Alev Meral
We describe each multiple curve on the orientable surface of genus-$g$ with $n$ punctures and one boundary component by using this multiple curve's geometric intersection number with the embedded curves in this surface.
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For a closed 4-manifold $X$ and a knot $K$ in the boundary of punctured $X$, we define $γ_X^0(K)$ to be the smallest first Betti number of non-orientable and null-homologous surfaces in punctured $X$ with boundary $K$. Note that $γ^0_{S^4}$ is equal to the non-orientable 4-ball genus and hence $γ^0_X$ is a generalization of the non-orientable 4-ball genus. While it is very likely that for given $X$, $γ^0_X$ has no upper bound, it is difficult to show it. In fact, even in the case of $γ^0_{S^4}$, its non-boundedness was shown for the first time by Batson in 2012. In this paper, we prove that fo…
Pseudo-Anosov homeomorphisms of punctured non-orientable surfaces with small stretch factor
本文证明了不可定向曲面上伪 Anosov 同胚的最小伸缩因子渐近阶为 $\ rac{1}{g}$，将 Yazdi 的工作推广至不可定向情形，并详述了不可定向 3-流形的 Thurston 纤维面理论。
Non-orientable genus of a knot in punctured $\mathbb{C}P ^2$
本文利用纽结符号差与1-手术所得同调球的Heegaard Floer d不变量，建立穿孔nCP²中不可定向零调曲面第一Betti数的下界，并据此构造任意给定下界的纽结。
Let $N_{g,n}$ denote the closed non-orientable surface of genus $g$ with $n$ punctures and let ${\mathcal N}_{g,n}$ denote the mapping class group of $N_{g,n}$. Szepietowski showed that ${\mathcal N}_{g,n}$ is generated by finitely many involutions. The number of elements in his generating set depends linearly on $g$ and $n$. In the case of $n=0$, Szepietowski found an involution generating set in such a way that the number of its elements does not depend on $g$, showing that ${\mathcal N}_{g,0}$ is generated by four involutions. In this thesis, for $n \geq 0$, we prove that ${\mathcal N}_{g,n…
A spine for the decorated Teichmüller space of a punctured non-orientable surface
本文为带穿孔非可定向曲面的装饰 Teichmüller 空间构造骨架，证明形变收缩关于纯映射类群等变，并给出单穿孔情形下最小维数的真作用分类空间模型。
Let $N_{g,n}$ be an $n$--punctured non--orientable surface of genus $g$ with one boundary component. For $g\geq 2$ one of the generators of the mapping class group of $N_{g,n}$ is a crosscap transposition. We give explicit formulae for the action of crosscap transpositions and their inverses on the set of multicurves in $N_{g,n}$ in terms of generalized Dynnikov coordinates.
Strong Topological Rigidity of Non-Compact Orientable Surfaces
本文证明了除平面和穿孔平面外的所有非紧致可定向曲面在强意义上具有拓扑刚性，即其间的真同伦等价映射必真同伦于同胚。
Let $Σ$ be a complete finite-area orientable hyperbolic surface with one cusp, and let $\mathcal{R}$ be the space of complete geodesic rays in $Σ$ emanating from the puncture. Then there is a natural action of the mapping class group of $Σ$ on $\mathcal{R}$. We show that this action is "almost everywhere" wandering.
Systems of curves on non-orientable surfaces
本文研究不可定向曲面上最大完全1-环链系统与弧系统的基数，证明其阶为 $\sim |χ|^{2}$，并给出穿孔射影平面的精确基数及弧系统基数公式。
Let $N$ be a closed orientable connected $n$-manifold, $n\ge 4$. We classify embeddings of the punctured manifold $N_0$ into $\R^{2n-1}$ up to isotopy. Our result in some sense extends results of J.C. Becker -- H.H. Glover (1971) and O. Saeki (1999).
In this paper we compute the automorphism groups $\operatorname{Aut}(\mathbf{P}_n(Σ))$ and $\operatorname{Aut}(\mathbf{B}_n(Σ))$ of braid groups $\mathbf{P}_n(Σ)$ and $\mathbf{B}_n(Σ)$ on every orientable surface $Σ$, which are isomorphic to group extensions of the extended mapping class group $\mathcal{M}^*_n(Σ)$ by the transvection subgroup except for a few cases. We also prove that $\mathbf{P}_n(Σ)$ is always a characteristic subgroup of $\mathbf{B}_n(Σ)$ unless $Σ$ is a twice-punctured sphere and $n=2$.
