Justine Falque
Three-dimensional Catalan numbers are a variant of the classical (bidimensional) Catalan numbers, that count, among other interesting objects, the standard Young tableaux of shape (n,n,n). In this paper, we present a structural bijection between two three-dimensional Catalan objects: 1234-avoiding up-down permutations, and a class of weighted Dyck paths.
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In this note, we present constructive bijections from Dyck and Motzkin meanders with catastrophes to Dyck paths avoiding some patterns. As a byproduct, we deduce correspondences from Dyck and Motzkin excursions to restricted Dyck paths.
The main goal of this work is to establish a bijection between Dyck words and a family of Eulerian digraphs. We do so by providing two algorithms implementing such bijection in both directions. The connection between Dyck words and Eulerian digraphs exploits a novel combinatorial structure: a binary matrix, we call Dyck matrix, representing the cycles of an Eulerian digraph.
Dyck paths (also balanced brackets and Dyck words) are among the most heavily studied Catalan families. This paper is a continuation of [2, 3]. In the paper we enumerate the terms of the OEIS A036991, Dyck numbers, and construct a concomitant bijection with symmetric Dyck paths. In the case of binary coding of Dyck paths we work with compact natural numbers after removing leading zeros. Analysis of binary suffixes, allowed us to obtain a bijection between arbitrary A036991 terms and symmetric A036991 terms which encode symmetric Dyck paths. The bijection generates a forest of unary non-interse…
It is known that both the number of Dyck paths with $2n$ steps and $k$ peaks, and the number of Dyck paths with $2n$ steps and $k$ steps at odd height follow the Narayana distribution. In this paper we present a bijection which explicitly illustrates this equinumeracy. Moreover, we extend this bijection to bilateral Dyck paths. The restriction to Dyck paths preserves the number of contacts.
Here we give two bijections, one to show that the number of UUU-free Dyck n-paths is the Motzkin number M_n, the other to obtain the (known) distributions of the parameters "number of UDUs" and "number of DDUs" on Dyck n-paths. The first bijection is straightforward, the second not quite so obvious.
Dyck tilings are certain tilings in the region surrounded by two Dyck paths. We study bijections and combinatorial objects bijective to Dyck tilings, which include Dyck tiling strip (DTS) and Dyck tiling ribbon (DTR) bijections, increasing and decreasing trees, Hermite histories, Dyck tableaux and tree-like tableaux. Dyck tableaux and tree-like tableaux are originally defined for a zigzag path, or equivalently a permutation. We generalize them to the case of general Dyck paths. We show that the most properties of Dyck tableaux can be generalized to the generic case, and show some enumerative r…
In this paper we introduce a new bijection from the set of Dyck paths to itself. This bijection has the property that it maps statistics that appeared recently in the study of pattern-avoiding permutations into classical statistics on Dyck paths, whose distribution is easy to obtain. We also present a generalization of the bijection, as well as several applications of it to enumeration problems of statistics in restricted permutations.
We present a new bijection between variants of $m$-Dyck paths (paths with steps in $\{+1,-m\}$ starting and ending at height $0$ and remaining at non-negative height), which generalizes a classical bijection between Dyck prefixes and pointed Łukasiewicz paths. As an application, we present a new random sampling procedure for $m$-Dyck paths with a linear time complexity and using a quasi-optimal number of random bits. This outperforms Devroye's algorithm, which uses $\mathcal O(n\log n)$ random bits.
We show bijectively that Dyck paths with all peaks at odd height are counted by the Motzkin numbers and Dyck paths with all peaks at even height are counted by the Riordan numbers.
We construct a bijection between 231-avoiding permutations and Dyck paths that sends the sum of the major index and the inverse major index of a 231-avoiding permutation to the major index of the corresponding Dyck path. Furthermore, we relate this bijection to others and exhibit a bistatistic on 231-avoiding permutations which is related to the q,t-Catalan numbers.
We prove a recent conjecture by René Marczinzik involving certain statistics on Dyck paths that originate in the representation theory of Nakayama algebras of a linearly oriented quiver. We do so by analysing the effect of the Billey-Jockusch-Stanley bijection between Dyck paths and 321-avoiding permutations on these statistics, which was suggested by the result of a query issued to the online database FindStat.
