution of the correspond…
This paper presents two observability inequalities for the heat equation over $Ω\times(0,T)$. In the first one, the observation is from a subset of positive measure in $Ω\times(0,T)$, while in the second, the observation is from a subset of positive surface measure in $\partialΩ\times(0,T)$. It also proves the Lebeau-Robbiano spectral inequality when $Ω$ is a bounded Lipschitz and locally star-shaped domain. Some applications for the above-mentioned observability inequalities are provided.
In this paper, we study a critical exponent to the semilinear heat equation with forcing term on Heisenberg group. Our technique of proof is based on methods of nonlinear capacity estimates specifically adapted to the nature of the Heisenberg group. Surprisingly, the critical exponent will be bounded for all dimensions of the Heisenberg group, in contrast to the Euclidean case which in the 1D and 2D cases will be infinite. In addition, we give an upper bound estimate on the lifespan of local solutions.
This article is concerned in the first place with the short-time observability constant of the heat equation from a subdomain $ω$ of a bounded domain $M$. The constant is of the form $e^{\frac{K}{T}}$, where $K$ depends only on the geometry of $M$ and $ω$. Luc Miller (JDE, 2004) conjectured that $K$ is (universally) proportional to the square of the maximal distance from $ω$ to a point of $M$. We show in particular geometries that $K$ may blow up like $|\log(r)|^2$ when $ω$ is a ball of radius $r$, hence disproving the conjecture. We then prove in the general case the associated upper bound on…
Let $L = -1/4 (\sum_{j=1}^n(X_j^2+Y_j^2)+iγT)$ where $γ$ is a complex number, $X_j$, $Y_j$, and $T$ are the left invariant vector fields of the Heisenberg group structure for $R^n \times R^n \times R$. We explicitly compute the Fourier transform (in the spatial variables) of the fundamental solution of the Heat Equation $\partial_sρ= -Lρ$. As a consequence, we have a simplified computation of the Fourier transform of the fundamental solution of the $\Box_b$-heat equation on the Heisenberg group and an explicit kernel of the heat equation associated to the weighted dbar-operator in $C^n$ with w…
In the paper, we show a global Carleman estimate for the non-local heat equation. To be more precise, let $Ω\subset\RR^d$ be a bounded domain and $\CO\subsetΩ$ an open subdomain, $s\in(0,1)$. We show that there exist constants $C_1,C_2,r_0, T_0>0$ and a weight function $α:Ω\to(0,\infty)$ such that any solution $u$ of %consider the following system % \begin{eqnarray}\label{oben1} \left\{ \begin{array}{rcl} \timed u(x,t)+(-\De)^s u (x,t) &=&f(x,t) \quad\mbox{for}\quad (x,t)\in \Om \times (0,\infty), \\ u(x,t) &=& 0 \quad\mbox{for}\quad(x,t)\in \partial \Om \times (0,\infty), \end{array}\right. \…
We survey some of our recent results on inverse problems for evolution equations. The goal is to provide a unified approach to solve various types of evolution equations. The inverse problems we consider consist in determining unknown coefficients from boundary measurements by varying initial conditions. Based on observability inequalities and a special choice of initial conditions, we provide uniqueness and stability estimates for the recovery of volume and boundary lower order coefficients in wave and heat equations. Some of the results presented here are slightly improved from their origina…
For the heat equation on a bounded subdomain $Ω$ of $\mathbb{R}^d$, we investigate the optimal shape and location of the observation domain in observability inequalites. A new decomposition of $L^2(\mathbb{R}^d)$ into heat packets allows us to remove the randomisation procedure and assumptions on the geometry of $Ω$ in previous works. The explicit nature of the heat packets gives new information about the observability constant in the inverse problem.
In this paper we consider the semilinear Cauchy problem for the heat equation with power nonlinearity in the Heisenberg group $\mathbf{H}_n$. The heat operator is given in this case by $\partial_t-Δ_H$, where $Δ_H$ is the so-called sub-Laplacian on $\mathbf{H}_n$. We prove that the Fujita exponent $1 + 2/Q$ is critical, where $Q = 2n + 2$ is the homogeneous dimension of $\mathbf{H}_n$. Furthermore, we prove sharp lifespan estimates for local in time solutions in the subcritical case and in the critical case. In order to get the upper bound estimate for the lifespan (especially, in the critical…
Our goal is to study controllability and observability properties of the 1D heat equation with internal control (or observation) set $ω_{\varepsilon}=(x_{0}-\varepsilon, x_{0}+\varepsilon )$, in the limit $\varepsilon\rightarrow 0$, where $x_{0}\in (0,1)$. It is known that depending on arithmetic properties of $x_{0}$, there may exist a minimal time $T_{0}$ of pointwise control at $x_{0}$ of the heat equation. Besides, for any $\varepsilon$ fixed, the heat equation is controllable with control set $ω_{\varepsilon}$ in any time $T>0$. We relate these two phenomena. We show that the observabilit…
Minimal time for heat observability on almost-Riemannian surfaces
CERMICS, CNRS, École nationale des ponts et chaussées, Institut Polytechnique de Paris（法国国立路桥学校，巴黎理工学院）；Korea Institute for Advanced Study（韩国高等研究院）；Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Inria, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, LJLL（索邦大学，巴黎西岱大学）
In this paper we generalize the instantaneous blowup result from [3] and [15] to the heat equation perturbed by singular potentials on the Heisenberg group.
