Orthogonal polynomials for the multivariate hypergeometric distribution are defined on lattices in polyhedral domains in $\RR^d$. Their structures are studied through a detailed analysis of classical Hahn polynomials with negative integer parameters. Factorization of the Hahn polynomials is explored and used to explain the relation between the index set of orthogonal polynomials and the lattice set in polyhedral domain. In the multivariate case, these constructions lead to nontrivial families of hypergeometric polynomials vanishing on lattice polyhedra. The generating functions and bispectral properties of the orthogonal polynomials are also discussed.
Explicit solutions for the three-term recurrence satisfied by associated continuous dual $q$-Hahn polynomials are obtained. A minimal solution is identified and an explicit expression for the related continued fraction is derived. The absolutely continuous component of the spectral measure is obtained. Eleven limit cases are discussed in some detail. These include associated big $q$-Laguerre , associated Wall, associated Al-Salam-Chihara, associated Al-Salam-Carlitz I, and associated continuous $q$-Hermite polynomials.
We use connection relations and series rearrangement to generalize generating functions for several higher continuous orthogonal polynomials in the Askey scheme, namely the Wilson, continuous dual Hahn, continuous Hahn, and Meixner-Pollaczek polynomials. We also determine corresponding definite integrals using the orthogonality relations for these polynomials.
Explicit expressions for the Hahn multiple polynomials of type I, in terms of Kampé de Fériet hypergeometric series, are given. Orthogonal and biorthogonal relations are proven. Then, part of the Askey scheme for multiple orthogonal polynomials type I is completed. In particular, explicit expressions in terms of generalized hypergeometric series and Kampé de Fériet hypergeometric series, are given for the multiple orthogonal polynomials of type I for the Jacobi-Piñeiro, Meixner I, Meixner II, Kravchuk, Laguerre I, Laguerre II and Charlier families.
Morales-Mendoza et al. present in 2013 a new class of discrete orthogonal polynomials. They use these polynomials to design an unbiased FIR filter. In their paper they make the statement that a representation of the polynomials via hypergeometric functions is unknown. However Shakibaei Asli et al. found in 2017 a $_3F_2$ hypergeometric function representation. In this paper it is shown that the "new" orthogonal polynomials belong to the class of the Hahn polynomials. The transfer function of the unbiased FIR filter has been determined. In the second part, an orthogonal unbiased FIR filter is d…
Darboux Transformation, well known in second order differential operator theory, is applied here to the difference equation satisfied by the discrete hypergeometric polynomials(Charlier, Meixner-Krawchuk, Hahn).
We first show how one can obtain Al-Salam--Chihara polynomials, continuous dual $q$-Hahn polynomials, and Askey--Wilson polynomials from the little $q$-Laguerre and the little $q$-Jacobi polynomials by using special transformations. This procedure is then extended to obtain multiple Askey--Wilson, multiple continuous dual $q$-Hahn, and multiple Al-Salam--Chihara polynomials from the multiple little $q$-Laguerre and the multiple little $q$-Jacobi polynomials.
The idea of this review article is to discuss in a unified way the orthogonality of all positive definite polynomial solutions of the $q$-hypergeometric difference equation on the $q$-linear lattice by means of a qualitative analysis of the $q$-Pearson equation. Therefore, our method differs from the standard ones which are based on the Favard theorem, the three-term recurrence relation and the difference equation of hypergeometric type. Our approach enables us to extend the orthogonality relations for some well-known $q$-polynomials of the Hahn class to a larger set of their parameters. A sho…
Hahn polynomials of several variables can be defined by using the Jacobi polynomials on the simplex as a generating function. Starting from this connection, a number of properties for these two families of orthogonal polynomials are derived. It is shown that the Hahn polynomials appear as connecting coefficients between several families of orthogonal polynomials on the simplex. Closed-form formulas are derived for the reproducing kernels of the Hahn polynomials and Krawtchouck polynomials. As an application, the Poisson kernels for the Hahn polynomials and the Krawtchouck polynomials are shown…
Using the concept of $\mathcal{D}$-operator and the classical discrete family of dual Hahn, we construct orthogonal polynomials $(q_n)_n$ which are also eigenfunctions of higher order difference operators.
Jacobi polynomials are mapped onto the continuous Hahn polynomials by the Fourier transform and the orthogonality relations for the continuous Hahn polynomials then follow from the orthogonality relations for the Jacobi polynomials and the Parseval formula. In a special case this relation dates back to work by Bateman in 1933 and we follow a part of the historical development for these polynomials. Some applications of this relation are given.