Kim and Drake used generating functions to prove that the number of 2-distant noncrossing matchings, which are in bijection with little Schroeder paths, is the same as the weight of Dyck paths in which downsteps from even height have weight 2. This work presents bijections from those Dyck paths to little Schroeder paths, and from a similar set of Dyck paths to big Schroeder paths. We show the effect of these bijections on the corresponding matchings, find generating functions for two new classes of lattice paths, and demonstrate a relationship with 231-avoiding permutations.
The known bijections on Dyck paths are either involutions or have notoriously intractable cycle structure. Here we present a size-preserving bijection on Dyck paths whose cycle structure is amenable to complete analysis. In particular, each cycle has length a power of 2. A new manifestation of the Catalan numbers as labeled forests crops up enroute as does the Pascal matrix mod 2. We use the bijection to show the equivalence of two known manifestations of the Motzkin numbers. Finally, we consider some statistics on the new Catalan manifestation.
A k-triangulation of a convex polygon is a maximal set of diagonals so that no k+1 of them mutually cross in their interiors. We present a bijection between 2-triangulations of a convex n-gon and pairs of non-crossing Dyck paths of length 2(n-4). This solves the problem of finding a bijective proof of a result of Jonsson for the case k=2. We obtain the bijection by constructing isomorphic generating trees for the sets of 2-triangulations and pairs of non-crossing Dyck paths.
In \cite{BaDeFePi96} the concept of nondecreasing Dyck paths was introduced. We continue this research by looking at it from the point of view of words, rational languages, planted plane trees, and continued fractions. We construct a bijection with planted plane trees of height $\le 4$ and compute various statistics on trees that are the equivalents of nondecreasing Dyck paths.
We give a bijective proof of a conjecture of Regev and Vershik on the equality of two multisets of hook numbers of certain skew-Young diagrams. The bijection proves a result that is stronger and more symmetric than the original conjecture, by means of a construction involving Dyck paths, a particular type of lattice path.
An $n$-multiset of $[k]=\{1,2,\ldots, k\}$ consists of a set of $n$ elements from $[k]$ where each element can be repeated. We present the bivariate generating function for $n$-multisets of $[k]$ with no consecutive elements. For $n=k$, these multisets have the same enumeration as directed animals in the square lattice. Then we give constructive bijections between directed animals, multisets with no consecutive elements and Grand-Dyck paths avoiding the pattern $DUD$, and we show how classical and novel statistics are transported by these bijections.
There are (at least) three bijections from Dyck paths to 321-avoiding permutations in the literature, due to Billey-Jockusch-Stanley, Krattenthaler, and Mansour-Deng-Du. How different are they? Denoting them B,K,M respectively, we show that M = B \circ L = K \circ L' where L is the classical Kreweras-Lalanne involution on Dyck paths and L', also an involution, is a sort of derivative of L. Thus K^{-1} \circ B, a measure of the difference between B and K, is the product of involutions L' \circ L and turns out to be a very curious bijection: as a permutation on Dyck n-paths it is an nth root of …
Progressive and Rushed Dyck Paths
本文通过双射证明Asinowski和Jelinek研究的渐进路径与急促路径具有相同计数序列，并建立急促路径与单侧树的联系，最后讨论相关格路和有向动物的渐近性质。
We introduce a new concept of permutation avoidance pattern called hatted pattern, which is a natural generalization of the barred pattern. We show the growth rate of the class of permutations avoiding a hatted pattern in comparison to barred pattern. We prove that Dyck paths with no peak at height $p$, Dyck paths with no $ud... du$ and Motzkin paths are counted by hatted pattern avoiding permutations in $\s_n(132)$ by showing explicit bijections. As a result, a new direct bijection between Motzkin paths and permutations in $\s_n(132)$ without two consecutive adjacent numbers is given. These p…
Bijections between colored compositions, Dyck paths, and polygon partitions
该研究通过识别并装饰合成、Dyck 路径与凸多边形剖分中的构建块，构造了保持部分且支持彩色情形的双射，从而统一刻画三类组合对象。
