Applied Nanofabrication for X-ray Grating Spectroscopy
Jake A. McCoy
备注：
Ph.D. thesis in Astronomy & Astrophysics (373 total pages; 171 pages of chapters & 141 pages of appendices with 113 figures & 19 tables), The Pennsylvania State University, Advisor: Randall L. McEntaffer. Defended 12/18/2020. URL: https://etda.libraries.psu.edu/catalog/18627jam1117
Measuring the diffuse, highly-ionized baryonic content in galactic halos and the intergalactic medium through soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy of active galactic nuclei is a main scientific objective of the Lynx X-ray Observatory mission concept that can only be accomplished with a next-generation grating spectrometer. Realizing such an instrument using reflection grating technology requires thousands of custom blazed gratings that each perform with high diffraction efficiency to be manufactured and aligned to intercept radiation coming to a focus in a Wolter-I telescope. The aim of this thesis is to implement two recently-developed techniques in nanofabrication for this task, with an emphasis on beamline diffraction-efficiency testing for characterizing spectral sensitivity. In particular, thermally-activated selective topography equilibration (TASTE) is pursued as a means for fabricating a master grating with the key advantage that it enables blazed groove facets to be patterned in polymeric electron-beam resist over a non-parallel groove layout not limited by substrate crystal structure. Additionally, substrate-conformal imprint lithography (SCIL) is studied as a method for mass manufacturing high-fidelity grating replicas in a silica sol-gel resist while avoiding many of the detriments associated with large-area patterning in other nanoimprint techniques. Diffraction-efficiency testing of sub-micron grating prototypes coated with gold shows that TASTE is capable of meeting Lynx requirements for spectral sensitivity, with room for improvement at small groove periods, and that while SCIL offers a promising avenue for Lynx grating production, imprints suffer a small blaze-angle reduction due to resist shrinkage. Accompanying this dissertation are appendices that outline physics fundamentals for x-ray spectral lines, x-ray optics, and diffraction gratings.
Characterization of a symmetric-facet dual-ruled grating for spatial heterodyne spectroscopy
Lunar and Planetary Laboratory, University of Arizona（亚利桑那大学月球与行星实验室）；Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Arizona（亚利桑那大学电气与计算机工程系）
X-ray grating spectroscopy as a mission enhancement
MIT（麻省理工学院）；Technion, Israel（以色列理工学院）；Univ. Michigan（密歇根大学）；Center for Astrophysics — Harvard & Smithsonian（哈佛-史密松天体物理中心）；Izentis（伊赞提斯公司）；University of Michigan（密歇根大学）；SRON, The Netherlands（荷兰SRON国家研究所）；FAU Erlangen-Nuernberg（埃尔朗根-纽伦堡弗里德里希·亚历山大大学）；U. Iowa（爱荷华大学）；Penn State University（宾夕法尼亚州立大学）；Saint Mary’s University（圣玛丽大学）；NASA/GSFC（美国宇航局戈达德太空飞行中心）；WashU（华盛顿大学）；Columbia（哥伦比亚大学）；ESA（欧洲空间局）；NCAC PAS, Poland（波兰科学院国家天文中心）；NASA/ARC（美国宇航局艾姆斯研究中心）；University of Massachusetts（马萨诸塞大学）；JHU, NASA/GSFC（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学，美国宇航局戈达德太空飞行中心）
Extreme Ultraviolet and Soft X-Ray Diffraction Efficiency of a Blazed Reflection Grating Fabricated by Thermally Activated Selective Topography Equilibration
Source--Line Associations in JWST/NIRSpec Dense-Shutter Spectroscopy
Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge（剑桥大学卡弗里宇宙学研究所）；Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge（剑桥大学卡文迪许实验室）；Department for Astrophysical and Planetary Science, University of Colorado, Boulder（科罗拉多大学博尔德分校天文与行星科学系）；Department of Physics, University of Oxford（牛津大学物理系）；Steward Observatory, University of Arizona（亚利桑那大学斯图尔德天文台）；Department of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校天文学系）；Cosmic Frontier Center, The University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校前沿宇宙中心）；Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz（加州大学圣克鲁兹分校天文与天体物理学系）
