We present the first measurements of photoelectron spectra of atomic clusters embedded in superfluid helium (He) nanodroplets. Owing to the large absorption cross section of xenon (Xe) around 100 eV photon energy (4d inner-shell ionization), direct dopant photoionization exceeds charge transfer ionization via the ionized He droplets. Despite the predominant creation of Xe^2+ and Xe^3+ by subsequent Auger decay of free Xe atoms, for Xe embedded in He droplets only singly charged Xe_k^+, k=1,2,3 fragments are observed. Broad Xe^+ ion kinetic-energy distributions indicate Coulomb explosion of the ions due to electron transfer to the primary Auger ions from surrounding neutral atoms. The electron spectra correlated with Xe ions emitted from the He nanodroplets contain a low-energy feature and nearly unshifted Xe photolines. These results pave the way to extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of clusters and molecular complexes embedded in He nanodroplets.
A new setup for doping helium nanodroplets by means of laser ablation at kilohertz repetition rate is presented. The doping process is characterized and two distinct regimes of laser ablation are identified. The setup is shown to be efficient and stable enough to be used for spectroscopy, as demonstrated on beam-depletion spectra of lithium atoms attached to helium nanodroplets. For the first time, helium droplets are doped with high temperature refractory materials such as titanium and tantalum. Doping with the non-volatile DNA basis Guanine is found to be efficient and a number of oligomers …
Positively charged cluster ions of phosphorus were formed upon electron ionization of doped helium nanodroplets. The vapors of red phosphorus and a phosphate sample were picked up into neutral and charged helium nanodroplets. Independent on the conditions used, the cluster size distributions exhibit pronounced odd-even oscillations that are opposite to almost all experimental and theoretical patterns published in the literature. The low temperature environment of the superfluid He matrix quenches fragmentation and the charged phosphorus clusters resemble the structure of the neutral precursors…
Energy absorption of xenon clusters embedded in helium nanodroplets from strong femtosecond laser pulses is studied theoretically. Compared to pure clusters we find earlier and more efficient energy absorption in agreement with experiments. This effect is due to resonant absorption of the helium nanoplasma whose formation is catalyzed by the xenon core. For very short double pulses with variable delay both plasma resonances, due to the helium shell and the xenon core, are identified and the experimental conditions are given which should allow for a simultaneous observation of both of them.
The dynamics of vibrational wave packets excited in K$_2$ dimers attached to superfluid helium nanodroplets is investigated by means of femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy. The employed resonant three-photon-ionization scheme is studied in a wide wavelength range and different pathways leading to K$^+_2$-formation are identified. While the wave packet dynamics of the electronic ground state is not influenced by the helium environment, perturbations of the electronically excited states are observed. The latter reveal a strong time dependence on the timescale 3-8 ps which directly reflects the d…
We present the first measurement of a one-photon extreme-ultraviolet photoelectron spectrum (PES) of molecules embedded in superfluid helium nanodroplets. The PES of coronene is compared to gas phase and the solid phase PES, and to electron spectra of embedded coronene generated by charge transfer and Penning ionization through ionized or excited helium. The resemblence of the He-droplet PES to the one of the solid phase indicates that mostly Cor clusters are photoionized. In contrast, the He-droplet Penning-ionization electron spectrum is nearly structureless, indicating strong perturbation o…
Highly excited states of rubidium (Rb) atoms attached to helium (He) nanodroplets are studied by two-photon ionization spectroscopy in combination with electron and ion imaging. Photoion spectra and angular distributions are in good agreement with a pseudodiatomic model for the RbHe_N complex. Repulsive interactions in the excited states entail fast dissociation followed by ionization of free Rb atoms as well as of RbHe and RbHe_2 exciplexes. Nonresonant excitation generates Rb atoms in low-lying electronic levels by statistical evaporation-like desorption.
Femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy has been used to study vibrational dynamics of potassium dimers attached to superfluid helium nanodroplets. Comparing the measured data with theoretical results based on dissipative quantum dynamics we propose that the most important effect of the helium environment is a general damping of the vibrational dynamics as a result of the interaction between dimer and collective degrees of freedom of the helium droplet. The calculations allow us to explain crucial experimental findings that are unobserved in gas-phase measurements. Remarkably, best agreement with …
The vibrational wave-packet dynamics of diatomic rubidium molecules (Rb2) in triplet states formed on the surface of superfluid helium nanodroplets is investigated both experimentally and theoretically. Detailed comparison of experimental femtosecond pump-probe spectra with dissipative quantum dynamics simulations reveals that vibrational relaxation is the main source of dephasing. The rate constant for vibrational relaxation in the first excited triplet state is found to be constant ~0.5ns^-1 for the lowest vibrational levels v< 15 and to increase sharply when exciting to higher energies.
The stability of two-component clusters consisting of light (Na or K) and heavy (Rb or Cs) alkali atoms formed on helium nanodroplets is studied by femtosecond laser ionization in combination with mass spectrometry. Characteristic stability patterns reflecting electron shell-closures are observed in dependence of the total number of atoms contained in the mixed clusters. Faster decay of the stability of mixed clusters compared to the pure light ones as a function of size indicates a destabilizing effect of heavy alkali atoms on light alkali clusters, presumably due to second order spin-orbit i…
Homo- and heteronuclear alkali quartet trimers of the type K_{3-n}Rb_{n} (n=0,1,2,3) formed on helium nanodroplets are probed by one-color femtosecond photoionization spectroscopy. The obtained requencies are assigned to vibrations in different electronic states by comparison to high level ab initio calculations of the involved potentials including pronounced Jahn-Teller and spin-orbit couplings. Despite the fact that the resulting complex vibronic structure of the heavy alkali molecules complicates the comparison of experiment and theory we find good agreement for many of the observed lines f…
Interatomic Coulombic decay (ICD) is induced in helium (He) nanodroplets by photoexciting the n=2 excited state of He^+ using XUV synchrotron radiation. By recording multiple coincidence electron and ion images we find that ICD occurs in various locations at the droplet surface, inside the surface region, or in the droplet interior. ICD at the surface gives rise to energetic He^+ ions as previously observed for free He dimers. ICD deeper inside leads to the ejection of slow He^+ ions due to Coulomb explosion delayed by elastic collisions with neighboring He atoms, and to the formation of He_k^…
The dynamics of vibrational wave packets in triplet states of rubidium dimers (Rb2) formed on helium nanodroplets are studied using femtosecond pump-probe photoionization spectroscopy. Due to fast desorption of the excited Rb2 molecules off the droplets and due to their low internal temperature, wave packet oscillations can be followed up to very long pump-probe delay times >1.5ns. In the first excited triplet state (1)^3Σ_g^+, full and fractional revivals are observed with high contrast. Fourier analysis provides high-resolution vibrational spectra which are in excellent agreement with ab ini…
Rotational dynamics of D$_2$ molecules inside helium nanodroplets is induced by a moderately intense femtosecond (fs) pump pulse and measured as a function of time by recording the yield of HeD$^+$ ions, created through strong-field dissociative ionization with a delayed fs probe pulse. The yield oscillates with a period of 185 fs, reflecting field-free rotational wave packet dynamics, and the oscillation persists for more than 500 periods. Within the experimental uncertainty, the rotational constant BHe of the in-droplet D$_2$ molecule, determined by Fourier analysis, is the same as Bgas for …
Magnesium atoms embedded in superfluid helium nanodroplets have been identified to arrange themselves in a metastable network, refered to as foam. In order to investigate the ionization dynamics of this unique structure with respect to a possible light-induced collapse the femtosecond dual-pulse spectroscopy technique is applied. Around zero optical delay a strong feature is obtained which represents a direct probe of the foam response. We found that upon collapse, ionization is reduced. A particlar intensity ratio of the pulses allows to address either direct ionization or photoactivation of …
Helium nanodroplets, commonly regarded as the "nearly ideal spectroscopic matrix", are being actively studied for more than two decades now. While they mostly serve as cold, weakly perturbing and transparent medium for high-resolution spectroscopy of embedded molecules, their intrinsic quantum properties such as microscopic superfluidity still are subject-matter of current research. This article reviews recent work on pure and doped He nanodroplets using PI spectroscopy, an approach which has greatly advanced in the past years. While the notion of the ideal spectroscopic matrix mostly no longe…