Bargraphs are a special class of convex polyominoes. They can be identified with lattice paths with unit steps north, east, and south that start at the origin, end on the $x$-axis, and stay strictly above the $x$-axis everywhere except at the endpoints. Bargraphs, which are used to represent histograms and to model polymers in statistical physics, have been enumerated in the literature by semiperimeter and by several other statistics, using different methods such as the wasp-waist decomposition of Bousquet-Mélou and Rechnitzer, and a bijection with certain Motzkin paths. In this paper we descr…
An area-bounce exchanging bijection on a large subset of Dyck paths
本文针对Dyck路径上交换面积与弹跳统计量的长期开放问题，在指数大的子集上构造了显式双射，并证明其自然性，同时给出存在性等价及和值计数结果。
We present a substantial generalization of the equinumeracy of grand Dyck paths and Dyck-path prefixes, constrained within a band. The number of constrained paths starting at level $i$ and ending in a window of size $2j+2$ is equal to the number starting at level $j$ and ending in a window of size $2i+2$ centered around the same point. A new encoding of lattice paths provides a bijective proof.
We present nine bijections between classes of Dyck paths and classes of standard Young tableaux (SYT). In particular, we consider SYT of flag and rectangular shapes, we give Dyck path descriptions for certain SYT of height at most 3, and we introduce a special class of labeled Dyck paths of semilength $n$ that is shown to be in bijection with the set of all SYT with $n$ boxes. In addition, we present bijections from certain classes of Motzkin paths to SYT. As a natural framework for some of our bijections, we introduce a class of set partitions which in some sense is dual to the known class of…
Cover-inclusive Dyck tilings are tilings of skew Young diagrams with ribbon tiles shaped like Dyck paths, in which tiles are no larger than the tiles they cover. These tilings arise in the study of certain statistical physics models and also Kazhdan--Lusztig polynomials. We give two bijections between cover-inclusive Dyck tilings and linear extensions of tree posets. The first bijection maps the statistic (area + tiles)/2 to inversions of the linear extension, and the second bijection maps the "discrepancy" between the upper and lower boundary of the tiling to descents of the linear extension.
Grand Dyck paths with air pockets (GDAP) are a generalization of Dyck paths with air pockets by allowing them to go below the $x$-axis. We present enumerative results on GDAP (or their prefixes) subject to various restrictions such as maximal/minimal height, ordinate of the last point and particular first return decomposition. In some special cases we give bijections with other known combinatorial classes.
Fibonacci Polyominoes: Refined Enumeration and Dyck-Path Bijections
本文研究 Fibonacci 多联骨牌的按面积和半周长枚举，通过生成函数得到含 Catalan 数的精细公式，并建立与带标签 Dyck 路径的双射，将统计量转化为峰与返回，还研究等高连续列并得到 Motzkin 数控制的精细化。
We give some interpretations to certain integer sequences in terms of parameters on Grand-Dyck paths and coloured noncrossing partitions, and we find some new bijections relating Grand-Dyck paths and signed pattern avoiding permutations. Next we transfer a natural distributive lattice structure on Grand-Dyck paths to coloured noncrossing partitions and signed pattern avoiding permutations, thus showing, in particular, that it is isomorphic to the structure induced by the (strong) Bruhat order on a certain set of signed pattern avoiding permutations.
We exhibit a bijection between 132-avoiding permutations and Dyck paths. Using this bijection, it is shown that all the recently discovered results on generating functions for 132-avoiding permutations with a given number of occurrences of the pattern $12... k$ follow directly from old results on the enumeration of Motzkin paths, among which is a continued fraction result due to Flajolet. As a bonus, we use these observations to derive further results and a precise asymptotic estimate for the number of 132-avoiding permutations of $\{1,2,...,n\}$ with exactly $r$ occurrences of the pattern $12…
We define a map $ν$ between the symmetric group $S_n$ and the set of pairs of Dyck paths of semilength $n$. We show that the map $ν$ is injective when restricted to the set of 1234-avoiding permutations and characterize the image of this map.
