We extend the holographic Schwinger-Keldysh prescription introduced in arXiv:1812.08785 to charged black branes, with a view towards studying Hawking radiation in these backgrounds. Equivalently we study real-time fluctuations of the dual CFT held at finite temperature and finite chemical potential. We check our prescription using charged Dirac probe fields. We solve the Dirac equation in a boundary derivative expansion extending the results in arXiv:2011.07039. The Schwinger-Keldysh correlators derived using this prescription automatically satisfy the appropriate KMS relations with Fermi-Dirac factors.
We construct effective field theory for SU(2) isospin charge diffusion, based on holographic Schwinger-Keldysh contour arXiv:2008.01269. The holographic model consists of a probe SU(2) gauge field in a doubled Schwarzschild-AdS$_5$ geometry. Accurate to first order in derivative expansion, we analytically compute the effective action up to quartic order in hydrodynamical fields. The effective theory contains both non-Gaussianity for noises and nonlinear interactions between noises and dynamical variables. Moreover, the effective theory captures both thermal and quantum fluctuations, which perf…
Given a thermal field theory for some temperature $β^{-1}$, we construct the theory at an arbitrary temperature $ 1 / β'$. Our work is based on a construction invented by Buchholz and Junglas, which we adapt to thermal field theories. In a first step we construct states which closely resemble KMS states for the new temperature in a local region $Ø_\circ \subset \rr^4$, but coincide with the given KMS state in the space-like complement of a slightly larger region $\hatØ$. By a weak*-compactness argument there always exists a convergent subnet of states as the size of $ Ø_\circ$ and $ \hatØ$ ten…
We describe general features of thermal correlation functions in quantum systems, with specific focus on the fluctuation-dissipation type relations implied by the KMS condition. These end up relating correlation functions with different time ordering and thus should naturally be viewed in the larger context of out-of-time-ordered (OTO) observables. In particular, eschewing the standard formulation of KMS relations where thermal periodicity is combined with time-reversal to stay within the purview of Schwinger-Keldysh functional integrals, we show that there is a natural way to phrase them dire…
We clarify the relation between the recently formulated holographic renormalization group equation and Polchinski's exact renormalization group equation.
In this work we initiate the study of open effective field theories of fermions interacting with holographic baths. As a first step in this direction, we explain how the recently identified holographic Schwinger-Keldysh saddles naturally reproduce the Fermi-Dirac statistics of boundary correlators. We study Dirac fermions propagating in the background of a doubled $AdS_{d+1}$ Schwarzchild blackbrane. We solve for both ingoing (quasi-normal) as well as outgoing (Hawking) modes of the Dirac field in a boundary gradient expansion and compare our findings against exact results in $d=2$. The hologr…
We study the conductivity, susceptibility and diffusion of a strongly coupled quark gluon plasma from the holographic perspective. We calculate general expressions for these quantities in the presence of finite baryon density and show that in this context, for the D3/D7 intersection the Einstein relation holds, providing another non-trivial check of the holographic correspondence at finite temperature.
In the preceding paper, we derived a kind of kinematical holographic relation (KHR) in the Lorentz-covariant Yang's quantized space-time algebra (YSTA). It essentially reflects the fundamental nature of the noncommutative geometry of YSTA and its representation, that is, a definite kinematical reduction of spatial degrees of freedom in comparison with the ordinary lattice space. On the basis of the relation and its extension to various spatial dimensions, we derive a new area-entropy relation in a simple $D_0$ brane gas system subject to YSTA, following the idea of M-theory. Furthermore, we ma…
According to the formal holographic principle, a modification to the assumption of holographic principle in Verlinder's investigation of entropy force is obtained. A more precise relation between entropy and area in the holographic system is proposed. With the entropy corrections to the area-relation, we derivate Newton's laws and Einstein equation with a static spherically symmetric holographic screen. Furthermore we derived the correction terms to the modified Friedmann equation of the FRW universe starting from the holographic principle and the Debye model.
We study the holographic duality between boundary OPE blocks and geodesic integrated bulk fields in quotients of AdS$_3$ dual to excited CFT states. The quotient geometries exhibit non-minimal geodesics between pairs of spacelike separated boundary points which modify the OPE block duality. We decompose OPE blocks into quotient invariant operators and propose a duality with bulk fields integrated over individual geodesics, minimal or non-minimal. We provide evidence for this relationship by studying the monodromy of asymptotic maps that implement the quotients.
