We introduce a string diagram calculus for strict $4$-categories and use it to prove that given a cofinite inclusion of $4$-categorical presentations, the induced restriction functor on mapping spaces to a fixed target strict $4$-category is a fibration of strict $4$-groupoids.
In order to deduce the internal version of the Brown exact sequence from the internal version of the Gabriel-Zisman exact sequence, we characterize fibrations and $\ast$-fibrations in the 2-category of internal groupoids in terms of the comparison functor from certain pullbacks to the corresponding strong homotopy pullbacks. A similar analysis in the category of arrows allows us to give a characterization of protomodular categories using strong homotopy kernels.
Lie $\infty$-groupoids are simplicial Banach manifolds that satisfy an analog of the Kan condition for simplicial sets. An explicit construction of Henriques produces certain Lie $\infty$-groupoids called `Lie $\infty$-groups' by integrating finite type Lie $n$-algebras. In order to study the compatibility between this integration procedure and the homotopy theory of Lie $n$-algebras introduced in the companion paper arXiv:1809.05999, we present a homotopy theory for Lie $\infty$-groupoids. Unlike Kan simplicial sets and the higher geometric groupoids of Behrend and Getzler, Lie $\infty$-group…
As groupoids generalize groups, motivated by group extensions we consider a kind of fibrations of Lie groupoids, called locally topological product Lie groupoid fibrations with fiber $\sf A$, i.e., \[ 1\rightarrow {\sf A} \rightarrow {\sf G} \rightarrow {\sf K}\rightarrow 1 \] where $\sf A,\sf G$ and $\sf K$ are Lie groupoids. Similar to the theory of group extensions, we show that the existence of locally topological product Lie groupoid fibrations with fiber $\sf A$ over $\sf K$ is obstructed by a groupoid cohomology of $H^3_{\bar Λ}({\sf K},Z_{\sf A})$, and these locally topological product…
We investigate canonical factorizations of ordered functors of ordered groupoids through star-surjective functors. Our main construction is a quotient ordered groupoid, depending on an ordered version of the notion of normal subgroupoid, that results is the factorization of an ordered functor as a star-surjective functor followed by a star-injective functor. Any star-injective functor possesses a universal factorization through a covering, by Ehresmann's Maximum Enlargement Theorem. We also show that any ordered functor has a canonical factorization through a functor with the ordered homotopy …
Higher Dimensional Categories are showing relevant implications in several fields of mathematical research. Nevertheless basic algebraic tools, in order to further develop the theory, are far from being established. In this thesis we introduce a notion of exactness for exact sequences of pointed n-groupoids. Furthermore we test it generalizing a well known result for (fibrations of) groupoids [R.Brown, 1970]. Namely, given a fibration F of (pointed) groupoids and its strict kernel it is possible to obtain a 6-term exact sequence of groups (of loops) and pointed sets (iso classes of objects). T…
It is shown that the category of presheaves of simplicial groupoids and the category of presheaves of 2-groupoids have Quillen closed model structures. Furthermore, their homotopy categories are equivalent to the homotopy categories of simplicial presheaves and homotopy 2-types, respectively.
The aim of this paper is to present a simplified version of the notion of $\infty$-groupoid developed by Grothendieck in "Pursuing Stacks" and to introduce a definition of $\infty$-categories inspired by Grothendieck's approach.
We give a rather general construction of double categories and so, under further conditions, double groupoids, from a structure we call a `double module'. We also give a homotopical construction of a double groupoid from a triad consisting of a space, two subspaces, and a set of base points, under a condition which also implies that this double groupoid contains two second relative homotopy groups.
We use fibrations of complete Segal spaces to construct four complete Segal spaces: Reedy fibrant simplicial spaces, Segal spaces, complete Segal spaces, and spaces. Moreover, we show each one comes with a universal fibration that classifies Reedy left fibrations, Segal coCartesian fibrations, coCartesian fibrations and left fibrations and prove these are representable fibrations. Finally, we use equivalences between quasi-categories and complete Segal spaces to present analogous constructions using fibrations of quasi-categories.
The goal of this paper is to prove an equivalence between the $(\infty,2)$-category of cartesian factorization systems of $\infty$-categories and that of pointed cartesian fibrations of $\infty$-categories. This generalizes a similar result known for ordinary categories and sheds some light on the interplay between these two seemingly distant concepts.
