The Design, Construction, and Commissioning of the KATRIN Experiment
M. Aker, K. Altenmüller, J. F. Amsbaugh, M. Arenz, M. Babutzka, J. Bast, S. Bauer, H. Bechtler, M. Beck, A. Beglarian, J. Behrens, B. Bender, R. Berendes, A. Be… 展开作者
M. Aker, K. Altenmüller, J. F. Amsbaugh, M. Arenz, M. Babutzka, J. Bast, S. Bauer, H. Bechtler, M. Beck, A. Beglarian, J. Behrens, B. Bender, R. Berendes, A. Berlev, U. Besserer, C. Bettin, B. Bieringer, K. Blaum, F. Block, S. Bobien, J. Bohn, K. Bokeloh, H. Bolz, B. Bornschein, L. Bornschein, M. Böttcher, H. Bouquet, N. M. Boyd, T. Brunst, T. H. Burritt, T. S. Caldwell, Z. Chaoui, S. Chilingaryan, W. Choi, T. J. Corona, G. A. Cox, K. Debowski, M. Deffert, M. Descher, D. Díaz Barrero, P. J. Doe, O. Dragoun, G. Drexlin, J. A. Dunmore, S. Dyba, F. Edzards, F. Eichelhardt, K. Eitel, E. Ellinger, R. Engel, S. Enomoto, M. Erhard, D. Eversheim, M. Fedkevych, A. Felden, S. Fischer, J. A. Formaggio, F. M. Fränkle, G. B. Franklin, H. Frenzel, F. Friedel, A. Fulst, K. Gauda, R. Gehring, W. Gil, F. Glück, S. Görhardt, J. Grimm, S. Grohmann, S. Groh, R. Grössle, R. Gumbsheimer, M. Hackenjos, D. Häßler, V. Hannen, F. Harms, G. C. Harper, J. Hartmann, N. Haußmann, F. Heizmann, K. Helbing, M. Held, S. Hickford, D. Hilk, B. Hillen, R. Hiller, D. Hillesheimer, D. Hinz, T. Höhn, S. Holzmann, S. Horn, M. Hötzel, T. Houdy, M. A. Howe, A. Huber, T. James, A. Jansen, M. Kaiser, C. Karl, O. Kazachenko, J. Kellerer, L. Kippenbrock, M. Kleesiek, M. Kleifges, J. Kleinfeller, M. Klein, L. Köllenberger, A. Kopmann, M. Korzeczek, A. Kosmider, A. Kovalík, B. Krasch, H. Krause, M. Kraus, L. Kuckert, A. Kumb, N. Kunka, T. Lasserre, L. La Cascio, O. Lebeda, M. L. Leber, B. Lehnert, B. Leiber, J. Letnev, R. J. Lewis, T. L. Le, S. Lichter, A. Lokhov, J. M. Lopez Poyato, M. Machatschek, E. Malcherek, M. Mark, A. Marsteller, E. L. Martin, K. Mehret, M. Meloni, C. Melzer, A. Menshikov, S. Mertens, L. I. Minter, B. Monreal, J. Mostafa, K. Müller, A. W. Myers, U. Naumann, H. Neumann, S. Niemes, P. Oelpmann, A. Off, H. -W. Ortjohann, A. Osipowicz, B. Ostrick, D. S. Parno, D. A. Peterson, P. Plischke, A. W. P. Poon, M. Prall, F. Priester, P. C. -O. Ranitzsch, J. Reich, P. Renschler, O. Rest, R. Rinderspacher, R. G. H. Robertson, W. Rodejohann, C. Rodenbeck, P. Rohr, M. Röllig, C. Röttele, S. Rupp, M. Ryšavý, R. Sack, A. Saenz, M. Sagawe, P. Schäfer, A. Schaller, L. Schimpf, K. Schlösser, M. Schlösser, L. Schlüter, S. Schneidewind, H. Schön, K. Schönung, M. Schrank, B. Schulz, J. Schwarz, M. Šefčík, H. Seitz-Moskaliuk, W. Seller, V. Sibille, D. Siegmann, M. Slezák, F. Spanier, M. Steidl, M. Sturm, M. Sun, D. Tcherniakhovski, H. H. Telle, L. A. Thorne, T. Thümmler, N. Titov, I. Tkachev, N. Trost, K. Valerius, B. A. VanDevender, T. D. Van Wechel, D. Vénos, A. Verbeek, R. Vianden, A. P. Vizcaya Hernández, K. Vogt, B. L. Wall, N. Wandkowsky, M. Weber, H. Weingardt, C. Weinheimer, C. Weiss, S. Welte, J. Wendel, K. J. Wierman, J. F. Wilkerson, J. Wolf, S. Wüstling, W. Xu, Y. -R. Yen, M. Zacher, S. Zadoroghny, M. Zboril, G. Zeller
备注：
Added missing acknowledgement, corrected performance statement in chapter 4.2.5, updated author list and references
The KArlsruhe TRItium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment, which aims to make a direct and model-independent determination of the absolute neutrino mass scale, is a complex experiment with many components. More than 15 years ago, we published a technical design report (TDR) [https://publikationen.bibliothek.kit.edu/270060419] to describe the hardware design and requirements to achieve our sensitivity goal of 0.2 eV at 90% C.L. on the neutrino mass. Since then there has been considerable progress, culminating in the publication of first neutrino mass results with the entire beamline operating [arXiv:1909.06048]. In this paper, we document the current state of all completed beamline components (as of the first neutrino mass measurement campaign), demonstrate our ability to reliably and stably control them over long times, and present details on their respective commissioning campaigns.
A pulsed, mono-energetic and angular-selective UV photo-electron source for the commissioning of the KATRIN experiment