We try to find a possible origin of the holographic principle in the Lorentz-covariant Yang's quantized space-time algebra (YSTA). YSTA, which is intrinsically equipped with short- and long-scale parameters, $λ$ and $R$, gives a finite number of spatial degrees of freedom for any bounded spatial region, providing a basis for divergence-free quantum field theory. Furthermore, it gives a definite kinematical reduction of spatial degrees of freedom, compared with the ordinary lattice space. On account of the latter fact, we find a certain kind of kinematical holographic relation in YSTA, which ma…
We point out that an infinite class of Witten diagrams is invariant under a Yangian symmetry. These diagrams are building blocks of holographic correlators and are related by a web of differential recursion relations. We show that Yangian invariance is equivalent to the consistency conditions of the recursion relations.
We investigate the holographic Smarr relation beyond the large N limit. By making use of the holographic dictionary, we find that the bulk correlates of sub-leading 1/N corrections to this relation are related to the couplings in Lovelock gravity theories. We likewise obtain a holographic equation of state, and check its validity for a variety of interesting and non-trivial black holes, including rotating planar black holes in Gauss-Bonnet-Born-Infeld gravity, and non-extremal rotating black holes in minimal 5d gauged supergravity. We provide an explanation of the N-dependence of the holograph…
This thesis reviews the conjectured holographic relation between entanglement and gravity due to Mark van Raamsdonk and collaborators. It is accounted how the linearized Einstein equations both with and without matter in a d+1-dimensional AdS background can be derived from the first law of entanglement entropy in a d-dimensional CFT. This derivation builds on the Ryu-Takayanagi formula that relates entanglement entropy for CFT subsystems to extremal surfaces in the AdS bulk. The relation between gravity and entanglement is also corroborated by a qualitative investigation of the duality between…
We extend the relation between stochstic quantization and Holographic Wilsonian Renormalization Group to the massive fermion case in Euclidean AdS space. The original suggestion about the explicit relation between the two theories is in arXiv:1209.2242. To give a fermion bulk action the Dirichlet boundary condition and the Neumann boundary condition, there are some additional terms to the bulk action. We have confirmed that the relation also hold for massive fermion case.
We investigate a possible inner relation between the familiar Bekenstein-Hawking area-entropy relation and ours presented in a simple $D_0$ brane gas model on the basis of the kinematical holographic relation [KHR] in the Yang's quantized space-time algebra (YSTA). We find out that the relation between them is well understood through the idea of an {\it elementary} Schwarzschild black hole realized on a single $[site]$ of Planckian scale in our scheme. Related arguments possibly explain the origin of a certain kind of universality as seen in $η=1/4$ in the Bekenstein-Hawking relation and lead …
Within holography the DC conductivity can be obtained by solving a system of Stokes equations for an auxiliary fluid living on the black hole horizon. We show that these equations can be derived from a novel variational principle involving a functional that depends on the fluid variables of interest as well as the time reversed quantities. This leads to simple derivation of the Onsager relations for the conductivity. We also obtain the relevant Stokes equations for bulk theories of gravity in four dimensions including a $\vartheta F\wedge F$ term in the Lagrangian, where $\vartheta$ is a funct…
Thermodynamic quantities associated with black holes in Anti-de Sitter space obey an interesting identity when the cosmological constant is included as one of the dynamical variables, the generalized Smarr relation. We show that this relation can easily be understood from the point of view of the dual holographic field theory. It amounts to the simple statement that the extensive thermodynamic quantities of a large $N$ gauge theory only depend on the number of colors, $N$, via an overall factor of $N^2$.
In this work we further extend the investigation of holographic gauge theories in external magnetic fields, continuing earlier work. We study the phenomenon of magnetic catalysis of mass generation in 1+3 and 1+2 dimensions, using D3/D7- and D3/D5-brane systems, respectively. We obtain the low energy effective actions of the corresponding pseudo Goldstone bosons and study their dispersion relations. The D3/D7 system exhibits the usual Gell-Mann--Oakes--Renner (GMOR) relation and a relativistic dispersion relation, while the D3/D5 system exhibits a quadratic non-relativistic dispersion relation…
We investigate the possible inner relation between the familiar Bekenstein-Hawking area-entropy relation and ours presented in a simple $D_0$ brane gas system on the basis of the kinematical holographic relation [KHR] in the Yang's quantized space-time. We find out that the relation between them is well understood through the idea of {\it elementary} Schwarzschild black hole realized on a single $[site]$ of Planckian scale in our scheme. Related arguments explain the origin of a certain kind of universality as seen in $η=1/4$ in the Bekenstein-Hawking relation and lead us to notice the similar…
We have studied holographic Wilsonian renormalization group (HWRG) of free massless fermionic fields in AdS space and its stochastic quantization(SQ) by identifying the Euclidean action with its boundary on-shell action. The natural extension of the relation between stochastic 2-point correlation function and double trace coupling obtained from HWRG computation conjectured in arXiv:1209.2242 to fermionic fields is established. We have confirmed that the stochastic 2-point function precisely captures the radial flow of the double trace coupling via this relation.