The proper geometric dimension of the mapping class groups of non-orientable surfaces with punctures
本文研究带孔洞非可定向曲面完全映射类群的proper几何维数，证明其与虚拟上同调维数在除有限低复杂度情形外一致，并给出例外情形的显式界。
Let F a closed connected orientable surface bounding a genus g handlebody H. In this paper we find a finite set of generators for the subgroup E(2,g) of the pure mapping class group of the twice punctured torus PMCG(2,g), consisting of the isotopy classes of homeomorphisms of F which admit an extension to H keeping a properly embedded trivial arc fixed. This subgroup turns out to be important for the study of knots in closed 3-manifolds via (g,1)-decomposition. In fact, the knots represented by the isotopy classes belonging to the same left cosets of E(2,g) in PMCG(2,g) are equivalent.
We prove that the ending lamination space of the five-punctured sphere is homeomorphic to the Noebeling curve.
We derive two types of linearity conditions for mapping class groups of orientable surfaces: one for once-punctured surface, and the other for closed surface, respectively. For the once-punctured case, the condition is described in terms of the action of the mapping class group on the deformation space of linear representations of the fundamental group of the corresponding closed surface. For the closed case, the condition is described in terms of the vector space generated by the isotopy classes of essential simple closed curves on the corresponding surface. The latter condition also describe…
Let Mod(Sigma_{g, p}) denote the mapping class group of a connected orientable surface of genus g with p punctures. For every even integer p \geq 10 and g \geq 14, we prove that Mod(Sigma_{g, p}) can be generated by three involutions. If the number of punctures p is odd and \geq 9, we show that Mod(Sigma_{g, p}) for g \geq 13 can be generated by four involutions. Moreover, we show that for an even integer p \geq 4 and 3 \leq g \geq 6, Mod(Sigma_{g, p}) can be generated by four involutions.
In this paper we provide a classification of fundamental group elements representing simple closed curves on the punctured Klein bottle, Similar to the Birman-Series classification of curves on the punctured torus[1]. In the process, an explicit description of the mapping class group is given. We then apply this to give a counterexample the simple loop conjecture for representations from the Klein bottle group to PGL(2,R).
Uniqueness of Maximal Curve Systems on Punctured Projective Planes
本文研究穿孔射影平面上极大1-系统的唯一性，证明其唯一性成立当且仅当穿孔数不超过五。
Hensel-Przytycki-Webb proved that all curve graphs of orientable surfaces are 17-hyperbolic. In this paper, we show that curve graphs of non-orientable surfaces are 17-hyperbolic by applying Hensel-Przytycki-Webb's argument. We also show that arc graphs of non-orientable surfaces are 7-hyperbolic, and arc-curve graphs of (non-)orientable surfaces are 9-hyperbolic.
We give a recipe to compute the geometric intersection number of an integral lamination with a particular type of integral lamination on an n-times punctured disk. This provides a way to find the geometric intersection number of two arbitrary integral laminations when combined with an algorithm of Dynnikov and Wiest.
The mapping class group $Γ^k(N_g)$ of a non-orientable surface with punctures is studied via classical homotopy theory of configuration spaces. In particular, we obtain a non-orientable version of the Birman exact sequence. In the case of $\mathbb R {\rm P}^2$, we analize the Serre spectral sequence of a fiber bundle $F_k(\mathbb R {\rm P}^2)/Σ_k \to X_k \to BSO(3)$ where $X_k$ is a $K(Γ^k(\mathbb R {\rm P}^2),1)$ and $F_k(\mathbb R {\rm P}^2)/Σ_k$ denotes the configuration space of unordered $k$-tuples of distinct points in $\mathbb R {\rm P}^2$. As a consequence, we express the mod-2 cohomol…
We study filling sets of simple closed curves on punctured surfaces. In particular we study lower bounds on the cardinality of sets of curves that fill and that pairwise intersect at most k times on surfaces with given genus and number of punctures. We are able to establish orders of growth for even k and show that for odd k the orders of growth behave differently. We also study the corresponding questions when one requires that the curves be represented as systoles on hyperbolic complete finite area surfaces.
We give asymptotic bounds for the optimal Lipschitz constants for the systole map from the Teichmuller space to the curve complex. We give similar results to those known for closed surfaces in the cases when the genus is fixed or the ratio of genus and punctures is a rational number.