KATRIN实验的目标是以200 meV/c^2（90% C. L.）的灵敏度确定中微子质量尺度。通过精确测量氚$β$ -光谱在端点区域的形状。衰变电子的能量分析是通过MAC-E滤波谱仪实现的。为了确定KATRIN主谱仪的透射特性，研制了一种单能角选择电子源。在准备主光谱仪的第二次调试阶段时，在KATRIN监测光谱仪上进行了测量阶段，其中设备在MAC-E过滤器设置中运行以进行测试。这些测量的结果进行了比较，使用粒子跟踪软件“Kassiopeia”，这是在KATRIN合作开发的模拟在最近几年。
The Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment will provide a measurement of the effective electron-neutrino mass, $m(ν_e)$, based on a precision measurement of the tritium beta decay spectrum near its endpoint. The effective mass is an average of the neutrino mass eigenvalues $m_i$ weighted by the flavor-mass mixing parameters $U_{ei}$ according to the relation $m^2(ν_e)= \sum_{i=1}^3 |U_{ei} |^2 m_i^2$. The KATRIN apparatus uses a windowless gaseous tritium source (WGTS) and a spectrometer based on the MAC-E filter concept to measure the beta energy spectrum. The KATRIN program is design…
The KATRIN experiment is a next-generation direct neutrino mass experiment with a sensitivity of 0.2 eV (90% C.L.) to the effective mass of the electron neutrino. It measures the tritium $β$-decay spectrum close to its endpoint with a spectrometer based on the MAC-E filter technique. The $β$-decay electrons are guided by a magnetic field that operates in the mT range in the central spectrometer volume; it is fine-tuned by a large-volume air coil system surrounding the spectrometer vessel. The purpose of the system is to provide optimal transmission properties for signal electrons and to achiev…
The KArlsruhe TRItium Neutrino experiment (KATRIN) aims to measure the absolute neutrino mass scale with an unprecedented sensitivity of 0.2 eV/c2 (90% C.L.), using beta decay electrons from tritium decay. The kinetic energy of the decay electrons is measured using an electrostatic integrating main spectrometer (MS) with magnetic adiabatic collimation and requires a certain magnetic field profile. For the control of the magnetic field in the MS area two networks of mobile magnetic field sensor units are developed and commissioned. The radial system is operated close to the outer surface of the…
The KArlsruhe TRItium Neutrino experiment (KATRIN) aims to measure the effective electron anti-neutrino mass with an unprecedented sensitivity of 0.2 eV/c$^2$, using beta-electrons from tritium decay. Super-conducting magnets will guide the electrons through a vacuum beam-line from the windowless gaseous tritium source through differential and cryogenic pumping sections to a high resolution spectrometer. At the same time tritium gas has to be prevented from entering the spectrometer. Therefore, the pumping sections have to reduce the tritium flow by at least 14 orders of magnitude. This paper …
The Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino Experiment (KATRIN) measures the effective electron anti-neutrino mass with an unprecedented design sensitivity of 0.2 eV (90 % C.L.). In this experiment, the energy spectrum of beta electrons near the tritium decay endpoint is analyzed with a highly accurate spectrometer. To reach the KATRIN sensitivity target, the retarding voltage of this spectrometer must be stable to the ppm level and well known on various time scales ($μs$ up to months), for values around -18.6 kV. A custom-designed high-voltage regulation system mitigates the impact of interference sources…
The KATRIN experiment aims at measuring the electron neutrino mass with a sensitivity of 0.2 eV$/c^2$ after five years of data taking. Recently a new upper limit for the neutrino mass of 0.8 eV$/c^2$ (90% CL) was obtained. To reach the design sensitivity, a reduction of the background rate by one order of magnitude is required. The shifted analysing plane (SAP) configuration exploits a specific shaping of the electric and magnetic fields in the KATRIN main spectrometer to reduce the spectrometer background by a factor of two. We discuss the general idea of the SAP configuration and describe th…
The Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment is a large-scale effort to probe the absolute neutrino mass scale with a sensitivity of 0.2 eV (90% confidence level), via a precise measurement of the endpoint spectrum of tritium beta decay. This work documents several KATRIN commissioning milestones: the complete assembly of the experimental beamline, the successful transmission of electrons from three sources through the beamline to the primary detector, and tests of ion transport and retention. In the First Light commissioning campaign of Autumn 2016, photoelectrons were generated at the …
The KATRIN experiment is designed for a direct and model-independent determination of the effective electron anti-neutrino mass via a high-precision measurement of the tritium $β$-decay endpoint region with a sensitivity on $m_ν$ of 0.2$\,$eV/c$^2$ (90% CL). For this purpose, the $β$-electrons from a high-luminosity windowless gaseous tritium source traversing an electrostatic retarding spectrometer are counted to obtain an integral spectrum around the endpoint energy of 18.6$\,$keV. A dominant systematic effect of the response of the experimental setup is the energy loss of $β$-electrons from…
In this work, we present the first spectroscopic measurements of conversion electrons originating from the decay of metastable gaseous $^\mathrm{83m}$Kr with the Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment. The results obtained in this calibration measurement represent a major commissioning milestone for the upcoming direct neutrino mass measurement with KATRIN. The successful campaign demonstrates the functionalities of the full KATRIN beamline. The KATRIN main spectrometer's excellent energy resolution of ~ 1 eV made it possible to determine the narrow K-32 and L$_3$-32 conversion electro…
The neutrino mass experiment KATRIN requires a stability of 3 ppm for the retarding potential at -18.6 kV of the main spectrometer. To monitor the stability, two custom-made ultra-precise high-voltage dividers were developed and built in cooperation with the German national metrology institute Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB). Until now, regular absolute calibration of the voltage dividers required bringing the equipment to the specialised metrology laboratory. Here we present a new method based on measuring the energy difference of two $^{83\mathrm{m}}$Kr conversion electron lines …
The KArlsruhe TRItium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment is designed to measure tritium $β$-decay spectrum with enough precision to be sensitive to neutrino mass down to 0.2eV at 90$\%$ Confidence Level. After an initial first tritium run in the summer of 2018, KATRIN is taking tritium data in 2019 that should lead to a first neutrino mass result. The $β$ spectral shape of the tritium decay is also sensitive to four countershaded Lorentz Violating (LV), oscillation-free operators within the Standard-Model Extension that may be quite large. The status and outlook of KATRIN to produce physics results,…
The KATRIN (Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino) experiment investigates the energetic endpoint of the tritium beta-decay spectrum to determine the effective mass of the electron anti-neutrino. The collaboration has reported a first mass measurement result at this TAUP-2019 conference. The TRISTAN project aims at detecting a keV-sterile neutrino signature by measuring the entire tritium beta-decay spectrum with an upgraded KATRIN system. One of the greatest challenges is to handle the high signal rates generated by the strong activity of the KATRIN tritium source while maintaining a good energy resolut…
The KATRIN (Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino) experiment investigates the energetic endpoint of the tritium $β$-decay spectrum to determine the effective mass of the electron anti-neutrino with a precision of $200\,\mathrm{meV}$ ($90\,\%$ C.L.) after an effective data taking time of three years. The TRISTAN (tritium $β$-decay to search for sterile neutrinos) group aims to detect a sterile neutrino signature by measuring the entire tritium $β$-decay spectrum with an upgraded KATRIN system. One of the greatest challenges is to handle the high signal rates generated by the strong activity of the KATRIN…