We present combinatorial bijections and identities between certain skew Young tableaux, Dyck paths, triangulations, and dissections.
We find a bijection between bi-banded paths and peak-counting paths, applying to two classes of lattice paths including Dyck paths. Thus we find a new interpretation of Narayana numbers as coefficients of weight polynomials enumerating bi-banded Dyck paths, which class of paths has arisen naturally in previous literature in a solution of the stationary state of the `TASEP' stochastic process.
Bijections between Variants of Dyck Paths and Integer Compositions
本研究建立了特定长度的Dyck路径变体与整数分拆间的双射关系，二者均由$4^{n-1}$计数，并借此得到了如同余结果等新的数学联系。
Motivated by independent results of Bizley and Duchon, we study rational Dyck paths and their subset of factor-free elements. On the one hand, we give a bijection between rational Dyck paths and regular Dyck paths with ascents colored by factor-free words. This bijection leads to a new statistic based on the reducibility level of the paths for which we provide a corresponding formula. On the other hand, we prove an inverse relation for certain sequences defined via partial Bell polynomials, and we use it to derive a formula for the enumeration of factor-free words. In addition, we give alterna…
Promotion and rowmotion in rational Catalan combinatorics
本文研究了促进与行运动在有理Catalan组合学中的等价性，通过扩展双射与RSK类对应关系，揭示了 generalized Dyck paths 上的双射性质。
We introduce and study the new combinatorial class of Dyck paths with air pockets. We exhibit a bijection with the peakless Motzkin paths which transports several pattern statistics and give bivariate generating functions for the distribution of patterns as peaks, returns and pyramids. Then, we deduce the popularities and asymptotic expectations of these patterns and point out a link between the popularity of pyramids and a special kind of closed smooth self-overlapping curves, a subset of Fibonacci meanders. A similar study is conducted for non-decreasing Dyck paths with air pockets.
A subfamily of skew Dyck paths related to $k$-ary trees
本文定义盒路径及更一般的 $k$-盒路径，建立其与多元 $(k+2)$ 叉树、$k_t$-Dyck 路径和阈值序列子族的双射，并给出按返回与长上升的精细化枚举。
How many matchings on the vertex set V={1,2,...,2n} avoid a given configuration of three edges? Chen, Deng and Du have shown that the number of matchings that avoid three nesting edges is equal to the number of matchings avoiding three pairwise crossing edges. In this paper, we consider other forbidden configurations of size three. We present a bijection between matchings avoiding three crossing edges and matchings avoiding an edge nested below two crossing edges. This bijection uses non-crossing pairs of Dyck paths of length 2n as an intermediate step. Apart from that, we give a bijection tha…
Bijections and congruences involving lattice paths and integer compositions
该研究通过建立不同变体Dyck路径与整数分拆的新双射，解释计数公式4^{n-1}的组合意义，推导路径同余与分拆奇偶性结果，还揭示其与多个组合数学对象的关联，深化了相关结构认知。
We complete the enumeration of Dumont permutations of the second kind avoiding a pattern of length 4 which is itself a Dumont permutation of the second kind. We also consider some combinatorial statistics on Dumont permutations avoiding certain patterns of length 3 and 4 and give a natural bijection between 3142-avoiding Dumont permutations of the second kind and noncrossing partitions that uses cycle decomposition, as well as bijections between 132-, 231- and 321-avoiding Dumont permutations and Dyck paths. Finally, we enumerate Dumont permutations of the first kind simultaneously avoiding ce…
There is a natural bijection between Dyck paths and basis diagrams of the Temperley-Lieb algebra defined via tiling. Overhang paths are certain generalisations of Dyck paths allowing more general steps but restricted to a rectangle in the two-dimensional integer lattice. We show that there is a natural bijection, extending the above tiling construction, between overhang paths and basis diagrams of the Brauer algebra.