Large 1-systems of Curves in Non-orientable Surfaces
本文将 Malestein-Rivin-Theran 的构造推广到非可定向曲面，给出了一般非可定向曲面中两两相交至多一次的曲线最大数量的下界。
We show that an immersed thrice-punctured sphere in a cusped orientable hyperbolic 3-manifold is either embedded or has a single clasp in a manifold obtained by hyperbolic Dehn filling on a cusp of the Whitehead link complement.
A rigid set in a curve complex of a surface is a subcomplex such that every locally injective simplicial map from the set into the curve complex is induced by a homeomorphism of the surface. In this paper, we find finite rigid sets in the curve complexes of connected non-orientable surfaces of genus $g$ with $n$ holes for $g+n \neq 4$.
Geometric filling curves on punctured surfaces
本文研究完备有限面积双曲曲面上闭测地线与正交测地线的定量稠密性，给出了给定紧集上$\varepsilon$-稠密的最短闭测地线与最短双截断正交测地线的长度上界。
We prove that there is a true asymptotic formula for the number of one sided simple closed curves of length $\leq L$ on any Fuchsian real projective plane with three points removed. The exponent of growth is independent of the hyperbolic structure, and it is noninteger, in contrast to counting results of Mirzakhani for simple closed curves on orientable Fuchsian surfaces.
We study earthquake deformations on Teichmüller space associated with simple closed curves of the once-punctured torus. We describe two methods to get an explicit form of the earthquake deformation for any simple closed curve. The first method is rooted in linear recurrence relations, the second in hyperbolic geometry. The two methods align, providing both an algebraic and geometric interpretation of the earthquake deformations. We convert the expressions to other coordinate systems for Teichmüller space to examine earthquake deformations further. Two families of curves are used as examples. E…
It was shown by Fock, Goncharov and Fomin, Shapiro, Thurston that some cluster algebras arise from triangulated orientable suraces. Subsequently Dupont and Palesi generalised this construction to include unpunctured non-orientable surfaces, giving birth to quasi-cluster algebras. Previously we linked this framework to Lam and Pylyavskyy's Laurent phenomenon algebras, showing that unpunctured surfaces admit an LP structure. In this paper we extend quasi-cluster algebras to include punctured surfaces. Moreover, by adding laminations to the surface we demonstrate that all punctured and unpuncture…
We address the problem of computing bounds for the self-intersection number (the minimum number of self-intersection points) of members of a free homotopy class of curves in the doubly-punctured plane as a function of their combinatorial length L; this is the number of letters required for a minimal description of the class in terms of the standard generators of the fundamental group and their inverses. We prove that the self-intersection number is bounded above by L^2/4 + L/2 - 1, and that when L is even, this bound is sharp; in that case there are exactly four distinct classes attaining that…
We study the action of the mapping class group M(F) on the complex of curves of a non-orientable surface F. We obtain, by using a result of K. S. Brown, a presentation for M(F) defined in terms of the mapping class groups of the complementary surfaces of collections of curves, provided that F is not sporadic, i.e. the complex of curves of F is simply connected. We also compute a finite presentation for the mapping class group of each sporadic surface.
Length of Filling Pairs on Punctured Surface
本文研究一次穿孔双曲曲面上填充对的长度，得到了仅依赖曲面拓扑性质的填充对长度下界。
Detecting Free Products in the Mapping Class Group of Punctured Disks via Dynnikov Coordinates
本文证明了穿孔圆盘上定义完全划分的对立曲线的 Dehn 扭转生成自由群或阿贝尔群自由积，并提出基于 Dynnikov 坐标的算法来判定完全划分并揭示自由积的精确结构。
The minimum number of self-intersection points for members of a free homotopy class of curves on the punctured torus is bounded above in terms of the number L of letters required for a minimal description of the class in terms of the generators of the fundamental group and their inverses: it is less than or equal to (L-2)^2/4 if L is even, and (L-1)(L-3)/4 if L is odd. The classes attaining this bound are explicitly described in terms of the generators; there are (L-2)^2 + 4 of them if L is even, and 2(L-1)(L-3) + 8 if L is odd; similar descriptions and totals are given for classes with self-i…
The Maskit embedding M of a surface Σis the space of geometrically finite groups on the boundary of quasifuchsian space for which the `top' end is homeomorphic to Σ, while the `bottom' end consists of two triply punctured spheres, the remains of Σwhen two fixed disjoint curves have been pinched. As such representations vary in the character variety, the conformal structure on the top side varies over the Teichmüller space T(Σ). We investigate M when Σis a twice punctured torus, using the method of pleating rays. Fix a projective measure class [μ] supported on closed curves on Σ. The pleating r…
Minimal Generation of Mapping Class Groups: A Survey of the Orientable Case
本文综述了可定向面映射类群的最小生成问题，探讨了从经典结果到最新突破的生成集发展，包括通过三个反交换元生成特定面群的最新结果。
The construction of integer linking numbers of closed curves in a three-dimensional manifold usually appeals to the orientation of this manifold. We discuss how to avoid it constructing similar homotopy invariants of links in non-orientable manifolds.