An online cryogenic distillation system for the removal of krypton and radon from xenon was designed and constructed for PandaX-4T, a highly sensitive dark matter detection experiment. The krypton content in a commercial xenon product is expected to be reduced by 7 orders of magnitude with 99% xenon collection efficiency at a flow rate of 10 kg/h by design. The same system can reduce radon content in xenon by reversed operation, with an expected radon reduction factor of about 1.8 in PandaX-4T under a flow rate of 56.5 kg/h. The commissioning of this system was completed, with krypton and rado…
The determination of the neutrino mass is one of the major challenges in astroparticle physics today. Direct neutrino mass experiments, based solely on the kinematics of beta-decay, provide a largely model-independent probe to the neutrino mass scale. The Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment is designed to directly measure the effective electron antineutrino mass with a sensitivity of 0.2 eV 90% CL. In this work we report on the first operation of KATRIN with tritium which took place in 2018. During this commissioning phase of the tritium circulation system, excellent agreement of th…
The KATRIN experiment aims to determine the effective electron neutrino mass with a sensitivity of $0.2\,{\text{eV}/c^2}$ (90\% C.L.) by precision measurement of the shape of the tritium \textbeta-spectrum in the endpoint region. The energy analysis of the decay electrons is achieved by a MAC-E filter spectrometer. A common background source in this setup is the decay of short-lived isotopes, such as $\textsuperscript{219}$Rn and $\textsuperscript{220}$Rn, in the spectrometer volume. Active and passive countermeasures have been implemented and tested at the KATRIN main spectrometer. One of the…
We report on the data set, data handling, and detailed analysis techniques of the first neutrino-mass measurement by the Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment, which probes the absolute neutrino-mass scale via the $β$-decay kinematics of molecular tritium. The source is highly pure, cryogenic T$_2$ gas. The $β$ electrons are guided along magnetic field lines toward a high-resolution, integrating spectrometer for energy analysis. A silicon detector counts $β$ electrons above the energy threshold of the spectrometer, so that a scan of the thresholds produces a precise measurement of the…
The upgrade of the Inner Tracking System (ITS) of ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) will extend measurements of heavy-flavour hadrons and low-mass dileptons to a lower transverse momentum than currently achieved and increase the readout capabilities to incorporate the full interaction. Furthermore, the tracking efficiency will be improved at low transverse momentum. To achieve this, the new ALICE ITS is comprised of seven layers of a custom Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor design known as ALPIDE, with a spatial resolution of $5\,\mathrm{μm}$. The use of the ALPIDE-based detector design wil…
Sterile neutrinos are a minimal extension of the Standard Model of Particle Physics. A laboratory-based approach to search for this particle is via tritium beta-decay, where a sterile neutrino would cause a kink-like spectral distortion. The Karlsruhe Tritium Neutrino (KATRIN) experiment extended by a multi-pixel Silicon Drift Detector system has the potential to reach an unprecedented sensitivity to the keV-scale sterile neutrino in a lab-based experiment. The new detector system combines good spectroscopic performance with a high rate capability. In this work, we report about the characteriz…
Development and commissioning of the Timing Counter for the MEG Experiment
MEG（Mu to Electron Gamma）实验的定时计数器被设计为在寻找衰变$μ^+ \rightarrow e^+γ$的过程中传递触发信息并精确测量$e^+$的定时。它是磁谱仪的一部分，中心是$μ^+$衰变靶。它由两个扇区的上游和下游的目标，每个有两层：内一个由APD读出的触发和跟踪重建的反射纤维制成，外一个由PMT读出的触发和时间测量的反射条组成。文中介绍了探测器的设计准则、获得的性能和调试情况。
The KATRIN experiment aims for the determination of the effective electron anti-neutrino mass from the tritium beta-decay with an unprecedented sub-eV sensitivity. The strong magnetic fields, designed for up to 6~T, adiabatically guide $β$-electrons from the source to the detector within a magnetic flux of 191~Tcm$^2$. A chain of ten single solenoid magnets and two larger superconducting magnet systems have been designed, constructed, and installed in the 70-m-long KATRIN beam line. The beam diameter for the magnetic flux varies from 0.064~m to 9~m, depending on the magnetic flux density along…