We investigate the nucleon's rest mass and dispersion relation in the nuclear medium which is holographically described by the thermal charged AdS geometry. On this background, the chiral condensate plays an important role to determine the nucleon's mass in both the vacuum and the nuclear medium. It also significantly modifies the nucleon's dispersion relation. The nucleon's mass in the high density regime increases with density as expected, while in the low density regime it slightly decreases. We further study the splitting of the nucleon's masses caused by the isospin interaction with the n…
We study the issue of gauge-invariant observables in d=4, N=4 noncommutative gauge theory and UV-IR relation therein. We show that open Wilson lines form a complete set of gauge invariant operators, which are local in momentum space and, depending on their size, exhibit two distinct behaviors of the UV-IR relation. We next study these properties in a proposed dual description in terms of supergravity and find agreement.
We discuss a derivation of the quadratic in fields part of action of bottom-up holographic models from some general properties of the large-Nc limit in QCD.
Supersymmetric higher derivative gravities define superconformal field theories via the AdS/CFT correspondence. From the boundary theory viewpoint, supersymmetry implies a relation between the coefficients which determine the three point function of the stress energy tensor which can be tested in the dual gravitational theory. We use this relation to formulate a necessary condition for the supersymmetrization of higher derivative gravitational terms. We then show that terms quadratic in the Riemann tensor do not present obstruction to supersymmetrization, while generic higher order terms do. F…
Motivated by the Son-Yamamoto (SY) relation which connects the three point and two-point correlators we consider the holographic RG flows in the bottom-up approach to holographic QCD via the Hamilton-Jacobi (HJ) equation with respect to the radial coordinate . It is shown that the SY relation is diagonal with respect to the RG flow in the 5d YM-CS model while the RG equation acquires the inhomogeneous term in the model with the additional scalar field which encodes the chiral condensate.
We study relation between stochastic quantization and holographic Wilsonian renormalization group flow. Considering stochastic quantization of the boundary on-shell actions with the Dirichlet boundary condition for certain $AdS$ bulk gravity theories, we find that the radial flows of double trace deformations in the boundary effective actions are completely captured by stochastic time evolution with identification of the $AdS$ radial coordinate `$r$' with the stochastic time '$t$' as $r=t$. More precisely, we investigate Langevin dynamics and find an exact relation between radial flow of the d…
I briefly review the theory of Holographic Space-time and its relation to the cosmological constant problem, and the breaking of supersymmetry (SUSY). When combined with some simple phenomenological requirements, these ideas lead to a fairly unique model for Tera-scale physics, which implies direct gauge mediation of SUSY breaking and a model for dark matter as a hidden sector baryon, with nonzero magnetic dipole moment.
We study the relationship between charge density (ρ) and chemical potential (μ) for an array of Lorentz invariant 3 + 1 dimensional holographic field theories with the minimal structure of a conserved charge. The systems considered include Dp-Dq probe brane constructions and probe and backreacted 'bottom-up' models with gauge and scalar fields. In all cases, at large density, the relationship is well modelled by a power law behaviour of the form ρ $\propto$ μ^α. A variety of powers α are found in the brane systems while in most of the bottom-up models α is determined by the underlying conforma…
The Goldstone theorem implies the appearance of an ungapped mode whenever a continuous global symmetry is spontaneously broken. In general it does not say anything about the precise form of the dispersion relation nor does it imply that there is one massless mode for each broken symmetry generator. It is a well-established fact that even for relativistic field theories in the presence of a chemical potential Goldstone modes with quadratic dispersion relation, the type II Goldstone bosons, appear in the spectrum. We develop two holographic models that feature type II Goldstone modes as part of …
The gravitational Lagrangian can be written as a summation of a bulk and a total derivative term. For some theories of gravity such as Einstein gravity, or more general Lovelock gravities, there are Lagrangian holographic relations between the bulk and the total derivative term such that the latter is fully determined by the former. However at the $D\rightarrow 2\&4$ limit, the bulks of Einstein or Gauss-Bonnet theories become themselves total derivatives. Performing the Kaluza-Klein reduction on Einstein and Gauss-Bonnet gravities gives rise to some two-dimensional or four-dimensional scalar-…
Based on Son-Yamamoto relation obtained for transverse part of triangle axial anomaly in ${\rm QCD}_4$, we derive its analog in two-dimensional system. It connects the transverse part of mixed vector-axial current two-point function with diagonal vector and axial current two-point functions. Being fully non-perturbative, this relation may be regarded as anomaly matching for conductivities or certain transport coefficients depending on the system. We consider the holographic RG flows in holographic Yang-Mills-Chern-Simons theory via the Hamilton-Jacobi equation with respect to the radial coordi…
We study cosmological applications of the holographic energy density. Considering the holographic energy density as a dynamical cosmological constant, we need the Brans-Dicke theory as a dynamical framework instead of general relativity. In this case we use the Bianchi identity as a consistency relation to obtain physical solutions. It is shown that the future event horizon as the IR cutoff provides the dark energy in the Brans-Dicke theory. Furthermore the role of the Brans-Dicke scalar is clarified in the dark energy-dominated universe by calculating its equation of state.