Motivated by Liu's recent work in \cite{Liu2022}. We shall reveal the essential feature of Hahn polynomials by presenting two new $q$-exponential operators. These lead us to use a systematic method to study identities involving Hahn polynomials. As applications, we use the method of $q$-exponential operator to prove the bilinear generating function of Hahn polynomials and Heine's second transformation formula. Moreover, a generalization of $q$-Gaussian summation is given, too.
A high order linear $q$-difference equation with polynomial coefficients having $q$-Hahn multiple orthogonal polynomials as eigenfunctions is given. The order of the equation is related to the number of orthogonality conditions that these polynomials satisfy. Some limiting situations when $q\to1$ are studied. Indeed, the difference equation for Hahn multiple orthogonal polynomials given in \cite{Lee} is corrected and obtained as a limiting case.
We study a limiting case of the Askey-Wilson polynomials when one of the parameters goes to infinity, namely continuous dual q-Hahn polynomials when q > 1. Solutions to the associated indeterminate moment problem by general theory are found and an orthogonality relation is established.
We construct new examples of bispectral dual Hahn polynomials, i.e., orthogonal polynomials with respect to certain superposition of Christoffel and Geronimus transforms of the dual Hahn measure and which are also eigenfunctions of a higher order difference operator. The new examples have the novelty that they depend on an arbitrary number of continuous parameters. These are the first examples with this property constructed from the classical discrete families.
We introduce the -1 dual Hahn polynomials through an appropriate $q \to -1$ limit of the dual q-Hahn polynomials. These polynomials are orthogonal on a finite set of discrete points on the real axis, but in contrast to the classical orthogonal polynomials of the Askey scheme, the -1 dual Hahn polynomials do not exhibit the Leonard duality property. Instead, these polynomials satisfy a 4-th order difference eigenvalue equation and thus possess a bispectrality property. The corresponding generalized Leonard pair consists of two matrices $A,B$ each of size $N+1 \times N+1$. In the eigenbasis wher…
We construct new examples of Krall discrete orthogonal polynomials, i.e., orthogonal polynomials with respect to a measure which are also eigenfunctions of a higher order difference operator. The new examples include the orthogonal polynomials with respect to the measures obtained from the Meixner measure $ρ_{a,c}$ and Hahn measure $ρ_{a,b,N}$ by removing a finite number of their mass points when the parameter $c$ of the Meixner measure and $a$ or $b$ of the Hahn measure are positive integers. From the new Krall-Meixner families we construct new families of exceptional Meixner and Laguerre pol…
In this paper Fourier transform of multivariate orthogonal polynomials on the simplex is presented. A new family of multivariate orthogonal functions is obtained by using the Parseval's identity and several recurrence relations are derived.
It is stated and proved a characterization theorem for Laguerre-Hahn orthogonal polynomials on non-uniform lattices. This theorem proves the equivalence between the Riccati equation for the formal Stieltjes function, linear first-order difference relations for the orthogonal polynomials as well as for the associated polynomials of the first kind, and linear first-order difference relations for the functions of the second kind.
We show that the gradient flows associated with a recently found family of Morse functions converge exponentially to the roots of the symmetric continuous Hahn polynomials. By symmetry reduction the rate of the exponential convergence can be improved, which is clarified by comparing with corresponding gradient flows for the roots of the Wilson polynomials.
We construct new examples of exceptional Hahn and Jacobi polynomials. Exceptional polynomials are orthogonal polynomials with respect to a measure which are also eigenfunctions of a second order difference or differential operator. The most apparent difference between classical or classical discrete orthogonal polynomials and their exceptional counterparts is that the exceptional families have gaps in their degrees, in the sense that not all degrees are present in the sequence of polynomials. The new examples have the novelty that they depend on an arbitrary number of continuous parameters.
The problem of finding measures whose orthogonal polynomials are also eigenfunctions of higher-order difference operators have been recently solved by multiplying the classical discrete measures by suitable polynomials. This problem was raised by Richard Askey in 1991. The case of the Hahn family is specially rich due to the number of parameters involved. These suitable polynomials are in the Hahn case generated from a quartet $F_1,F_2,F_3$ and $F_4$ of finite sets of positive integers. In this paper, we show that the order of the corresponding difference operators can be reduced by assuming c…
Using Casorati determinants of Hahn polynomials $(h_n^{α,β,N})_n$, we construct for each pair $\F=(F_1,F_2)$ of finite sets of positive integers polynomials $h_n^{α,β,N;\F}$, $n\in σ_\F$, which are eigenfunctions of a second order difference operator, where $σ_\F$ is certain set of nonnegative integers, $σ_\F \varsubsetneq \NN$. When $N\in \NN$ and $α$, $β$, $N$ and $\F$ satisfy a suitable admissibility condition, we prove that the polynomials $h_n^{α,β,N;\F}$ are also orthogonal and complete with respect to a positive measure (exceptional Hahn polynomials). By passing to the limit, we transfo…
For the Hahn and Krawtchouk polynomials orthogonal on the set $\{0, \ldots,N\}$ new identities for the sum of squares are derived which generalize the trigonometric identity for the Chebyshev polynomials of the first and second kind. These results are applied in order to obtain conditions (on the degree of the polynomials) such that the polynomials are bounded (on the interval $[0,N]$) by their values at the points $0$ and $N$. As special cases we obtain a discrete analogue of the trigonometric identity and bounds for the discrete Chebyshev polynomials of the first and second kind.