The desorption dynamics of rubidium dimers (Rb_2) off the surface of helium nanodroplets induced by laser excitation is studied employing both nanosecond and femtosecond ion imaging spectroscopy. Similarly to alkali metal atoms, we find that the Rb_2 desorption process resembles the dissociation of a diatomic molecule. However, both angular and energy distributions of detected Rb_2^+ ions appear to be most crucially determined by the Rb_2 intramolecular degrees of freedom rather than by those of the Rb_2He_N complex. The pump-probe dynamics of Rb_2^+ is found to be slower than that of Rb^+ poi…
We present a combined ion imaging and density functional theory study of the dynamics of the desorption process of rubidium and cesium atoms off the surface of helium nanodroplets upon excitation of the perturbed $6s$ and $7s$ states, respectively. Both experimental and theoretical results are well represented by the pseudodiatomic model for effective masses of the helium droplet in the desorption reaction of m_eff/m_He~10 (Rb) and 13 (Cs). Deviations from this model are found for Rb excited to the 6p state. Photoelectron spectra indicate that the dopant-droplet interaction induces relaxation …
When fragile molecules such as glycine, polyglicine, alkanes, and alkanethiols are embedded in liquid helium nanodroplets, electron-impact ionization of the beam leads to fragmentation which is as extensive as that of isolated gas-phase molecules. However, it turns out that if a few molecules of water are co-embedded with the peptide and alkane chains, their fragmentation is drastically reduced or completely eliminated. On the other hand, the fragmentation of alkanethiols remains unaffected. On the basis of these observations, it is proposed that the fragmentation "buffering" effect may correl…
We demonstrate ultrafast resonant energy absorption of rare-gas doped He nanodroplets from intense few-cycle (~10 fs) laser pulses. We find that less than 10 dopant atoms "ignite" the droplet to generate a non-spherical electronic nanoplasma resulting ultimately in complete ionization and disintegration of all atoms, although the pristine He droplet is transparent for the laser intensities applied. Our calculations at those intensities reveal that the minimal pulse length required for ignition is about 9 fs.
Clusters and nanodroplets hold the promise of enhancing high-order nonlinear optical effects due to their high local density. However, only moderate enhancement has been demonstrated to date. Here, we report the observation of energetic electrons generated by above-threshold ionization (ATI) of helium (He) nanodroplets which are resonantly excited by ultrashort extreme ultraviolet (XUV) free-electron laser pulses and subsequently ionized by near-infrared (NIR) or near-ultraviolet (UV) pulses. The electron emission due to high-order ATI is enhanced by several orders of magnitude compared to He …
We present an experimental study of the dynamics following the photo-excitation and subsequent photo-ionization of single Cs atoms on the surface of helium nanodroplets. The dynamics of excited-Cs-atom desorption and re-adsorption as well as CsHe exciplex formation are measured using femtosecond pump-probe velocity-map-imaging spectroscopy and ion-time-of-flight spectrometry. The timescales for the desorption of excited Cs atoms off helium nanodroplets as well as the timescales for CsHe exciplex formation are experimentally determined for the 6p states of Cs. For the 6p $^2Π_ {1/2}$ state, our…
Magnesium atoms fully embedded in helium nanodroplets are exposed to two-color laser pulses, which trigger multiphoton above-threshold ionization (ATI). This allows to exemplarily study the contribution of a dense, neutral and finite medium on single electron propagation. The angular-resolved photoelectron spectra show striking differences with respect to results obtained on free atoms. Scattering of the individual Mg photoelectrons, when traversing the neutral helium environment, causes the angular distribution to become almost isotropic. Furthermore, the appearance of higher energy electrons…
Alignment of OCS, CS$_2$ and I$_2$ molecules embedded in helium nanodroplets is measured as a function of time following rotational excitation by a non-resonant, comparatively weak ps laser pulse. The distinct peaks in the power spectra, obtained by Fourier analysis, are used to determine the rotational, B, and centrifugal distortion, D, constants. For OCS, B and D match the values known from IR spectroscopy. For CS$_2$ and I$_2$, they are the first experimental results reported. The alignment dynamics calculated from the gas-phase rotational Schrödinger equation, using the experimental in-dro…
This review has two principal aims. The first of these is to provide a comprehensive overview of the applications of HNDs in the study of collections of atoms and molecules, i.e. clusters and complexes. These clusters and complexes must form through collisions inside HNDs, hence the title of this review. A second aim is to provide a particularly detailed overview of the many studies of ions, both positive and negative, that have been carried out in HNDs.