Using the relation between diffeomorphisms in the bulk and Weyl transformations on the boundary we study the Weyl transformation properties of the bulk metric on shell and of the boundary action. We obtain a universal formula for one of the classes of trace anomalies in any even dimension in terms of the parameters of the gravity action.
Purely GHZ-like entanglement is forbidden in holography
University of Pennsylvania（宾夕法尼亚大学）；Vrije Universiteit Brussel（布鲁塞尔自由大学）；International Solvay Institutes（国际索尔维研究所）；University of Oxford（牛津大学）；Texas A&M University（德克萨斯农工大学）；Durham University（杜伦大学）
In this paper, we will propose a universal relation between the holographic complexity (dual to a volume in AdS) and the holographic entanglement entropy (dual to an area in AdS). We will explicitly demonstrate that our conjuncture hold for all a metric asymptotic to AdS$_3$, and then argue that such a relation should hold in general due to the AdS version of the Cavalieri principle. We will demonstrate that it holds for Janus solution, which have been recently been obtained in type IIB string theory. We will also show that this conjecture holds for a circular disk. This conjecture will be use…
A simple derivation of the bound on entropy is given and the holographic principle is discussed. We estimate the number of quantum states inside space region on the base of uncertainty relation. The result is compared with the Bekenstein formula for entropy bound, which was initially derived from the generalized second law of thermodynamics for black holes. The holographic principle states that the entropy inside a region is bounded by the area of the boundary of that region. This principle can be called the kinematical holographic principle. We argue that it can be derived from the dynamical …
We derive a holographic prediction of the deconfinement temperature $T_c$ at vanishing chemical potential within a simplest AdS/QCD model with dynamical dilaton. Our analysis leads to a linear relation between $T_c^4$ and the gluon condensate. After normalizing this relation to the lattice data for $SU(3)$ pure gauge theory, the standard phenomenological value of gluon condensate from QCD sum rules leads to the prediction $T_c=156$ MeV which is in a perfect agreement with the modern lattice results and freeze-out temperature measured by the ALICE Collaboration.
The Crewther-Broadhurst-Kataev (CBK) relation connects the Bjorken function for deep-inelastic sum rules (or the Gross - Llewellyn Smith function) with the Adler function for electron-positron annihilation in QCD; it has been checked to hold up to four loops in perturbation theory. Here we study non-perturbative terms in the CBK relation using a holographic dual theory that is believed to capture properties of QCD. We show that for the large invariant momenta the perturbative CBK relation is exactly satisfied. For the small momenta non-perturbative corrections enter the relation and we calcula…
We obtain the classical holographic relation for the general Lovelock gravity and decompose the full Lagrangian into the bulk term and the surface term, expressed as a total derivative $\partial_μJ^μ$. By classical holographic relation, we mean that $J^μ$ is determined completely by the bulk term. We find that the bulk term is not degenerate, or first-order in this foliation-independent approach. We then consider the Arnowitt-Deser-Misner (ADM) formalism where the foliation coordinate $w$ is treated as special. We obtain the classical holographic-degenerate relation with the first-order bulk t…
For strongly interacting systems holographic duality is a powerful framework for computing e.g. dispersion relations to all orders in perturbation theory. Using the standard Reissner-Nordstöm black hole as a holographic model for a (strange) metal, we obtain exotic dispersion relations for both plasmon modes and quasinormal modes for certain intermediate values of the charge of the black hole. The obtained dispersion relations show dissipative behavior which we compare to the generic expectations from the Caldeira-Leggett model for quantum dissipation. Based on these considerations, we investi…
The holographic complexity of a 3+1-dimensional Lifshitz spacetime having a scaling symmetry is computed. The change in the holographic complexity between the excited state and the ground state is then obtained. This is then related to the changes in the energy and the entanglement chemical potential of the system. The calculation is carried out for both the values of the dynamical scaling exponent z in the Lifshitz spacetime. The relations has a very similar form to the corresponding relation involving the change in entanglement entropy known to be an analogous relation to the first law of th…
We investigate the implications of the entropic force formalism proposed by Verlinde. We show that an UV/IR relation proposed by Cohen et al, as well as an uncertainty principle proposed by Hogan can be derived from the entropic force formalism. We show that applying the entropic force formalism to cosmology, there is an additional term in the Friedmann equation, which can be identified as holographic dark energy. We also propose an intuitive picture of holographic screen, which can be thought of as an improvement of Susskind's holographic screen.