Laurent polynomials related to the Hahn-Exton $q$-Bessel function, which are $q$-analogues of the Lommel polynomials, have been introduced by Koelink and Swarttouw. The explicit strong moment functional with respect to which the Laurent $q$-Lommel polynomials are orthogonal is given. The strong moment functional gives rise to two positive definite moment functionals. For the corresponding sets of orthogonal polynomials the orthogonality measure is determined using the three-term recurrence relation as a starting point. The relation between Chebyshev polynomials of the second kind and the Laure…
Orthogonal q-polynomials associated with q-Laguerre-Hahn form will be studied as a generalization of the q-semiclassical forms via a suitable q-difference equation. The concept of class and a criterion to determinate it will be given. The q-Riccati equation satisfied by the corresponding formal Stieltjes series is obtained. Also, the structure relation is established. Some illustrative examples are highlighted.
Asymptotic approximations for the continuous Hahn polynomials and their zeros as the degree grows to infinity are established via their three-term recurrence relation. The methods are based on the uniform asymptotic expansions for difference equations developed by Wang and Wong (\textit{Numer. Math.}, 2003) and the matching technique in the complex plane developed by Wang (\textit{J. Approx. Theory}, 2014).
Finite tight frames for polynomial subspaces are constructed using monic Hahn polynomials and Krawtchouk polynomials of several variables. Based on these polynomial frames, two methods for constructing tight frames for the Euclidean spaces are designed. With ${\mathsf r}(d,n):= \binom{n+d-1}{n}$, the first method generates, for each $m \ge n$, two families of tight frames in ${\mathbb R}^{{\mathsf r}(d,n)}$ with ${\mathsf r}(d+1,m)$ elements. The second method generates a tight frame in ${\mathbb R}^{{\mathsf r}(d,N)}$ with $1 + N \times{\mathsf r}(d+1, N)$ vectors. All frame elements are give…
The q-classical orthogonal polynomials of the q-Hahn Tableau are characterized from their orthogonality condition and by a first and a second structure relation. Unfortunately, for the q-semiclassical orthogonal polynomials (a generalization of the classical ones) we find only in the literature the first structure relation. In this paper, a second structure relation is deduced. In particular, by means of a general finite-type relation between a q-semiclassical polynomial sequence and the sequence of its q-differences such a structure relation is obtained.
Considering a differential operator of third order that does not increase the degree of polynomials, we analyse some properties of elements of the dual space of 2-orthogonal polynomial eigenfunctions. In two classes of such generic operator, we prove that a 2-orthogonal polynomial solution fulfils Hahn's property.
