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arXiv 1902.08772astro-ph.EP
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通过卵石吸积和迁移形成行星系:来自破坏紧凑共振链的热超级地球系统

Formation of planetary systems by pebble accretion and migration: Hot super-Earth systems from breaking compact resonant chains

André Izidoro, Bertram Bitsch, Sean N. Raymond, Anders Johansen, Alessandro Morbidelli, Michiel Lambrechts, Seth A. Jacobson

摘要:

至少有30%的主序星的行星大小在1到4个地球半径之间,轨道周期小于100天。我们使用N体模拟,包括一个模型的气体辅助卵石吸积和磁盘-行星潮汐相互作用,研究超级地球系统的形成。我们表明,完整的卵石质量库在热超级地球或热海王星($\lesssim15M_{\oplus}$)和可能成为气态巨行星($\gtrsim15M_{\oplus}$)的超大质量行星核心之间产生了分歧。在模拟中,中等卵石通量的行星会生长出多个超级地球质量的行星,这些行星会向内迁移,并在圆盘的内缘堆积,形成长长的共振链。我们遵循这些系统的长期动力学演化,并使用观测到的行星对的周期比分布来约束我们的模型。高达$\sim$ 95%的共振链在气盘分散后变得动态不稳定,导致后期碰撞阶段,打破了原始的共振配置。我们的模拟自然匹配的观察时,他们产生的不稳定系统的主要部分($\gtrsim95\%$)与稳定的共振链($\lesssim5\%$)的喷洒(Trappist-1系统代表这样的例子)。我们的研究结果表明,超级地球系统是固有的多重(${\rm N\geq2}$)和观察到的单行星凌日过多的结果是相互倾斜激发的行星-行星不稳定性。在模拟中,行星种子最初分布在内部和外部磁盘,接近超级地球(删节)。

英文摘要:

At least 30\% of main sequence stars host planets with sizes of between 1 and 4 Earth radii and orbital periods of less than 100 days. We use N-body simulations including a model for gas-assisted pebble accretion and disk--planet tidal interaction to study the formation of super-Earth systems. We show that the integrated pebble mass reservoir creates a bifurcation between hot super-Earths or hot-Neptunes ($\lesssim15M_{\oplus}$) and super-massive planetary cores potentially able to become gas giant planets ($\gtrsim15M_{\oplus}$). Simulations with moderate pebble fluxes grow multiple super-Earth-mass planets that migrate inwards and pile up at the inner edge of the disk forming long resonant chains. We follow the long-term dynamical evolution of these systems and use the period ratio distribution of observed planet-pairs to constrain our model. Up to $\sim$95\% of resonant chains become dynamically unstable after the gas disk dispersal, leading to a phase of late collisions that breaks the original resonant configurations. Our simulations naturally match observations when they produce a dominant fraction ($\gtrsim95\%$) of unstable systems with a sprinkling ($\lesssim5\%$) of stable resonant chains (the Trappist-1 system represents one such example). Our results demonstrate that super-Earth systems are inherently multiple (${\rm N\geq2}$) and that the observed excess of single-planet transits is a consequence of the mutual inclinations excited by the planet--planet instability. In simulations in which planetary seeds are initially distributed in the inner and outer disk, close-in super-Earths (abridged).

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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