We establish a unique continuation property for stochastic heat equations evolving in a bounded domain $G$. Our result shows that the value of the solution can be determined uniquely by means of its value on an arbitrary open subdomain of $G$ at any given positive time constant. Further, when $G$ is convex and bounded, we also give a quantitative version of the unique continuation property. As applications, we get an observability estimate for stochastic heat equations, an approximate result and a null controllability result for a backward stochastic heat equation.
The goal of this paper is to analyze control properties of the parabolic equation with variable coefficients in the principal part and with a singular inverse-square potential:\,$\partial_tu(x,t)-{\rm div}(p(x)\nabla u(x,t))-(μ/{|x|^2})u(x,t)=f(x,t).$ Here $μ$ is a real constant . It was proved in the paper of Goldstein and Zhang (2003) that the equation is well-posedness when $0\leq{μ\leq p_1(n-2)^2/4}$, and in this paper, we mainly consider the case $0\leqμ<({ p_1^2}/{ p_2})(n-2)^2/4$ , where $ p_1,p_2$ are two positive constants which satisfy:\, $ 0< p_1\leq p(x)\leq p_2 , \forall x\in\over…
We consider a transport equation by a gradient vector field with a small viscous perturbation --$εΔ_g$. We study uniform observability (resp. controllability) properties in the (singular) vanishing viscosity limit $ε\rightarrow 0^+$, that is, the possibility of having a uniformly bounded observation constant (resp. control cost). We prove with a series of examples that in general, the minimal time for uniform observability may be much larger than the minimal time needed for the observability of the limit equation $ε= 0$. We also prove that the two minimal times coincides for positive solutions…
In this paper we use the heat equation in a group of Heisenberg type $\mathbb{G}$ to provide a unified treatment of the two very different extension problems for the time independent pseudo-differential operators $\mathscr L^s$ and $\mathscr L_s$, $0< s\leq 1$. Here, $\mathscr L^s$ is the fractional power of the horizontal Laplacian, and $\mathscr L_s$ is the conformal fractional power of the horizontal Laplacian on $\mathbb{G}$. One of our main objective is compute explicitly the fundamental solutions of these nonlocal operators by a new approach exclusively based on partial differential equa…
We are concerned with the inverse problem of determining both the potential and the damping coefficient in a dissipative wave equation from boundary measurements. We establish stability estimates of logarithmic type when the measurements are given by the operator who maps the initial condition to Neumann boundary trace of the solution of the corresponding initial-boundary value problem. We build a method combining an observability inequality together with a spectral decomposition. We also apply this method to a clamped Euler-Bernoulli beam equation. Finally, we indicate how the present approac…
By adapting a technique of Molchanov, we obtain the heat kernel asymptotics at the sub-Riemannian cut locus, when the cut points are reached by an $r$-dimensional parametric family of optimal geodesics. We apply these results to the bi-Heisenberg group, that is, a nilpotent left-invariant sub-Rieman\-nian structure on $\mathbb{R}^{5}$ depending on two real parameters $α_{1}$ and $α_{2}$. We develop some results about its geodesics and heat kernel associated to its sub-Laplacian and we illuminate some interesting geometric and analytic features appearing when one compares the isotropic ($α_{1}=…
Observability Inequalities and the Logvinenko--Sereda Theorem for the Dunkl Transform
School of Mathematics and Statistics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology（华中科技大学数学与统计学院）；School of Mathematical Sciences, Guizhou Normal University（贵州师范大学数学科学学院）
We obtain the asymptotic expansion of the solutions of some anisotropic heat equations when the initial data belong to polynomially weighted Lp-spaces. We mainly address two model examples. In the first one, the diffusivity is of order two in some variables but higher in the other ones. In the second one we consider the heat equation on the Heisenberg group.