A Heegaard splitting of a closed, orientable three-manifold satisfies the disjoint curve property if the splitting surface contains an essential simple closed curve and each handlebody contains an essential disk disjoint from this curve [Thompson, 1999]. A splitting is full if it does not have the disjoint curve property. This paper shows that in a closed, orientable three-manifold all splittings of sufficiently large genus have the disjoint curve property. From this and a solution to the generalized Waldhausen conjecture it would follow that any closed, orientable three manifold contains only…
Exact curve counting of given word length on the once-punctured torus
针对带一个孔的环面，研究人员得出映射类群轨道内给定字长曲线数的精确公式，解决了Cha在2016年提出的相关猜想。
A fast algorithm for counting intersections of two normal curves on a triangulated surface is proposed. It yields a convenient way for treating mapping class groups of punctured surfaces by presenting mapping classes by matrices, and the composition by an exotic matrix multiplication. An efficient solution of the word problem for mapping class groups of punctured surfaces is proposed, with efficiency understood in a more restrictive way than the most common one.
In this short note, we construct a minimally intersecting pair of simple closed curves that fill a genus 2 surface with an odd, greater than 3, number of punctures. This finishes the determination of minimally intersecting filling pairs for all surfaces completing the work of Aougab-Huang and Aougab-Taylor.
We introduce a Lie algebra associated with a non-orientable surface, which is an analogue for the Goldman Lie algebra of an oriented surface. As an application, we deduce an explicit formula of the Dehn twist along an annulus simple closed curve on the surface as in Kawazumi-Kuno and Masseyeau-Turaev.
The main results of the paper is that we give a characteristics for an annulus sum and a once-punctured torus sum of two handlebodies to be a handlebody as follows: 1. The annulus sum $H=H_1\cup_A H_2$ of two handlebodies $H_1$ and $H_2$ is a handlebody if and only if the core curve of $A$ is a longitude for either $H_1$ or $H_2$. 2. Let $H=H_1\cup_T H_2$ be a surface sum of two handlebodies $H_1$ and $H_2$ along a once-punctured torus $T$. Suppose that $T$ is incompressible in both $H_1$ and $H_2$. Then $H$ is a handlebody if and only if the there exists a collection $\{δ, σ\}$ of simple clos…
In this paper we consider type-preserving representations of the fundamental group of the three--holed projective plane into $\mathrm{PGL}(2, \R) =\mathrm{Isom}(\HH^2)$ and study the connected components with non-maximal euler class. We show that in euler class zero for all such representations there is a one simple closed curve which is non-hyperbolic, while in euler class $\pm 1$ we show that there are $6$ components where all the simple closed curves are sent to hyperbolic elements and $2$ components where there are simple closed curves sent to non-hyperbolic elements. This answer a questio…
Single self-intersection words on the once-punctured torus and their counting
研究单孔环面上单自交闭曲线，从组合角度分类，借此确定给定单词长度且自交数为零、一及任意数的闭曲线数量。
We study the ideal triangulation graph $T(S)$ of a punctured surface $S$ of finite type. We show that if $S$ is not the sphere with at most three punctures or the torus with one puncture, then the natural map from the extended mapping class group of $S$ into the simplicial automorphism group of $T(S)$ is an isomorphism. We also show that under the same conditions on $S$, the graph $T(S)$ equipped with its natural simplicial metric is not Gromov hyperbolic. Thus, from the point of view of Gromov hyperbolicity, the situation of $T(S)$ is different from that of the curve complex of $S$.