Large area triple GEM chambers will be employed in the first two stations of the MuCh system of the CBM experiment at the upcoming Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research FAIR in Darmstadt/Germany. The GEM detectors have been designed to take data at an unprecedented interaction rate (up to 10 MHz) in nucleus-nucleus collisions in CBM at FAIR. Real-size trapezoidal modules have been installed in the mCBM experiment and tested in nucleus-nucleus collisions at the SIS18 beamline of GSI as a part of the FAIR Phase-0 program. In this report, we discuss the design, installation, commissioning, and…
ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) is the CERN LHC experiment optimized for the study of the strongly interacting matter produced in heavy-ion collisions and devoted to the characterization of the Quark-Gluon Plasma. To achieve the physics program for LHC Run 3 and 4, ALICE is undergoing a major upgrade of the experimental apparatus during the ongoing second long LHC shutdown. A key element of the ALICE upgrade is the substitution of the Inner Tracking System (ITS) with a completely new silicon-based detector whose features will allow the reconstruction of rare physics channels which coul…
The KArlsruhe TRItium Neutrino experiment (KATRIN) aims to determine the effective electron (anti)neutrino mass with a sensitivity of $0.2\textrm{ eV/c}^2$ (90$\%$ C.L.) by precisely measuring the endpoint region of the tritium $β$-decay spectrum. It uses a tandem of electrostatic spectrometers working as MAC-E (magnetic adiabatic collimation combined with an electrostatic) filters. In the space between the pre-spectrometer and the main spectrometer, an unavoidable Penning trap is created when the superconducting magnet between the two spectrometers, biased at their respective nominal potentia…
The PADME experiment is designed to search for a hypothetical dark photon $A^{\prime}$ produced in positron-electron annihilation using a bunched positron beam at the Beam Test Facility of the INFN Laboratori Nazionali di Frascati. The expected sensitivity to the $A^{\prime}$-photon mixing parameter $ε$ is 10$^{-3}$, for $A^{\prime}$ mass $\le$ 23.5 MeV/$c^{2}$ after collecting $\sim 10^{13}$ positrons-on-target. This paper presents the PADME detector status after commissioning in July 2019. In addition, the software algorithms employed to reconstruct physics objects, such as photons and charg…
Mixing plant for JUNO liquid scintillator: Design, construction, installation and commissioning
Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院高能物理研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；State Key Laboratory of Particle Detection and Electronics（粒子探测与电子学国家重点实验室）
KATRIN Sensitivity to keV Sterile Neutrinos with the TRISTAN Detector Upgrade
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill（北卡罗来纳大学教堂山分校）；Triangle Universities Nuclear Laboratory（三角大学核实验室）；Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)（卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院）；University of Münster（明斯特大学）；Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN) – Sezione di Milano-Bicocca（意大利国家核物理研究所米兰-比科卡分部）
Design, construction, commissioning and long term operational experience with the D0 Uranium/Liquid Argon calorimeter
D 0实验设计于20世纪80年代中期，并于1992年至2011年在费米实验室pp对撞机上运行。我描述了铀-液氩量热计及其读出电子，其在20世纪90年代后期进行了升级，以处理升级后的Tevatron在2001-2011年的第二次运行期间的更高亮度。我总结了20年来保持热量计的数据采集。我进一步描述了在此期间出现的一些问题，包括不同类型的噪声和只在中央量热计中看到的异常高压电流。
The phase 1 upgrade of the CMS pixel detector has been designed to maintain the tracking performance at instantaneous luminosities of $2 \times 10^{34} \mathrm{~cm}^{-2} \mathrm{~s}^{-1}$. Both barrel and endcap disk systems now feature one extra layer (4 barrel layers and 3 endcap disks), and a digital readout that provides a large enough bandwidth to read out its 124M pixel channels (87.7 percent more pixels compared to the previous system). The backend control and readout systems have been upgraded accordingly from VME-based to micro-TCA-based ones. The detector is now also equipped with a …
