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arXiv 2409.11005astro-ph.EP
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通过卵石吸积形成的岩石行星气体包层演化与释气大气

Evolution of gas envelopes and outgassed atmospheres of rocky planets formed via pebble accretion

Piia Maria Tomberg, Anders Johansen

AI总结:

本研究通过数值模拟探讨了卵石吸积形成的岩石行星的氢包层演化与释气大气成分,发现氢包层易通过光蒸发损失,从而触发岩浆洋结晶及挥发物在地幔与大气间的原始分配。

摘要:

我们在此展示通过卵石吸积形成的岩石行星形成与早期演化的数值模拟结果,重点关注氢包层寿命和释气大气的成分。我们模拟了质量在0.1到5个地球质量之间、轨道在0.7到1.7 AU之间的行星。释气大气的成分通过拟合岩浆洋自氧化地球物理模型的自由氧分压来计算。XUV辐射驱动的光蒸发被视为大气逃逸的主要驱动力。我们模拟的行星保持在卵石隔离质量以下,因此仅吸积稀薄包层。我们考虑慢速、中速或快速初始恒星自转来计算XUV通量的时间演化。包层损失是允许岩浆洋结晶并释放其大部分挥发物的关键事件。我们模拟的大多数行星的大气成分以CO$_2$为主。我们的行星共吸积了11.6个地球海洋的水,其中大部分进入核心。比地球轻的行星的水圈质量达到现代地球海洋的数倍,而1到3.5个地球质量范围内的行星的水圈与我们的行星相当。然而,4-5个地球质量的行星由于挥发物被困在其巨大地幔中而具有较小的水圈。总体而言,我们的模拟表明氢包层很容易从岩石行星中丢失,且这种包层损失触发了固体地幔和大气之间最原始的挥发物分配。

英文摘要:

We present here results of numerical simulations of the formation and early evolution of rocky planets through pebble accretion, with an with an emphasis on hydrogen envelope longevity and the composition of the outgassed atmosphere. We model planets with a range in mass from 0.1 to 5 Earth masses that orbit between 0.7 and 1.7 AU. The composition of the outgassed atmosphere is calculated with the partial pressure of free oxygen fit to geophysical models of magma ocean self-oxidation. XUV radiation powered photoevaporation is considered as the main driver of atmospheric escape. We model planets that remain below the pebble isolation mass and hence accrete tenuous envelopes only. We consider slow, medium or fast initial stellar rotation for the temporal evolution of the XUV flux. The loss of the envelope is a key event that allows the magma ocean to crystallise and outgas its bulk volatiles. The atmospheric composition of the majority of our simulated planets is dominated by CO$_2$. Our planets accrete a total of 11.6 Earth oceans of water, the majority of which enters the core. The hydrospheres of planets lighter than the Earth reach several times the mass of the Earth's modern oceans, while the hydrospheres of planets ranging from 1 to 3.5 Earth masses are comparable to those of our planet. However, planets of 4-5 Earth masses have smaller hydrospheres due to trapping of volatiles in their massive mantles. Overall, our simulations demonstrate that hydrogen envelopes are easily lost from rocky planets and that this envelope loss triggers the most primordial partitioning of volatiles between the solid mantle and the atmosphere.

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