We consider the problem of determining the initial heat distribution in the heat equation from a point measurement. We show that this inverse problem is naturally related to the one of recovering the coefficients of Dirichlet series from its sum. Taking the advantage of existing literature on Dirichlet series, in connection with M{ü}ntz 's theorem, we establish various stability estimates of H{ö}lder and logarithmic type. These stability estimates are then used to derive the corresponding ones for the original inverse problem, mainly in the case of one space dimension. In higher space dimensio…
In this article, we study the observability (or, equivalently, the controllability) of some subelliptic evolution equations depending on their step. This sheds light on the speed of propagation of these equations, notably in the "degenerated directions" of the subelliptic structure. First, for any $γ\geq 1$, we establish a resolvent estimate for the Baouendi-Grushin-type operator $Δ_γ=\partial_x^2+|x|^{2γ}\partial_y^2$, which has step $γ+1$. We then derive consequences for the observability of the Schr\''odinger type equation $i\partial_tu-(-Δ_γ)^{s}u=0$ where $s\in N$. We identify three diffe…
Optimal geometric barriers for weighted observability of heat semigroups on metric measure spaces
CERMICS, CNRS, École nationale des ponts et chaussées, Institut Polytechnique de Paris（CERMICS，法国国家科学研究中心，国立路桥学校，巴黎理工学院）；Sorbonne Université, Université Paris Cité, CNRS, Inria, Laboratoire Jacques-Louis Lions, LJLL（索邦大学，巴黎西岱大学，法国国家科学研究中心，法国国家信息与自动化研究所，雅克-路易·利翁斯实验室）
Fractal Turán-Nazarov Inequality and Observability for Schrödinger Equations
School of Mathematics and Statistics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology（华中科技大学数学与统计学院）；School of Mathematics (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-sen University（中山大学数学学院（珠海））
We analyse the structure of semiclassical and microlocal Wigner measures for solutions to the linear Schrödinger equation on the disk, with Dirichlet boundary conditions. Our approach links the propagation of singularities beyond geometric optics with the completely integrable nature of the billiard in the disk. We prove a "structure theorem", expressing the restriction of the Wigner measures on each invariant torus in terms of {\em second-microlocal measures}. They are obtained by performing a finer localization in phase space around each of these tori, at the limit of the uncertainty princip…
We study logarithmic Sobolev inequalities with respect to a heat kernel measure on finite-dimensional and infinite-dimensional Heisenberg groups. Such a group is the simplest non-trivial example of a sub-Riemannian manifold. First we consider logarithmic Sobolev inequalities on non-isotropic Heisenberg groups. These inequalities are considered with respect to the hypoelliptic heat kernel measure, and we show that the logarithmic Sobolev constants can be chosen to be independent of the dimension of the underlying space. In this setting, a natural Laplacian is not an elliptic but a hypoelliptic …
In this paper, a pointwise weighted identity for some stochastic partial differential operators (with complex principal parts) is established. This identity presents a unified approach in studying the controllability, observability and inverse problems for some deterministic/stochastic partial differential equations. Based on this identity, one can deduce all the known Carleman estimates and observability results, for some deterministic partial differential equations, stochastic heat equations, stochastic Schrödinger equations and stochastic transport equations. Meanwhile, as its new applicati…
We consider the semilinear heat equation posed on a smooth bounded domain $Ω$ of $\mathbb{R}^{N}$ with Dirichlet or Neumann boundary conditions. The control input is a source term localized in some arbitrary nonempty open subset $ω$ of $Ω$. The goal of this paper is to prove the uniform large time global null-controllability for semilinearities $f(s) = \pm |s| \log^α(2+|s|)$ where $α\in [3/2,2)$ which is the case left open by Enrique Fernandez-Cara and Enrique Zuazua in 2000. It is worth mentioning that the free solution (without control) can blow-up. First, we establish the small-time global …
In this paper, we prove a logarithmic convexity that reflects an observability estimate at a single point of time for 1-D heat equation with dynamic boundary conditions. Consequently, we establish the impulse approximate controllability for the impulsive heat equation with dynamic boundary conditions. Moreover, we obtain an explicit upper bound of the cost of impulse control. At the end, we give a constructive algorithm for computing the impulsive control of minimal $L^2$-norm. We also present some numerical tests to validate the theoretical results and show the efficiency of the designed algo…
We study the heat kernel transform on a nilmanifold M associated to a H-type group. Using a reduction technique we reduce the problem to the case of Heisenberg groups. The image of $ L^2(M) $ under the heat kernel transform is shown to be a direct sum of weighted Bergman spaces.
This paper is part of a series papers devoted to geometric and spectral theoretic applications of the hypoelliptic calculus on Heisenberg manifolds. More specifically, in this paper we make use of the Heisenberg calculus of Beals-Greiner and Taylor to analyze the spectral theory of hypoelliptic operators on Heisenberg manifolds. The main results of this paper include: (i) Obtaining complex powers of hypoelliptic operators as holomorphic families of Psi_{H}DO's, which can be used to define a scale of weighted Sobolev spaces interpolating the weighted Sobolev spaces of Folland-Stein and providin…
In this note we focus our attention on a stochastic heat equation defined on the Heisenberg group $\mathbf{H}^{n}$ of order $n$. This equation is written as $\partial_t u=\frac{1}{2}Δu+u\dot{W}_α$, where $Δ$ is the hypoelliptic Laplacian on $\mathbf{H}^{n}$ and $\{\dot{W}_α; α>0\}$ is a family of Gaussian space-time noises which are white in time and have a covariance structure generated by $(-Δ)^{-α}$ in space. Our aim is threefold: (i) Give a proper description of the noise $W_α$; (ii) Prove that one can solve the stochastic heat equation in the Itô sense as soon as $α>\frac{n}{2}$; (iii) Gi…