We report the design, construction, and initial commissioning results of a large high pressure gaseous Time Projection Chamber (TPC) with Micromegas modules for charge readout. The detector vessel has an inner volume of about 600 L and an active volume of 270 L. At 10 bar operating pressure, the active volume contains about 20 kg of xenon gas and can image charged particle tracks. Drift electrons are collected by the charge readout plane, which accommodates a tessellation of seven Micromegas modules. Each of the Micromegas covers a square of 20 cm by 20 cm. A new type of Microbulk Micromegas i…
The CALICE collaboration is developing highly granular electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeters for detectors at future energy frontier electron-positron colliders. After successful tests of a physics prototype, a technological prototype of the Analog Hadron Calorimeter has been built, based on a design and construction techniques scalable to a collider detector. The prototype consists of a steel absorber structure and active layers of small scintillator tiles that are individually read out by directly coupled SiPMs. Each layer has an active area of $72 \times 72\,{\rm cm}^{2}$ and a tile siz…
The \textit{KArlsruhe TRItium Neutrino} (KATRIN) experiment aims to measure the neutrino mass with a sensitivity of \SI{0.2}{\electronvolt} (\SI{90}{\percent} CL). This will be achieved by a precision measurement of the endpoint region of the $\upbeta$-electron spectrum of tritium decay. The $\upbeta$-electrons are produced in the \textit{Windowless Gaseous Tritium Source} (WGTS) and guided magnetically through the beamline. In order to accurately extract the neutrino mass the source activity is required to be stable and known to a high precision. The WGTS therefore undergoes constant extensiv…
The ProtoDUNE-SP detector is a large-scale prototype of the Single-Phase (SP) Liquid Argon Time Projection Chamber (LArTPC) design proposed for the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). 15,360 LArTPC wires are instrumented with low electronic noise pre-amplifier and digitization ASICs integrated into Front End Motherboards (FEMBs) operating at cryogenic temperature within the cryostat. The large number of electronics channels and high performance specifications required a large-scale production electronics quality control effort, careful installation into Anode Plane Assemblies (APAs), …
A high-flow radon removal system based on cryogenic distillation was developed and constructed to reduce radon-induced backgrounds in liquid xenon detectors for rare event searches such as XENONnT. A continuous purification of the XENONnT liquid xenon inventory of 8.4 tonnes at process flows up to 71 kg/h (200 slpm) is required to achieve a radon reduction by a factor two for radon sources inside the detector. To reach such high flows, the distillation column's design features liquid xenon inlet and outlets along with novel custom-made bath-type heat exchangers with high liquefaction capabilit…
Commissioning and Performance of the Time-of-Flight Detector for the T2K Neutrino Oscillation Experiment
VNU University of Science（越南国立大学自然科学大学）；Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology（越南科学技术院）；University of Tokyo（东京大学）；Vietnam Atomic Energy Institute（越南原子能研究所）；The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)（巴塞罗那科学与技术学院）；CERN（欧洲核子研究中心）；ETH Zurich（苏黎世联邦理工学院）；Boston University（波士顿大学）；Imperial College London（伦敦帝国理工学院）；University of Oxford（牛津大学）
CALIFA is the high efficiency and energy resolution calorimeter for the R$^{3}$B experiment at FAIR, intended for detecting high energy charged particles and $γ$-rays in inverse kinematics direct reactions. It surrounds the reaction target in a segmented configuration of Barrel and Forward End-Cap pieces. The CALIFA Barrel consists of 1952 detection units made of CsI(Tl) long-shaped scintillator crystals, and it is being commissioned during the Phase0 experiments at FAIR. The first setup for the CALIFA Barrel commissioning is presented here. Results of detector performance with $γ$-rays are ob…
