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arXiv 2303.15098astro-ph.EP
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卵石吸积产生的原行星自旋:原行星诱导气流的影响

Spin of protoplanets generated by pebble accretion: Influences of protoplanet-induced gas flow

Kohsuke Takaoka, Ayumu Kuwahara, Shigeru Ida, Hiroyuki Kurokawa

AI总结:

本研究通过三维流体动力学模拟和卵石轨道积分,发现卵石吸积使原行星获得顺行自旋,且自旋速度随质量和轨道半径增加而加快,最终限制行星增长,与地球质量及月球形成相关。

摘要:

我们研究了在受原行星引力势中气流影响的卵石吸积过程中,原行星的自旋状态,以及它如何依赖于行星质量、迎风速度、与主星的距离和卵石尺寸。我们在局部坐标系中进行了非等温三维流体动力学模拟,以获取行星周围的气流。然后,我们在所得气流下对卵石的三维轨道进行数值积分。最后,假设入射卵石空间分布均匀,我们通过累加单个卵石在撞击时传递给原行星的比角动量来计算净自旋。我们发现,带有包层的原行星无论行星质量、卵石尺寸和气体迎风速度如何,都获得顺行净自旋旋转。这是因为吸积的卵石被通常具有顺行旋转的包层拖拽。随着行星质量或轨道半径的增加,包层更厚且顺行旋转更快,导致更快的净顺行自旋。当行星的无量纲热质量 $m = R_{\mathrm{Bondi}} / H$(其中 $R_{\mathrm{Bondi}}$ 和 $H$ 分别是邦迪半径和盘气体标高)大于某个临界质量(在 $0.1 \\, \mathrm{au}$ 处 $m \gtrsim 0.3$ 或在 $1 \\, \mathrm{au}$ 处 $m \gtrsim 0.1$)时,自旋旋转超过解体旋转。预测的自旋频率在行星质量 $m_{\mathrm{iso,rot}} \sim 0.1 \\, (a / 1 \\, \mathrm{au})^{-1/2}$(其中 $a$ 是轨道半径)处达到解体频率,这表明原行星无法增长超过 $m_{\mathrm{iso,rot}}$。这与地球当前质量一致,并可能有助于通过快速自旋的原地球上的巨大撞击形成月球。

英文摘要:

We investigate the spin state of a protoplanet during the pebble accretion influenced by the gas flow in the gravitational potential of the protoplanet and how it depends on the planetary mass, the headwind speed, the distance from the host star, and the pebble size. We perform nonisothermal three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations in a local frame to obtain the gas flow around the planet. We then numerically integrate three-dimensional orbits of pebbles under the obtained gas flow. Finally, assuming uniform spatial distribution of incoming pebbles, we calculate net spin by summing up specific angular momentum that individual pebbles transfer to the protoplanet at impacts. We find that a protoplanet with the envelope acquires prograde net spin rotation regardless of the planetary mass, the pebble size, and the headwind speed of the gas. This is because accreting pebbles are dragged by the envelope that commonly has prograde rotation. As the planetary mass or orbital radius increases, the envelope is thicker and the prograde rotation is faster, resulting in faster net prograde spin. When the dimensionless thermal mass of the planet, $m = R_{\mathrm{Bondi}} / H$, where $R_{\mathrm{Bondi}}$ and $H$ are the Bondi radius and the disk gas scale height, is larger than a certain critical mass ($m \gtrsim 0.3$ at $0.1 \, \mathrm{au}$ or $m \gtrsim 0.1$ at $1 \, \mathrm{au}$), the spin rotation exceeds the breakup one. The predicted spin frequency reaches the breakup one at the planetary mass $m_{\mathrm{iso,rot}} \sim 0.1 \, (a / 1 \, \mathrm{au})^{-1/2}$ (where $a$ is the orbital radius), suggesting that the protoplanet cannot grow beyond $m_{\mathrm{iso,rot}}$. It is consistent with the Earth's current mass and could help the formation of the Moon by a giant impact on fast-spinning proto-Earth.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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