This article provides a review of recent work in the field of helium nanodroplet spectroscopy with emphasis on the dynamical aspects of the interactions between molecules in helium as well as their interaction with this unique quantum solvent. Emphasis is placed on experimental methods and studies introducing recent new approaches, in particular including time-resolved techniques. Corresponding theoretical results on the energetics and dynamics of helium droplets are also discussed.
Ion-molecule reactions between clusters of H$_2$/D$_2$ and O$_2$ in liquid helium nanodroplets were initiated by electron-induced ionization (at 70 eV). Reaction products were detected by mass spectrometry and can be explained by a primary reaction channel involving proton transfer from H$_3$$^{+}$ or H$_3$$^{+}$(H$_2$)$_n$ clusters and their deuterated equivalents. Very little HO$_2$$^{+}$ is seen from the reaction of H$_3$$^{+}$ with O$_2$, which is attributed to an efficient secondary reaction between HO$_2$$^{+}$ and H$_2$. On the other hand HO$_4$$^{+}$ is the most abundant product from t…
The dynamics of vibrational wave packets excited in Na2 dimers in the triplet ground and excited states is investigated by means of helium nanodroplet isolation (HENDI) combined with femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy. Different pathways in the employed resonant multi-photon ionization scheme are identified. Within the precision of the method, the wave packet dynamics appears to be unperturbed by the helium droplet environment.
Helium nanodroplets are widely used as a cold, weakly interacting matrix for spectroscopy of embedded species. In this work we excite or ionize doped He droplets using synchrotron radiation and study the effect onto the dopant atoms depending on their location inside the droplets (rare gases) or outside at the droplet surface (alkali metals). Using photoelectron-photoion coincidence imaging spectroscopy at variable photon energies (20-25 eV), we compare the rates of charge-transfer to Penning ionization of the dopants in the two cases. The surprising finding is that alkali metals, in contrast …
Besides the use as cold matrix for spectroscopic studies, superfluid helium droplets have served as a cold environment for the synthesis of molecules and clusters. Since vibrational frequencies of molecules in helium droplets exhibit almost no shift compared to the free molecule values, one could assume the solvated particles move frictionless and undergo a reaction as soon as their paths cross. There have been a few unexplained observations that seemed to indicate cases of two species on one droplet not forming bonds but remaining isolated. In this work, we performed a systematic study of hel…
Vibrationally resolved photoionization spectra of RbHe exciplexes forming on He nanodroplets are recorded using femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy with amplitude-shaped probe pulses. The time-evolution of the spectra reveals an exciplex formation time ~10ps followed by vibrational relaxation extending up to >1ns. This points to an indirect, time-delayed desorption process of RbHe off the He surface.
The reaction of alkali (Na, Cs) clusters with water clusters embedded in helium nanodroplets is studied using femtosecond photo-ionization as well as electron impact ionization. Unlike Na clusters, Cs clusters are found to completely react with water in spite of the ultracold helium droplet environment. Mass spectra of the Cs$_n$+(H$_2$O)$_m$ reaction products are interpreted in terms of stability with respect to fragmentation using high-level molecular structure calculations.