We characterize all the multiple orthogonal threefold symmetric polynomial sequences whose sequence of derivatives is also multiple orthogonal. Such a property is commonly called the Hahn property and it is an extension of the concept of classical polynomials to the context of multiple orthogonality. The emphasis is on the polynomials whose indices lie on the step line, also known as $2$-orthogonal polynomials. We explain the relation of the asymptotic behavior of the recurrence coefficients to that of the largest zero (in absolute value) of the polynomial set. We provide a full characterizati…
An explicit bilinear generating function for Meixner-Pollaczek polynomials is proved. This formula involves continuous dual Hahn polynomials, Meixner-Pollaczek functions, and non-polynomial $_3F_2$-hypergeometric functions that we consider as continuous Hahn functions. An integral transform pair with continuous Hahn functions as kernels is also proved. These results have an interpretation for the tensor product decomposition of a positive and a negative discrete series representation of $\su(1,1)$ with respect to hyperbolic bases, where the Clebsch-Gordan coefficients are continuous Hahn funct…
The purpose of this note is to establish, from the hypergeometric-type difference equation introduced by Nikiforov and Uvarov, new tractable sufficient conditions for the monotonicity with respect to a real parameter of zeros of classical discrete orthogonal polynomials. This result allows one to carry out a systematic study of the monotonicity of zeros of classical orthogonal polynomials on linear, quadratic, q-linear, and q-quadratic grids. In particular, we analyze in a simple and unified way the monotonicity of the zeros of Hahn, Charlier, Krawtchouk, Meixner, Racah, dual Hahn, q-Meixner, …
For the Bessel function \begin{equation} \label{bessel} J_ν(z) = \sum\limits_{k=0}^{\infty} \frac{(-1)^k \left( \frac{z}{2} \right)^{ν+2k}}{k! Γ(ν+1+k)} \end{equation} there exist several $q$-analogues. The oldest $q$-analogues of the Bessel function were introduced by F. H. Jackson at the beginning of this century, see M. E. H. Ismail \cite{Is1} for the appropriate references. Another $q$-analogue of the Bessel function has been introduced by W. Hahn in a special case and by H. Exton in full generality, see R. F. Swarttouw \cite{Sw1} for a historic overview. Here we concentrate on properties …
On a general method for deriving a fourth-order differential equation satisfied by Laguerre-Hahn orthogonal polynomials with new results for the class 0 analogous to Hermite
In this article, the study of the orthogonality properties of $q$-polynomials of the Hahn class started in the initial article by R. Álvarez-Nodarse, R. Sevinik-Adıgüzel, and H. Taşeli, \textit{On the orthogonality of $q$-classical polynomials of the Hahn class I} is proceeded. To be more specific, the orthogonality properties of the $q$-polynomials belonging to the $\emptyset$-Hermite-Laguerre/Jacobi, $\emptyset$-Jacobi/Hermite-Laguerre, 0-Laguerre/Jacobi-Bessel and 0-Jacobi/Laguerre-Bessel cases are studied by taking into account the idea considered in the initial paper. In particular, a new…
Let ${\bf u}$ be a nonzero linear functional acting on the space of polynomials. Let $\mathbf{D}_{q,ω}$ be a Hahn operator acting on the dual space of polynomials. Suppose that there exist polynomials $ϕ$ and $ψ$, with $\mathrm{deg}\,ϕ\leq2$ and $\mathrm{deg}\,ψ\leq1$, so that the functional equation $$ \mathbf{D}_{q,ω}(ϕ{\bf u})=ψ{\bf u} $$ holds, where the involved operations are defined in a distributional sense. In this note we state necessary and sufficient conditions, involving only the coefficients of $ϕ$ and $ψ$, such that ${\bf u}$ is regular, that is, there exists a sequence of ortho…
Given a sequence of polynomials $(p_n)_n$, an algebra of operators $\mathcal A$ acting in the linear space of polynomials and an operator $D_p\in \mathcal A$ with $D_p(p_n)=θ_np_n$, where $θ_n$ is any arbitrary eigenvalue, we construct a new sequence of polynomials $(q_n)_n$ by considering a linear combination of $m+1$ consecutive $p_n$: $q_n=p_n+\sum_{j=1}^mβ_{n,j}p_{n-j}$. Using the concept of $\mathcal{D}$-operator, we determine the structure of the sequences $β_{n,j}, j=1,\ldots,m,$ in order that the polynomials $(q_n)_n$ are eigenfunctions of an operator in the algebra $\mathcal A$. As an…
A new set of multiple orthogonal polynomials of both type I and type II with respect to two weight functions involving Gauss' hypergeometric function on the interval $(0,1)$ is studied. This type of polynomials have direct applications in the investigation of singular values of products of Ginibre matrices, in the analysis of rational solutions to Painlevé equations and are connected with branched continued fractions and total positivity problems in combinatorics. The pair of orthogonality measures is shown to be a Nikishin system and to satisfy a matrix Pearson-type differential equation. The…
Via the solutions of systems of algebraic equations of Bethe Ansatz type, we arrive at bounds for the zeros of orthogonal (basic) hypergeometric polynomials belonging to the Askey-Wilson, Wilson and continuous Hahn families.
We describe the utility of integral representations for sums of basic hypergeometric functions. In particular we use these to derive an infinite sequence of transformations for symmetrizations over certain variables which the functions possess. These integral representations were studied by Bailey, Slater, Askey, Roy, Gasper and Rahman and were also used to facilitate the computation of certain outstanding problems in the theory of basic hypergeometric orthogonal polynomials in the $q$-Askey scheme. We also generalize and give consequences and transformation formulas for some fundamental integ…
The aim of this article is to study the limit transitions from non-standard q-Racah polynomials to big q-Jacobi, dual q-Hahn, and q-Hahn polynomials such that the orthogonality properties and the three-term recurrence relations remain valid.
