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arXiv 2009.09810astro-ph.SR
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太阳黑子计数中的不确定性量化

Uncertainty quantification in sunspot counts

Sophie Mathieu, Véronique Delouille, Laure Lefèvre, Christian Ritter, Rainer von Sachs

摘要:

观测和计算太阳黑子是历史最悠久的科学实验之一,第一次观测可以追溯到伽利略和望远镜的发明。今天,太阳黑子数(SN)时间序列在大范围的物理模型中充当太阳活动的基准。然而,仍然缺乏适合时间序列复杂性质的适当统计模型。在这项工作中,我们提供了第一个全面的太阳黑子计数的不确定性量化分析。我们的兴趣在于以下三个组成部分:黑子数($N_s$),太阳黑子群数($N_g$)和复合$N_c$,定义为$N_c:=N_s+10N_g$。这些数据由世界各地的天文台网络报告,并被各种类型的错误所破坏。我们使用一个乘法的框架,为三个组件中的每一个,在各种制度(短期,长期,太阳活动的最小值)的误差分布的估计。我们还提出了一个强大的估计器的基础太阳能信号和适合的密度分布,考虑到固有的特性,如过度分散,多余的零,和多模式。对构成复合$N_c$基础的太阳信号的估计可以被视为国际太阳黑子数(ISN)的可靠版本,ISN是广泛用作太阳活动代理的量。因此,我们对$N_c$的研究结果也可以用来描述ISN的不确定性。我们的研究结果为未来准实时监测观测站铺平了道路,目的是在观测者开始偏离网络时提醒他们,并防止网络中发生大的漂移。

英文摘要:

Observing and counting sunspots constitutes one of the longest-running scientific experiment, with first observations dating back to Galileo and the invention of the telescope around 1610. Today the sunspot number (SN) time series acts as a benchmark of solar activity in a large range of physical models. An appropriate statistical modelling, adapted to the time series' complex nature, is however still lacking. In this work, we provide the first comprehensive uncertainty quantification analysis of sunspot counts. Our interest lies in the following three components: the number of spots ($N_s$), the number of sunspot groups ($N_g$), and the composite $N_c$, defined as $N_c:=N_s+10N_g$. Those are reported by a network of observatories around the world, and are corrupted by errors of various types. We use a multiplicative framework to provide, for each of the three components, an estimation of their error distribution in various regimes (short-term, long-term, minima of solar activity). We also propose a robust estimator for the underlying solar signal and fit a density distribution that takes into account intrinsic characteristics such as over-dispersion, excess of zeros, and multiple modes. The estimation of the solar signal underlying the composite $N_c$ may be seen as a robust version of the International Sunspot Number (ISN), a quantity widely used as a proxy of solar activity. Therefore our results on $N_c$ may serve to characterize the uncertainty on ISN as well. Our results paves the way for a future monitoring of the observatories in quasi-real time, with the aim to alert the observers when they start deviating from the network and prevent large drifts from occurring in the network.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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