We theoretically investigate the impact of multiple plasmon resonances on the charging of Xe clusters embedded in He nanodroplets under intense pump-probe laser excitation. Our molecular dynamics simulations on Xe309He10000$ and comparison to results for free Xe309$ give clear evidence for selective resonance heating in the He shell and the Xe cluster, but no corresponding double hump feature in the final Xe charge spectra is found. Though the presence of the He shell substantially increases the maximum charge states, the pump-probe dynamics of the Xe spectra from embedded system is similar to…
Free electron lasers (FELs) offer the unprecedented capability to study reaction dynamics and image the structure of complex systems. When multiple photons are absorbed in complex systems, a plasma-like state is formed where many atoms are ionized on a femtosecond timescale. If multiphoton absorption is resonantly-enhanced, the system becomes electronically-excited prior to plasma formation, with subsequent decay paths which have been scarcely investigated to date. Here, we show using helium nanodroplets as an example that these systems can decay by a new type of process, named collective auto…
We systematically investigate the formation and stability of snowballs formed by femtosecond photo-ionization of small alkali clusters bound to helium nanodroplets. For all studied alkali species Ak=(Na, K, Rb, Cs) we observe the formation of snowballs (AkHe_N)^+ when multiply doping the droplets. Fragmentation of clusters Ak_N upon ionization appears to enhance snowball formation. In the case of Na and Cs we also detect snowballs (Ak_2He_N)^+ formed around Ak dimer ions. While the snowball progression for Na and K is limited to less than 11 helium atoms, the heavier atoms Rb and Cs feature wi…
Multiple photoelectron inelastic scattering in large He nanodroplets
Aarhus University（奥胡斯大学）；University of Kassel（卡塞尔大学）；Mahindra University Hyderabad（海德拉巴马欣德拉大学）；Sorbonne Université（索邦大学）；Indian Institute of Technology Madras（马德拉斯印度理工学院）；Synchrotron SOLEIL（SOLEIL同步辐射中心）
Femtosecond multiphoton pump-probe photoionization is applied to helium nanodroplets doped with rubidium (Rb). The yield of Rb+ ions features pronounced quantum interference (QI) fringes demonstrating the coherence of a superposition of electronic states on a time scale of tens of picoseconds. Furthermore, we observe QI in the yield of formed RbHe exciplex molecules. The quantum interferogram allows to determine the vibrational structure of these unstable molecules. From a sliced Fourier analysis one can not only extract the population dynamics of vibrational states but also follow their energ…
We report on the experimental observation of interatomic Coulombic decay (ICD) in pure $^4$He nanoclusters of mean sizes between $N \approx$ 5000 and 30000 and the subsequent scattering of energetic He$^+$ fragments inside the neutral cluster by using cold target recoil ion momentum spectroscopy. ICD is induced in He clusters by using vacuum ultraviolet light of $hν=$ 67 eV from the BESSY II synchrotron. The electronic decay creates two neighboring ions in the cluster at a well-defined distance. The measured fragment energies and angular correlations show that a main energy loss mechanism of t…
The density of states and other thermodynamic functions of helium nanodroplets are calculated for a microcanonical ensemble with both energy and total angular momentum treated as conserved quantum numbers. These functions allow angular momentum conserving evaporative cooling simulations. As part of this project, a recursion relationship is derived for the reduction to irreducible representations of the n'th symmetric power of the irreducible representations of the rotation group. These give the distribution of total angular momentum states generated by putting multiple quanta into a ripplon or…
Deuterated imidazole (IM) molecules, dimers and trimers formed in liquid helium nanodroplets are studied by the electrostatic beam deflection method. Monitoring the deflection profile of (IM)D+ provides a direct way to establish that it is the primary product of the ionization-induced fragmentation both of (IM)2 and (IM)3. The magnitude of the deflection determines the electric dipole moments of the parent clusters: nearly 9 D for the dimer and 14.5 D for the trimer. These very large dipole values confirm theoretical predictions and derive from a polar chain bonding arrangement of the heterocy…
We present a detailed study of inelastic energy-loss collisions of photoelectrons emitted from He nanodroplets by tunable extreme ultraviolet (XUV) radiation. Using coincidence imaging detection of electrons and ions, we probe the lowest He droplet excited states up to the electron impact ionization threshold. We find significant signal contributions from photoelectrons emitted from free He atoms accompanying the He nanodroplet beam. Furthermore, signal contributions from photoionization and electron impact excitation/ionization occurring in pairs of nearest-neighbor atoms in the He droplets a…