We construct a flagged $\infty$-category ${\sf Corr}$ of $\infty$-categories and bimodules among them. We prove that ${\sf Corr}$ classifies exponentiable fibrations. This representability of exponentiable fibrations extends that established by Lurie of both coCartesian fibrations and Cartesian fibrations, as they are classified by the $\infty$-category of $\infty$-categories and its opposite, respectively. We introduce the flagged $\infty$-subcategories ${\sf LCorr}$ and ${\sf RCorr}$ of ${\sf Corr}$, whose morphisms are those bimodules which are \emph{left final} and \emph{right initial}, re…
In this study, using the Brown-Spencer theorem and in the ligth of the works of Norrie, in the category of internal categories within groups, also called group-groupoids, we interpret the notion of actor of a crossed module over groups. Further, we construct the action of a group-groupoid on a group-groupoid. Moreover, we give the explicit construction of semi-direct product of two group-groupoids and of holomorph of group-groupoids.
In this paper we construct a symmetric monoidal closed model category of coherently commutative Picard groupoids. We construct another model category structure on the category of (small) permutative categories whose fibrant objects are (permutative) Picard groupoids. The main result is that the Segal's nerve functor induces a Quillen equivalence between the two aforementioned model categories. Our main result implies the classical result that Picard groupoids model stable homotopy one-types.
A relative category is a category with a chosen class of weak equivalences. Barwick and Kan produced a model structure on the category of all relative categories, which is Quillen equivalent to the Joyal model structure on simplicial sets and the Rezk model structure on simplicial spaces. We will prove that the underlying relative category of a model category or even a fibration category is fibrant in the Barwick--Kan model structure.
A useful general concept of bialgebroid seems to be resolving itself in recent publications; we give a treatment in terms of modules and enriched categories. We define the term "quantum category". The definition of antipode for a bialgebroid is less resolved in the literature. Our suggestion is that the kind of dualization occurring in Barr's star-autonomous categories is more suitable than autonomy (= compactness = rigidity). This leads to our definition of quantum groupoid intended as a "Hopf algebra with several objects".
We survey the general theory of groupoids, groupoid actions, groupoid principal bundles, and various kinds of morphisms between groupoids in the framework of categories with pretopology. We study extra assumptions on pretopologies that are needed for this theory. We check these extra assumptions in several categories with pretopologies. Functors between groupoids may be localised at equivalences in two ways. One uses spans of functors, the other bibundles (commuting actions) of groupoids. We show that both approaches give equivalent bicategories. Another type of groupoid morphisms, called acto…
This paper provides several characterizations of final functors between internal groupoids in Barr-exact categories. In particular, it is proved that an internal functor between groupoids is final if and only if it is full and essentially surjective.
We define and discuss lax and weighted colimits of diagrams in $\infty$-categories and show that the coCartesian fibration associated to a functor is given by its lax colimit. A key ingredient, of independent interest, is a simple characterization of the free Cartesian fibration associated to a a functor of $\infty$-categories. As an application of these results, we prove that lax representable functors are preserved under exponentiation, and also that the total space of a presentable Cartesian fibration between $\infty$-categories is presentable, generalizing a theorem of Makkai and Paré to t…
We provide a precise description, albeit in the situation of standard categories, of the quantization functor Sum proposed by D.S. Freed, M.J. Hopkins, J. Lurie, and C. Teleman in a way enough abstract and flexible to suggest that an extension of the construction to the general context of higher categories should indeed be possible. Our method is in fact based primarily on dualizability and adjunction data, and is well suited for the homotopical setting. The construction also sheds light on the need of certain rescaling automorphisms, and in particular on the nature and properties of the Nakay…
This paper gives an introduction to the homotopy theory of quasi-categories. Weak equivalences between quasi-categories are characterized as maps which induce equivalences on a naturally defined system of groupoids. These groupoids effectively replace higher homotopy groups in quasi-category homotopy theory.
The paper studies analytic functors between presheaf categories. Generalising results of A. Joyal and of R. Hasegawa for analytic endofunctors on the category of sets, we give two characterisations of analytic functors between presheaf categories over groupoids: (i) as functors preserving filtered colimits, quasi-pullbacks, and cofiltered limits; and (ii) as functors preserving filtered colimits and wide quasi-pullbacks. The development establishes that small groupoids, analytic functors between their presheaf categories, and quasi-cartesian natural transformations between them form a 2-catego…
We prove that relative functors out of a cofibration category are essentially the same as relative functors which are only defined on the subcategory of cofibrations. As an application we give a new construction of the functor that assigns to a groupoid its groupoid $C^*$-algebra and thereby its topological $K$-theory spectrum.