Hypermaps were introduced as an algebraic tool for the representation of embeddings of graphs on an orientable surface. Recently a bijection was given between hypermaps and indecomposable permutations; this sheds new light on the subject by connecting a hypermap to a simpler object. In this paper, a bijection between indecomposable permutations and labelled Dyck paths is proposed, from which a few enumerative results concerning hypermaps and maps follow. We obtain for instance an inductive formula for the number of hypermaps with n darts, p vertices and q hyper-edges; the latter is also the nu…
We introduce a notion of Dyck paths with coloured ascents. For several ways of colouring, we establish bijections between sets of such paths and other combinatorial structures, such as non-crossing trees, dissections of a convex polygon, etc. In some cases enumeration gives new expression for sequences enumerating these structures.
Given a coprime pair $(m,n)$ of positive integers, rational Catalan numbers $\frac{1}{m+n} \binom{m+n}{m,n}$ counts two combinatorial objects:rational $(m,n)$-Dyck paths are lattice paths in the $m\times n$ rectangle that never go below the diagonal; $(m,n)$-cores are partitions with no hook length equal to $m$ or $n$.Anderson established a bijection between $(m,n)$-Dyck paths and $(m,n)$-cores. We define a new transformation, called rank complement, on rational Dyck paths. We show that rank complement corresponds to conjugation of $(m,n)$-cores under Anderson's bijection. This leads to: i) a …
A Dyck path with $2k$ steps and $e$ flaws is a path in the integer lattice that starts at the origin and consists of $k$ many $\nearrow$-steps and $k$ many $\searrow$-steps that change the current coordinate by $(1,1)$ or $(1,-1)$, respectively, and that has exactly $e$ many $\searrow$-steps below the line $y=0$. Denoting by $D_{2k}^e$ the set of Dyck paths with $2k$ steps and $e$ flaws, the Chung-Feller theorem asserts that the sets $D_{2k}^0,D_{2k}^1,\ldots,D_{2k}^k$ all have the same cardinality $\frac{1}{k+1}\binom{2k}{k}=C_k$, the $k$-th Catalan number. The standard combinatorial proof of…
Recently Mansour and Shattuck studied $(k,a)$-paths and gave formulas that relate the total number of humps (peaks) in all $(k,a)$-paths to the number of super $(k,a)$-paths. These results generalize earlier results of Regev on Dyck paths and Motzkin paths. Their proofs are based on generating functions and they asked for bijective proofs for their results. In this paper we first give bijective proofs of Mansour and Shattuck's results, then we extend our study to $(n,m)$-Dyck paths. We give a bijection that relates the total number of peaks in all $(n,m)$-Dyck paths to certain free $(n,m)$-pat…
The Stanley lattice, Tamari lattice and Kreweras lattice are three remarkable orders defined on the set of Catalan objects of a given size. These lattices are ordered by inclusion: the Stanley lattice is an extension of the Tamari lattice which is an extension of the Kreweras lattice. The Stanley order can be defined on the set of Dyck paths of size $n$ as the relation of \emph{being above}. Hence, intervals in the Stanley lattice are pairs of non-crossing Dyck paths. In a former article, the second author defined a bijection $Φ$ between pairs of non-crossing Dyck paths and the realizers of tr…
We exploit Krattenthaler's bijection between 123-avoiding permutations and Dyck paths to determine the Eulerian distribution over the set $S_n(123)$ of 123-avoiding permutations in $S_n$. In particular, we show that the descents of a permutation correspond to valleys and triple falls of the associated Dyck path. We get the Eulerian numbers of $S_n(123)$ by studying the joint distribution of these two statistics on Dyck paths.