In 1991 Tratnik derived two systems of multivariable orthogonal Racah polynomials and considered their limit cases. q-Extensions of these systems are derived, yielding systems of multivariable orthogonal q-Racah polynomials, from which systems of multivariable orthogonal q-Hahn, dual q-Hahn, q-Krawtchouk, q-Meixner, and q-Charlier polynomials follow as special or limit cases.
It is well known that the family of Hahn polynomials $\{h_n^{α,β}(x;N)\}_{n\ge 0}$ is orthogonal with respect to a certain weight function up to $N$. In this paper we present a factorization for Hahn polynomials for a degree higher than $N$ and we prove that these polynomials can be characterized by a $Δ$-Sobolev orthogonality. We also present an analogous result for dual-Hahn, Krawtchouk, and Racah polynomials and give the limit relations between them for all $n\in \XX N_0$. Furthermore, in order to get this results for the Krawtchouk polynomials we will get a more general property of orthogo…
We generalize a construction of Dunkl, obtaining a wide class intertwining functions on the symmetric group and a related family of multidimensional Hahn polynomials. Following a suggestion of Vilenkin and Klymik, we develop a tree-method approach for those intertwining functions. We also give a group theoretic proof of the relation between Hahn polynomials and Clebesh-Gordan coefficients, given analytically by Koornwinder and by Nikiforov, Smorodinskiĭ and Suslov. Such relation is also extended to the multidimensional case.
In this paper, we introduce a family of trivariate $q$-Hahn polynomials $Ψ_n^{(a)}(x,y,z|q)$ as a general form of Hahn polynomials $ψ_n^{(a)}(x|q),$ $ψ_n^{(a)}(x,y|q)$ and $F_n(x,y,z;q)$. We represent $Ψ_n^{(a)}(x,y,z|q)$ by the homogeneous $q$-difference operator $\widetilde{L}(a,b; θ_{xy})$ introduced by Srivastava {\it et al} [H. M. Srivastava, S. Arjika and A. Sherif Kelil, {\it Some homogeneous $q$-difference operators and the associated generalized Hahn polynomials}, Appl. Set-Valued Anal. Optim. {\bf 1} (2019), pp. 187--201.] to derive: extended generating, Rogers formula, extended Roge…
In this survey paper, we exhaustively explore the terminating basic hypergeometric representations of the Askey-Wilson polynomials and the corresponding terminating basic hypergeometric transformations that these polynomials satisfy. From the terminating basic hypergeometric representations of these polynomials, and due to symmetry in their free parameters, we are able to exhaustively explore the terminating basic hypergeometric transformation formulae which these polynomials satisfy.
We classify all pairs of recurrence relations in which two Hahn or dual Hahn polynomials with different parameters appear. Such couples are referred to as (dual) Hahn doubles. The idea and interest comes from an example appearing in a finite oscillator model [Jafarov E.I., Stoilova N.I., Van der Jeugt J., J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 44 (2011), 265203, 15 pages, arXiv:1101.5310]. Our classification shows there exist three dual Hahn doubles and four Hahn doubles. The same technique is then applied to Racah polynomials, yielding also four doubles. Each dual Hahn (Hahn, Racah) double gives rise to an…
We develop a tree method for multidimensional q-Hahn polynomials. We define them as eigenfunctions of a multidimensional q-difference operator and we use the factorization of this operator as a key tool. Then we define multidimensional q-Racah polynomials as the connection coefficients between different bases of q-Hahn polynomials. We show that our multidimensional q-Racah polynomials may be expressed as product of ordinary one-dimensional q-Racah polynomial by means of a suitable sequence of transplantations of edges of the trees.
In this paper, we study the asymptotics of the Hahn polynomials Q_n(x; α, β, N) as the degree n grows to infinity, when the parameters α and β are fixed and the ratio of n/N = c is a constant in the interval (0, 1). Uniform asymptotic formulas in terms of Airy functions and elementary functions are obtained for z in three overlapping regions, which together cover the whole complex plane. Our method is based on a modified version of the Riemann-Hilbert approach introduced by Deift and Zhou.
We study a natural Markov chain on $\{0,1,\cdots,n\}$ with eigenvectors the Hahn polynomials. This explicit diagonalization makes it possible to get sharp rates of convergence to stationarity. The process, the Burnside process, is a special case of the celebrated `Swendsen-Wang' or `data augmentation' algorithm. The description involves the beta-binomial distribution and Mallows model on permutations. It introduces a useful generalization of the Burnside process.