The level $2$ mapping class group of an orientable closed surface can be generated by squares of Dehn twists about non-separating curves. On the other hand, the level $2$ mapping class group $\mathcal{M}_2(N_g)$ of a non-orientable closed surface $N_g$ can not be generated by only Dehn twists, and so it can not be generated by squares of Dehn twists about non-separating curves. In this paper, we prove that the Dehn twist subgroup of $\mathcal{M}_2(N_g)$ can not be generated by squares of Dehn twists about non-separating curves either. As an application, we give a finite generating set for the …
$\mathbb{Z}_2$-Thurston norm in Sol manifolds and embeddability of non-orientable surfaces
本文研究Sol流形中Z₂-Thurston规范的计算方法，并确定非定向闭曲面在其中的可嵌入性条件。
Computing shortest closed curves on non-orientable surfaces
本文研究不可定向曲面上最短不可分离简单闭曲线的计算问题，证明了计算最短定向曲线是NP困难但固定参数可解的，并给出了计算非定向曲线的多项式对数时间算法，同时开发了基于定向曲线的规范环系变体等独立工具。
Let $Σ_{g,b}$ denote a closed orientable surface of genus $g$ with $b$ punctures and let $\rm Mod(Σ_{\textit{g,b}})$ denote its mapping class group. In [Luo] Luo proved that if the genus is at least 3, $\rm Mod(Σ_{\textit{g,b}})$ is generated by involutions. He also asked if there exists a universal upper bound, independent of genus and the number of punctures, for the number of torsion elements/involutions needed to generate $\rm Mod(Σ_{\textit{g,b}})$. Brendle and Farb [BF] gave an answer in the case of $g\geq 3, b=0$ and $g\geq 4, b=1$, by describing a generating set consisting of 6 involut…
We study the cluster categories arising from marked surfaces (with punctures and non-empty boundaries). By constructing skewed-gentle algebras, we show that there is a bijection between tagged curves and string objects. Applications include interpreting dimensions of $\operatorname{Ext}^1$ as intersection numbers of tagged curves and Auslander-Reiten translation as tagged rotation. An important consequence is that the cluster(-tilting) exchange graphs of such cluster categories are connected.
Two free homotopy classes of closed curves in an orientable surface with negative Euler characteristic are said to be length equivalent if for any hyperbolic structure on the surface, the length of the geodesic in one class is equal to the length of the geodesic in the other class. We show that there are elements in the free group of two generators that are length equivalent and have different self-intersection numbers as elements in the fundamental group of the punctured torus and as elements in the pair of pants. This result answers open questions about length equivalence classes and raises …
We provide analogues for non-orientable surfaces with or without boundary or punctures of several basic theorems in the setting of the Thurston theory of surfaces which were developed so far only in the case of orientable surfaces. Namely, we provide natural analogues for non-orientable surfaces of the Fenchel-Nielsen theorem on the parametrization of the Teichmüller space of the surface, the Dehn-Thurston theorem on the parametrization of measured foliations in the surface, and the Hatcher-Thurston theorem, which gives a complete minimal set of moves between pair of pants decompositions of th…
Hass and Scott's example of a 4-valent graph on the 3-punctured sphere that cannot be realized by geodesics in any metric of negative curvature is generalized to impossible configurations filling surfaces of genus $n$ with $k$ punctures for any $n$ and $k$.
We show that a random walk on the mapping class group of an orientable surface of finite type makes linear progress in the relative metric, which is quasi-isometric to the complex of curves.
Goldman (Invent. Math. 85(2) (1986) 263) and Turaev (Ann. Sci. Ecole Norm. Sup. (4) 24 (6)(1991) 635) found a Lie bialgebra structure on the vector space generated by non-trivial free homotopy classes of loops on an orientable surface. Chas (Combinatorial Lie bialgebras of curves on surfaces, Topology 43 (2004) 543), by the aid of the computer, found a negative answer to Turaev's question about the characterization of multiples of simple classes in terms of the cobracket, in every surface of negative Euler characteristic and positive genus. However, she left open Turaev's conjecture, namely if…
Let $S$ be a connected orientable surface of finite topological type. We prove that there is an exhaustion of the curve complex $\mathcal{C}(S)$ by a sequence of finite rigid sets.
In this work we compute the first integral cohomology of the pure mapping class group of a non-orientable surface of infinite topological type and genus at least 3. To this purpose, we also prove several other results already known for orientable surfaces such as the existence of an Alexander method, the fact that the mapping class group is isomorphic to the automorphism group of the curve graph along with the topological rigidity of the curve graph, and the structure of the pure mapping class group as both a Polish group and a semi-direct product.
The Epstein-Baer theory of curve isotopies is basic to the remarkable theorem that homotopic homeomorphisms of surfaces are isotopic. The groundbreaking work of R. Baer was carried out on closed, orientable surfaces and extended by D. B. A. Epstein to arbitrary surfaces, compact or not, with or without boundary and orientable or not. We give a new method of deducing the theorem about homotopic homeomorphisms from the results about homotopic curves via the hyperbolic geometry of surfaces. This works on all but 13 surfaces where ad hoc proofs are needed.
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