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arXiv 1808.05151astro-ph.EP
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原巨星内部的行星形成:第一个3D模拟

Planet formation inside proto-giants: First 3D simulations

Sergei Nayakshin

摘要:

对原行星盘引力不稳定性形成的气体团内部的卵石动力学进行了数值模拟。我们发现,尘埃介导的瑞利-泰勒不稳定性运输卵石向内迅速通过密集的金属丰富的“手指”。这使小卵石的沉积速度加快了两个数量级,但并不妨碍颗粒生长,因为只要斯托克斯数小于1,所有尺寸的颗粒都以相同的集体速度沉积。在模拟中,如果卵石的大小超过几厘米,固体行星核心就会形成。卵石生长导致核心形成在一些数百年,即使卵石注入到团块是毫米或更小的尺寸。气体团的性质决定了可以形成什么样的核心。低中心温度的团块允许由耐火材料形成固体芯,而在最高温度的团块中,任何成分的卵石都被蒸发,只形成模糊的芯。这些结果证实了原行星盘的引力不稳定性是孵化从地球到海王星质量的核心的强大机制,以及具有大质量核心的气体巨星,固体或模糊。这种行星形成的模式对于太年轻和遥远(如ALMA观测到的HL Tau盘)或太剧烈(如环联行星)的环境特别有希望通过核心吸积方案形成。

英文摘要:

Numerical simulations of pebble dynamics inside gas clumps formed by gravitational instability of protoplanetary discs are presented. We find that dust-mediated Rayleigh-Taylor instabilities transport pebbles inward rapidly via dense metal-rich "fingers". This speeds up sedimentation of small pebbles by up to two orders of magnitude and yet does not impede grain growth because grains of all sizes sediment at the same collective speed as long as Stokes number is less than unity. In simulations with a fixed pebble size, solid planetary cores form if pebble size exceeds a few cm. Pebble growth leads to core formation in some hundreds of years even when pebbles injected into clumps are of mm or smaller sizes. Properties of the gas clump dictate what kind of cores can be made. Low central temperature clumps allow formation of solid cores out of refractory materials, whereas in the highest temperature clumps pebbles of any composition are vaporised and make fuzzy cores only. These results confirm that gravitational instability of protoplanetary discs is a robust mechanism of hatching cores from sub-Earth to Neptune mass, as well as gas giants with massive cores, solid or fuzzy. This mode of planet formation is especially promising for environs too young and distant (such as the ALMA-observed HL Tau disc) or too violent (such as circum-binary planets) to form via the Core Accretion scenarios.

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