53 pages, 6 tables, 17 figures; to appear in ``3D Spectroscopy in Astronomy, XVII Canary Island Winter School of Astrophysics,'' eds. E. Mediavilla, S. Arribas, M. Roth, J. Cepa-Nogue, and F. Sanchez, Cambridge University Press, 2009; high-resolution version available http://www.astro.wisc.edu/~mab/publications/ws3d05.pdf
In this Chapter we review the challenges of, and opportunities for, 3D spectroscopy, and how these have lead to new and different approaches to sampling astronomical information. We describe and categorize existing instruments on 4m and 10m telescopes. Our primary focus is on grating-dispersed spectrographs. We discuss how to optimize dispersive elements, such as VPH gratings, to achieve adequate spectral resolution, high throughput, and efficient data packing to maximize spatial sampling for 3D spectroscopy. We review and compare the various coupling methods that make these spectrographs ``3D,'' including fibers, lenslets, slicers, and filtered multi-slits. We also describe Fabry-Perot and spatial-heterodyne interferometers, pointing out their advantages as field-widened systems relative to conventional, grating-dispersed spectrographs. We explore the parameter space all these instruments sample, highlighting regimes open for exploitation. Present instruments provide a foil for future development. We give an overview of plans for such future instruments on today's large telescopes, in space, and in the coming era of extremely large telescopes. Currently-planned instruments open new domains, but also leave significant areas of parameter space vacant, beckoning further development.
WST -- Widefield Spectroscopic Telescope: addressing the instrumentation challenges of a new 12m class telescope dedicated to widefield Multi-object and Integral Field Spectroscopy
The Blue Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (BlueMUSE) on the VLT: characterization of two VPHG prototypes based on dichromated gelatin and photopolymer recording materials
Combined narrowband imager-spectrograph with volume-phase holographic gratings
在目前的工作中,我们讨论了一种可能性,建立一个仪器有两种操作模式-光谱和成像的。该仪器的核心元件是由两个窄带体相位全息光栅组成的色散滤波单元。它们中的每一个都在几十纳米的相对窄的光谱范围内提供高衍射效率。此外,该工作带的位置高度依赖于入射角。因此,我们建议使用一对这样的光栅来实现这两种操作模式。光栅被一个接一个地安装在准直光束中。在分光模式下,光栅的角度使衍射效率曲线重合,从而使在第一光栅上衍射的光束在第二光栅上衍射两次,形成窄范围内的高色散光谱。如果准直透镜和照相机透镜针对宽视场进行校正,则可以使用长狭缝并分别记录来自其不同点的光谱。在成像模式中,光栅被转动到使得效率曲线在非常窄的波长范围内相交的角度。因此,在第一光栅上衍射的光束被第二光栅滤除光谱分量,形成图像。在这种情况下,仪器在入口处没有狭缝光阑的情况下工作。我们提供了一个设计实例来说明所提出的概念。该光学方案在F/#为6.3的656 nm附近的区域工作。在光谱模式下,它提供了一个从641到671 nm的区域的光谱,具有1.4 nm/mm的倒数线性色散和高于14000的光谱分辨率。在成像模式下,它覆盖线性12 mm x 12 mm视场,空间分辨率为15-30线/mm。
The Wide-field Spectroscopic Telescope (WST): design trade-offs for the low-resolution multi-object spectrograph instrument
Aix-Marseille Université(艾克斯-马赛大学);CNRS(法国国家科学研究中心);CNES(法国国家空间研究中心);LAM UMR7326(天体物理与行星学研究混合单位7326);Australian Astronomical Optics(澳大利亚天文光学);Macquarie Univ.(麦考瑞大学);STFC UK Astronomy Technology Centre(英国科学与技术设施委员会英国天文技术中心);Royal Observatory Edinburgh(爱丁堡皇家天文台);Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1(里昂第一大学克洛德·贝尔纳);Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon(里昂天体物理研究中心);INAF(意大利国家天体物理研究所);Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera(布雷拉天文台);Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna(维也纳大学天体物理学系);Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam (AIP)(波茨坦莱布尼茨天体物理研究所);CEA(法国原子能和替代能源委员会);European Southern Observatory(欧洲南方天文台)
Tuning of Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) Application Specific Integrated Circuits (ASICs) to improve low energy threshold of future Hard X-ray Imaging Detectors
Source--Line Associations in JWST/NIRSpec Dense-Shutter Spectroscopy
Kavli Institute for Cosmology, University of Cambridge(剑桥大学卡弗里宇宙学研究所);Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge(剑桥大学卡文迪许实验室);Department for Astrophysical and Planetary Science, University of Colorado, Boulder(科罗拉多大学博尔德分校天文与行星科学系);Department of Physics, University of Oxford(牛津大学物理系);Steward Observatory, University of Arizona(亚利桑那大学斯图尔德天文台);Department of Astronomy, The University of Texas at Austin(德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校天文学系);Cosmic Frontier Center, The University of Texas at Austin(德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校前沿宇宙中心);Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, Santa Cruz(加州大学圣克鲁兹分校天文与天体物理学系)
WST, the wide-field spectroscopic telescope: progress on the design of the instruments
UK Astronomy Technology Centre(英国天文学技术中心);European Southern Observatory(欧洲南方天文台);Centre de Recherche Astrophysique de Lyon(里昂天体物理研究中心);INAF-IASF Milano(意大利国家天体物理研究所米兰分部);Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam(波茨坦莱布尼茨天体物理研究所);Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne(洛桑联邦理工学院);Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, CNES, LAM UMR7326(艾克斯-马赛大学,法国国家科学研究中心,法国国家空间研究中心,LAM UMR7326);INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Arcetri(意大利国家天体物理研究所阿切尔蒂天文台);INAF - Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania(意大利国家天体物理研究所卡塔尼亚天文台);INAF - Osservatorio Astronomico di Brera(意大利国家天体物理研究所布雷拉天文台);University of Paris-Saclay, CEA-IRFU(巴黎萨克雷大学,CEA-IRFU);NOVA optical infrared instrumentation group at ASTRON(ASTRON的NOVA光红外仪器组);Sydney Institute for Astronomy, The University of Sydney(悉尼天体物理学研究所,悉尼大学);Department of Astrophysics, University of Vienna(维也纳大学天体物理学系)
Transforming the Canada France Hawaii Telescope (CFHT) into the Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE): A Conceptual Observatory Building and Facilities Design
Pre-shipment optical characterization of the SCALES instrument
UC Santa Cruz(加州大学圣克鲁兹分校);W. M. Keck Observatory(凯克天文台);University of California Observatories(加州大学观测站);UCLA(加州大学洛杉矶分校);Indian Institute for Astrophysics(印度天体物理研究所);UC Irvine(加州大学尔湾分校);Durham University(杜伦大学);Caltech(加州理工学院);University of Liège(列日大学)
Broadband Low-Resolution Spectrograph - SpectrumMate LR
University of Science and Technology of Hanoi(河内科学技术大学);TNU Observatory, Tay Nguyen University(大叻大学大叻天文台);Quy Nhon Observatory, ExploraScience(归仁天文台,ExploraScience);University of Southern Denmark(南丹麦大学);CSMES, The American University of Paris(巴黎美国大学CSMES);Université Paris-Saclay, Université Paris Cité, CEA, CNRS, AIM(巴黎萨克雷大学、巴黎西岱大学、CEA、CNRS、AIM)