Latent fibrations are an adaptation, appropriate for categories of partial maps (as presented by restriction categories), of the usual notion of fibration. The paper initiates the development of the basic theory of latent fibrations and explores some key examples. Latent fibrations cover a wide variety of examples, some of which are partial versions of standard fibrations, and some of which are particular to partial map categories (particularly those that arise in computational settings). Latent fibrations with various special properties are identified: hyperconnected latent fibrations, in par…
In this paper, we define a generalization of indexed categories and contextual categories which we call contextually indexed (contextual) categories. While contextual categories are models of ordinary type theories, contextually indexed (contextual) categories are models of indexed type theories. We also define type-theoretic semi-fibration categories which generalize type-theoretic fibration categories. Every model category in which cofibrations are stable under pullbacks is a type-theoretic semi-fibration category. We show that type-theoretic semi-fibration category gives rise to a contextua…
In this article the author endows the functor category [B(C2),Gpd] with the structure of a type-theoretic fibration category with a universe using the projective fibrations. It offers a new model of Martin-Löf type theory with dependent sums, dependent products, identity types and a universe. It turns out that this universe, the natural candidate that lifts the univalent universe of small discrete groupoids in the groupoid model of Hofmann and Streicher, is not univalent.
A groupoid is a small category in which all morphisms are isomorphisms. An inductive groupoid is a specialised groupoid whose object set is a regular biordered set and the morphisms admit a partial order. A normal category is a specialised small category whose object set is a strict preorder and the morphisms admit a factorisation property. A pair of `related' normal categories constitutes a cross-connection. Both inductive groupoids and cross-connections were identified by Nambooripad \cite{mem,cross} as categorical models of regular semigroups. We explore the inter-relationship between these…
The notes were prepared for a series of talks that I gave in Hagen in late June and early July 2003, and, with some changes, in the University of La Laguña, the Canary Islands, in September, 2003. They aim (i) to revisit some oldish material on abstract homotopy and simplicial ly enriched categories, that seems to be being used in today's resurgence of interest in the area and to try to view it in a new light, or perhaps from new directions; (ii) to introduce Segal categories and various other tools used by the Nice-Toulouse group of abstract homotopy theorists and link them into some of the o…
We prove that the folk model structure on strict $\infty$-categories transfers to the category of strict $\infty$-groupoids (and more generally to the category of strict $(\infty, n)$-categories), and that the resulting model structure on strict $\infty$-groupoids coincides with the one defined by Brown and Golasinski via crossed complexes.
We introduce fibred type-theoretic fibration categories which are fibred categories between categorical models of Martin-Löf type theory. Fibred type-theoretic fibration categories give a categorical description of logical predicates for identity types. As an application, we show a relational parametricity result for homotopy type theory. As a corollary, it follows that every closed term of type of polymorphic endofunctions on a loop space is homotopic to some iterated concatenation of a loop.
This unpublished note contains some materials taken from my old study note on groupoids and small categories. It contains a proof for the fact that any groupoid is a group bundle over an equivalence relation. Moreover, the action of a category $G$ on a category $H$ as well as the resulting semi-direct product category $H\times_αG$ will be defined (when either $G$ is a groupoid or $H^{(0)} = G^{(0)}$). If both $G$ and $H$ are groupoids, then $H\times_αG$ is also a groupoid. The reason of producing this note is for people who want to check some details in a recent work of Li.
In this paper, I introduce weak representations of a Lie groupoid $G$. I also show that there is an equivalence of categories between the categories of 2-term representations up to homotopy and weak representations of $G$. Furthermore, I show that any VB-groupoid is isomorphic to an action groupoid associated to a weak representation on its kernel groupoid; this relationship defines an equivalence of categories between the categories of weak representations of $G$ and the category of VB-groupoids over $G$.
The main objective of this paper is to show that the homotopy colimit of a diagram of quasi-categories and indexed by a small category is a localization of Lurie's higher Grothendieck construction of the diagram. We thereby generalize Thomason's classical result which states that the homotopy colimit of a diagram of categories has the homotopy type of (the classifying space of) the Grothendieck construction of the diagram of categories.
We show that the category of internal groupoids in an exact Mal'tsev category is reflective, and in fact a Birkhoff subcategory of the category of simplicial objects. We then characterize the central extensions of the corresponding Galois structure, and show that regular epimorphisms admit a relative monotone-light factorization system in the sense of Chikhladze. We also draw some comparison with Kan complexes. By comparing the reflections of simplicial objects and reflexive graphs into groupoids, we exhibit a connection with weighted commutators (as defined by Gran, Janelidze and Ursini).
The Ehresmann-Schein-Nambooripad theorem gives a structure theorem for inverse monoids: they are inductive groupoids. A particularly nice case due to Jarek is that commutative inverse monoids become semilattices of abelian groups. It has also been categorified by DeWolf-Pronk to a structure theorem for inverse categories as locally complete inductive groupoids. We show that in the case of compact inverse categories, this takes the particularly nice form of a semilattice of compact groupoids. Moreover, one-object compact inverse categories are exactly commutative inverse monoids. Compact groupo…
We define a natural 2-categorical structure on the base category of a large class of Grothendieck fibrations. Given any model category $\mathbf{C}$, we apply this construction to a fibration whose fibers are the homotopy categories of the slice categories $\mathbf{C}/A$, and we show that in the case $\mathbf{C}=\mathbf{Top}$, our construction applied to this fibration recovers the usual 2-category of spaces.