There are two bijections from unit interval orders on $n$ elements to Dyck paths from $(0,0)$ to $(n,n)$. One is to consider the pairs of incomparable elements, which form the set of boxes between some Dyck path and the diagonal. Another is to find a particular part listing (in the sense of Guay-Paquet) which yields an isomorphic poset, and to interpret the part listing as the area sequence of a Dyck path. Matherne, Morales, and Selover conjectured that, for any unit interval order, these two Dyck paths are related by Haglund's well-known zeta bijection. In this paper we prove their conjecture…
In this paper we study the number of humps (peaks) in Dyck, Motzkin and Schröder paths. Recently A. Regev noticed that the number of peaks in all Dyck paths of order $n$ is one half of the number of super Dyck paths of order $n$. He also computed the number of humps in Motzkin paths and found a similar relation, and asked for bijective proofs. We give a bijection and prove these results. Using this bijection we also give a new proof that the number of Dyck paths of order $n$ with $k$ peaks is the Narayana number. By double counting super Schröder paths, we also get an identity involving produc…
Restricting Dyck Paths and 312-avoiding Permutations
本文通过限制 Dyck 路径与避免 312 模式排列之间的经典双射，刻画了高度受限且无特定谷的 Dyck 路径，并用 ECO 方法和生产矩阵给出递推枚举，进而得到一族 Catalan 数组合恒等式。
Chen and collaborators give a recursively defined bijection from 021-avoiding ascent sequences to 021-avoiding (aka 132-avoiding) permutations. Here we give an algorithmic bijection from 021-avoiding ascent sequences to Dyck paths. Our bijection does not appear to be closely related to the Chen bijection but, like the Chen bijection, it preserves several interesting statistics.
For any integer $m\ge 2$ and a set $V\subset \{1,\dots,m\}$, let $(m,V)$ denote the union of congruence classes of the elements in $V$ modulo $m$. We study the Hankel determinants for the number of Dyck paths with peaks avoiding the heights in the set $(m,V)$. For any set $V$ of even elements of an even modulo $m$, we give an explicit description of the sequence of Hankel determinants in terms of subsequences of arithmetic progression of integers. There are numerous instances for varied $(m,V)$ with periodic sequences of Hankel determinants. We present a sufficient condition for the set $(m,V)…
We introduce the notion of pattern in the context of lattice paths, and investigate it in the specific case of Dyck paths. Similarly to the case of permutations, the pattern-containment relation defines a poset structure on the set of all Dyck paths, which we call the Dyck pattern poset. Given a Dyck path P, we determine a formula for the number of Dyck paths covered by P, as well as for the number of Dyck paths covering P. We then address some typical pattern-avoidance issues, enumerating some classes of pattern-avoiding Dyck paths. Finally, we offer a conjecture concerning the asymptotic beh…
Using the bijection between partitions and vacillating tableaux, we establish a correspondence between pairs of noncrossing free Dyck paths of length $2n$ and noncrossing partitions of $[2n+1]$ with $n+1$ blocks. In terms of the number of up steps at odd positions, we find a characterization of Dyck paths constructed from pairs of noncrossing free Dyck paths by using the Labelle merging algorithm.
We present a generating function and a closed counting formula in two variables that enumerate a family of classes of permutations that avoid or contain an increasing pattern of length three and have a prescribed number of occurrences of another pattern of length three. This gives a refinement of some previously studied statistics, most notably one by Noonan. The formula is also shown to enumerate a family of classes of Dyck paths and Standard Young Tableaux, and a bijection is given between the corresponding classes of these two families of objects. Finally, the results obtained are used to s…
In this paper, we construct bijections between Dyck paths, noncrossing partitions, and 231-avoiding permutations, which send the area statistic on Dyck paths to the inversion number on noncrossing partitions and on 231-avoiding permutations. This bijection has the additional property that it simultaneously sends the major index on Dyck paths to the sum of the major index and the inverse major index on noncrossing partitions and on 231-avoiding permutations, respectively. Moreover, we provide generalizations of these constructions to the group of signed permutations.
Fuss--Catalan algebras on generalized Dyck paths via non-crossing partitions
本研究通过非交叉划分研究广义Dyck路径上的Fuss–Catalan代数，建立了相关双射与代数表示的相容性，引入带边界的推广形式，并在r=2时得到反射方程的新解。
Dyck paths, binary words, and Grassmannian permutations avoiding an increasing pattern
本文研究避免递增模式的 Grassmannian 排列，通过关联 Dyck 路径和二元词，解决了 Weiner 关于计数避免恒等排列的 Grassmannian 排列的猜想，并细化到奇排列和对合。
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