arXivDaily arXiv每日学术速递 周一至周五更新
arXiv 2103.11995astro-ph.EP
收藏

超级地球的生长:圆盘结构和卵石吸积的自洽处理的重要性

The growth of super-Earths: the importance of a self-consistent treatment of disc structures and pebble accretion

Sofia Savvidou, Bertram Bitsch

摘要:

原行星盘的条件是各种行星形成机制的决定因素。我们提出了一个框架,它结合了自洽盘结构的行星胚胎通过卵石吸积的增长率的计算,以研究超级地球的形成。我们首先进行2D流体动力学模拟的内部光盘,考虑与多个化学物种和其相应的大小和组成依赖的不透明度的粒度分布。由此产生的长宽比几乎随轨道距离而恒定,从而产生径向恒定的卵石隔离质量,即卵石吸积停止的质量。这支持了开普勒观测中的“豆荚中的豌豆”约束。导出的卵石尺寸被用来计算行星胚胎通过卵石吸积的增长率。具有低湍流水平(通过$α$ -粘度表示)和/或高粉尘破碎速度的圆盘允许较大的颗粒,因此导致较小的卵石隔离质量,反之亦然。与此同时,小卵石尺寸导致低吸积率。我们发现,有一个卵石隔离质量和增长的时间尺度之间的权衡与最佳的一组参数是一个$α$ -粘度的$10^{-3}$和尘埃破碎速度为10米/秒,主要是为初始气体表面密度(在1 AU)大于1000 $\rm{g/cm^2}$。因此,圆盘结构和卵石大小之间的自洽处理对于行星形成模拟至关重要。

英文摘要:

The conditions in the protoplanetary disc are determinant for the various planet formation mechanisms. We present a framework which combines self-consistent disc structures with the calculations of the growth rates of planetary embryos via pebble accretion, in order to study the formation of Super-Earths. We first perform 2D hydrodynamical simulations of the inner discs, considering a grain size distribution with multiple chemical species and their corresponding size and composition dependent opacities. The resulting aspect ratios are almost constant with orbital distance, resulting in radially constant pebble isolation masses, the mass where pebble accretion stops. This supports the "peas-in-a-pod" constraint from the Kepler observations. The derived pebble sizes are used to calculate the growth rates of planetary embryos via pebble accretion. Discs with low levels of turbulence (expressed through the $α$-viscosity) and/or high dust fragmentation velocities allow larger particles, hence lead to smaller pebble isolation masses, and the contrary. At the same time, small pebble sizes lead to low accretion rates. We find that there is a trade-off between the pebble isolation mass and the growth timescale with the best set of parameters being an $α$-viscosity of $10^{-3}$ and a dust fragmentation velocity of 10 m/s, mainly for an initial gas surface density (at 1 AU) greater than 1000 $\rm{g/cm^2}$. A self-consistent treatment between the disc structures and the pebble sizes is thus of crucial importance for planet formation simulations.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

↑