In this paper, we show universal relations among the transport coefficients by calculating the electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity and thermo-electric conductivity in the presence of a chemical potential and magnetic fields for Einstein-Maxwell-dilaton-axion system in arbitrary but even dimensional bulk spacetime as well as for Einstein-DBI-dilaton-axion system in $3+1$ dimensional bulk spacetime. Moreover, we have also obtained a new hyperscale violating black hole solution with finite charge density and magnetic fields but with a trivial dilaton field at IR.
We describe a new exact relation for large $N_c$ QCD for the long-distance behavior of baryon form factors in the chiral limit. This model-independent relation is used to test the consistency of the structure of several baryon models. All 4D semiclassical chiral soliton models satisfy the relation, as does the Pomarol-Wulzer holographic model of baryons as 5D Skyrmions. However, remarkably, we find that the holographic model treating baryons as instantons in the Sakai-Sugimoto model does not satisfy the relation.
We consider higher derivative gravity and obtain universal relations for the shape coefficients $(f_a, f_b, f_c)$ of the shape dependent universal part of the Rényi entropy for four dimensional CFTs in terms of the parameters $(c, t_2, t_4)$ of two-point and three-point functions of stress tensors. As a consistency check, these shape coefficients $f_a$ and $f_c$ satisfy the differential relation as derived previously for the Rényi entropy. Interestingly, these holographic relations also apply to weakly coupled conformal field theories such as theories of free fermions and vectors but are viola…
It is well known that, in single clock inflation, the curvature perturbation $ζ$ is constant in time on superhorizon scales. In the standard bulk description this follows quite simply from the local conservation of the energy momentum tensor in the bulk. On the other hand, in a holographic description, the constancy of the curvature perturbation must be related to the properties of the RG flow in the boundary theory. Here, we show that, in single clock holographic inflation, the time independence of correlators of $ζ$ follows from the cut-off independence of correlators of the energy momentum …
It is known that the $(a,c)$ central charges in four-dimensional CFTs are linear combinations of the three independent OPE coefficients of the stress-tensor three-point function. In this paper, we adopt the holographic approach using AdS gravity as an effect field theory and consider higher-order corrections up to and including the cubic Riemann tensor invariants. We derive the holographic central charges and OPE coefficients and show that they are invariant under the metric field redefinition. We further discover a hidden relation among the OPE coefficients that two of them can be expressed i…
Recent studies of holographic properties of massless higher-order gravities, whose linear spectrum contains only the (massless) graviton, yielded some universal relations in $d=4$ dimensions between the holographic $a$, $c$ charges and the overall coefficient factor ${\cal C}_T$ of the energy-momentum tensor two-point function, namely $c=\frac{1}{d-1} \ell\frac{\partial a}{\partial \ell}={\cal C}_T$, where $\ell$ is the AdS radius. The second equality was shown to be valid in all dimensions. In this paper, we establish the first equality in $d=6$ by examining these quantities from $D=7$ higher…
We explore the structure of holographic entropy relations (associated with 'information quantities' given by a linear combination of entanglement entropies of spatial sub-partitions of a CFT state with geometric bulk dual). Such entropy relations can be recast in multiple ways, some of which have significant advantages. Motivated by the already-noted simplification of entropy relations when recast in terms of multipartite information, we explore additional simplifications when recast in a new basis, which we dub the K-basis, constructed from perfect tensor structures. For the fundamental infor…
It is believed that a primary principle of the theory of quantum gravity is the Holographic Principle according to which a physical system can be described only by degrees of freedom living on its boundary. The generalized covariant formulation of the principle considers the entropy content on truncated light-sheets: light-like hypersurfaces of non-positive expansion orthogonally generated from a boundary. When we construct the truncated light-sheets for cosmological observers we find a general expression for the minimum cosmic time interval from the apparent horizon to verify the holographic …