Long-range intermolecular forces are able to steer polar molecules submerged in superfluid helium nanodroplets into highly polar metastable configurations. We demonstrate that the presence of such special structures can be identified, in a direct and determinative way, by electrostatic deflection of the doped nanodroplet beam. The measurement also establishes the structures' electric dipole moments. In consequence, the introduced approach is complementary to spectroscopic studies of low-temperature molecular assembly reactions. It is enabled by the fact that within the cold superfluid matrix t…
The relaxation dynamics of superexcited superfluid He nanodroplets is thoroughly investigated by means of extreme-ultraviolet (XUV) femtosecond electron and ion spectroscopy complemented by time-dependent density functional theory (TDDFT). Three main paths leading to the emission of electrons and ions are identified: Droplet autoionization, pump-probe photoionization, and autoionization induced by re-excitation of droplets relaxing into levels below the droplet ionization threshold. The most abundant product of both droplet autoionization and photoionization is He$_2^+$, whereas the delayed ap…
Rotationally resolved infrared spectra are reported for halogen atom - HF free radical complexes formed in helium nanodroplets. An effusive pyrolysis source is used to dope helium droplets with Cl, Br and I atoms, formed by thermal dissociation of Cl$_2$, Br$_2$ and I$_2$. A single hydrogen fluoride molecule is then added to the droplets, resulting in the formation of the X-HF complexes of interest. Analysis of the resulting spectra confirms that the observed species have $^2Π_{3/2}$ ground electronic states, consistent with the linear hydrogen bound structures predicted from theory. Stark spe…
We report spectra of various benzene isotopomers and their dimers in helium nanodroplets in the region of the first Herzberg-Teller allowed vibronic transition 610 1B2u<-1A1g (the A00 transition) at ~260 nm. Excitation spectra have been recorded using both beam depletion detection and laser-induced fluorescence. Unlike for many larger aromatic molecules, the monomer spectra consist of a single "zero-phonon" line, blueshifted by ~30 cm-1 from the gas phase position. Rotational band simulations show that the moments of inertia of C6H6 in the nanodroplets are at least 6 times larger than in the g…
Helium nanodroplets doped with polar molecules are studied by electrostatic deflection. This broadly applicable method allows even polyatomic molecules to attain sub-Kelvin temperatures and nearly full orientation in the field. The resulting intense force from the field gradient strongly deflects even droplets with tens of thousands of atoms, the most massive neutral systems studied by beam "deflectometry." We use the deflections to extract droplet size distributions. Moreover, since each host droplet deflects according to its mass, spatial filtering of the deflected beam translates into size …
Electron-induced chemistry in imidazole (IMI) clusters embedded in helium nanodroplets (with an average size of 2$\times$10$^5$ He atoms) has been investigated with high-resoluton time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The formation of both, negative and positive, ions was monitored as a function of the cluster size n. In both ion spectra a clear series of peaks with IMI cluster sizes up to at least 25 are observed. While the anions are formed by collisions of IMI$_n$ with He$^\star$$^{-}$, the cations are formed through ionization of IMI$_n$ by He$^{+}$ as the measured onset for the cation formati…
We have studied complexes of gold atoms and imidazole (C$_3$N$_2$H$_4$, abbreviated Im) produced in helium nanodroplets. Following the ionization of the doped droplets we detect a broad range of different Au$_m$Im$_n^+$ complexes, however we find that for specific values of $m$ certain $n$ are "magic" and thus particularly abundant. Our density functional theory calculations indicate that these abundant clusters sizes are partially the result of particularly stable complexes, e.g. AuIm$_2^+$, and partially due to a transition in fragmentation patterns from the loss of neutral imidazole molecul…
Doubly-excited Rydberg states of helium (He) nanodroplets have been studied using synchrotron radiation. We observed Fano resonances related to the atomic N = 2,0 series as a function of droplet size. Although similar qualitatively to their atomic counterparts, the resonance lines are broader and exhibit a shift in energy which increases for the higher excited states. Furthermore, additional resonances are observed which are not seen in atomic systems. We discuss these features in terms of delocalized atomic states perturbed by the surrounding He atoms and compare to singly excited droplets.