We study the difference between internal categories and internal groupoids in terms of generalised Mal'tsev properties---the weak Mal'tsev property on the one hand, and $n$-permutability on the other. In the first part of the article we give conditions on internal categorical structures which detect whether the surrounding category is naturally Mal'tsev, Mal'tsev or weakly Mal'tsev. We show that these do not depend on the existence of binary products. In the second part we focus on varieties of algebras.
Cartesian fibrations were originally defined by Lurie in the context of quasi-categories and are commonly used in $(\infty,1)$-category theory to study presheaves valued in $(\infty,1)$-categories. In this work we define and study fibrations modeling presheaves valued in simplicial spaces and their localizations. This includes defining a model structure for these fibrations and giving effective tools to recognize its fibrations and weak equivalences. This in particular gives us a new method to construct Cartesian fibrations via complete Segal spaces. In addition to that, it allows us to define…
We define the notion of whiskered categories and groupoids, showing that whiskered groupoids have a commutator theory. So also do whiskered $R$-categories, thus answering questions of what might be `commutative versions' of these theories. We relate these ideas to the theory of Leibniz algebras, but the commutator theory here does not satisfy the Leibniz identity. We also discuss potential applications and extensions, for example to resolutions of monoids.
We prove a generalisation of the correspondence, due to Resende and Lawson--Lenz, between étale groupoids---which are topological groupoids whose source map is a local homeomorphisms---and complete pseudogroups---which are inverse monoids equipped with a particularly nice representation on a topological space. Our generalisation improves on the existing functorial correspondence in four ways. Firstly, we enlarge the classes of maps appearing to each side. Secondly, we generalise on one side from inverse monoids to inverse categories, and on the other side, from étale groupoids to what we call …
We study four types of (co)cartesian fibrations of $\infty$-bicategories over a given base $\mathcal{B}$, and prove that they encode the four variance flavors of $\mathcal{B}$-indexed diagrams of $\infty$-categories. We then use this machinery to set up a general theory of 2-(co)limits for diagrams valued in an $\infty$-bicategory, capable of expressing lax, weighted and pseudo limits. When the $\infty$-bicategory at hand arises from a model category tensored over marked simplicial sets, we show that this notion of 2-(co)limit can be calculated as a suitable form of a weighted homotopy limit o…
We define and study cartesian and cocartesian fibrations between categories internal to an $\infty$-topos and prove a straightening equivalence in this context.
We use the terms $\infty$-categories and $\infty$-functors to mean the objects and morphisms in an $\infty$-cosmos: a simplicially enriched category satisfying a few axioms, reminiscent of an enriched category of fibrant objects. Quasi-categories, Segal categories, complete Segal spaces, marked simplicial sets, iterated complete Segal spaces, $θ_n$-spaces, and fibered versions of each of these are all $\infty$-categories in this sense. Previous work in this series shows that the basic category theory of $\infty$-categories and $\infty$-functors can be developed only in reference to the axioms …
Comodules over Hopf algebroids are of central importance in algebraic topology. It is well-known that a Hopf algebroid is the same thing as a presheaf of groupoids on Aff, the opposite category of commutative rings. We show in this paper that a comodule is the same thing as a quasi-coherent sheaf over this presheaf of groupoids. We prove the general theorem that internal equivalences of presheaves of groupoids with respect to a Grothendieck topology on Aff give rise to equivalences of categories of sheaves in that topology. We then show using faithfully flat descent that an internal equivalenc…
We prove the existence of minimal models for fibrations between dendroidal sets in the model structure for infinity-operads, as well as in the covariant model structure for algebras and in the stable one for connective spectra. In an appendix, we explain how our arguments can be used to extend the results of Cisinski, giving the existence of minimal fibrations in model categories of presheaves over generalised Reedy categories of a rather common type. Besides some applications to the theory of algebras over infinity-operads, we also prove a gluing result for parametrized connective spectra (or…
We denote the monoidal bicategory of two-sided modules (also called profunctors, bimodules and distributors) between categories by $\mathrm{Mod}$; the tensor product is cartesian product of categories. For a groupoid $\scr{G}$, we study the monoidal centre $\mathrm{ZPs}(\scr{G},\mathrm{Mod}^{\mathrm{op}})$ of the monoidal bicategory $\mathrm{Ps}(\scr{G},\mathrm{Mod}^{\mathrm{op}})$ of pseudofunctors and pseudonatural transformations; the tensor product is pointwise. Alexei Davydov defined the full centre of a monoid in a monoidal category. We define a higher dimensional version: the full monoi…
We give an elementary exposition of some fundamental facts about fibered (or rather opfibered) categories, in terms of monads and 2-categories. The account avoids any mention of category-valued functors and pseudofunctors.