When weakly-bound complexes are multiply excited by intense electromagnetic radiation, energy can be exchanged between neighboring atoms through a type of resonant interatomic Coulombic decay (ICD). This decay mechanism due to multiple excitations has been predicted to be relatively slow, typically lasting tens to hundreds of picoseconds. Here, we directly measure the ICD timescale in resonantly excited helium droplets using a high resolution, tunable, extreme ultraviolet free electron laser. Over an extensive range of droplet sizes and laser intensities, we discover the decay to be surprising…
Neon cluster ions Ne$_s^+$ grown in pre-ionized, mass-to-charge selected helium nanodroplets (HNDs) reveal a strong enrichment of the heavy isotope $^{22}$Ne that depends on cluster size s and the experimental conditions. For small sizes the enrichment is much larger than previously reported for bare neon clusters grown in nozzle expansions and subsequently ionized. The enrichment is traced to the massive evaporation of neon atoms in a collision cell that is used to strip helium from the HNDs. We derive a relation between the enrichment of $^{22}$Ne in the cluster ion and its corresponding dep…
A significant fraction of superfluid helium nanodroplets produced in a free-jet expansion have been observed to gain high angular momentum resulting in large centrifugal deformation. We measured single-shot diffraction patterns of individual rotating helium nanodroplets up to large scattering angles using intense extreme ultraviolet light pulses from the FERMI free-electron laser. Distinct asymmetric features in the wide-angle diffraction patterns enable the unique and systematic identification of the three-dimensional droplet shapes. The analysis of a large dataset allows us to follow the evo…
Dimers of tetracene molecules are formed inside helium nanodroplets and identified through covariance analysis of the emission directions of kinetic tetracene cations stemming from femtosecond laser-induced Coulomb explosion. Next, the dimers are aligned in either one or three dimensions under field-free conditions by a nonresonant, moderately intense laser pulse. The experimental angular covariance maps of the tetracene ions are compared to calculated covariance maps for seven different dimer conformations and found to be consistent with four of these. Additional measurements of the alignment…
Coherent diffractive imaging of individual free nanoparticles has opened novel routes for the in-situ analysis of their transient structural, optical, and electronic properties. So far, single-shot single-particle diffraction was assumed to be feasible only at extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and X-ray free-electron lasers, restricting this research field to large-scale facilities. Here we demonstrate single-shot imaging of isolated helium nanodroplets using XUV pulses from a femtosecond-laser driven high harmonic source. We obtain bright wide-angle scattering patterns, that allow us to uniquely iden…
Here, we report the observation of electron transfer mediated decay (ETMD) involving Mg clusters embedded in helium nanodroplets which is initiated by the ionization of helium followed by removal of two electrons from the Mg clusters of which one is transferred to the He environment neutralizing it while the other electron is emitted into the continuum. The process is shown to be the dominant ionization mechanism for embedded clusters for photon energies above the ionization potential of He. The photoelectron spectrum reveals a low energy ETMD peak. For Mg clusters larger than 5 atoms we obser…
