We perform a detailed study of the dynamics of a nonlinear, one-dimensional oscillator driven by a periodic force under hysteretic damping, whose linear version was originally proposed and analyzed by Bishop in [1]. We first add a small quadratic stiffness term in the constitutive equation and construct the periodic solution of the problem by a systematic perturbation method, neglecting transient terms as $t\rightarrow \infty$. We then repeat the analysis replacing the quadratic by a cubic term, which does not allow the solutions to escape to infinity. In both cases, we examine the dependence of the amplitude of the periodic solution on the different parameters of the model and discuss the differences with the linear model. We point out certain undesirable features of the solutions, which have also been alluded to in the literature for the linear Bishop's model, but persist in the nonlinear case as well. Finally, we discuss an alternative hysteretic damping oscillator model first proposed by Reid [2], which appears to be free from these difficulties and exhibits remarkably rich dynamical properties when extended in the nonlinear regime.
In this paper, we prove the existence of full dimensional invariant tori for a non-autonomous, almost-periodically forced nonlinear beam equation with a periodic boundary condition via KAM theory.
We propose a method to identify and to locate "repellers'' in quasi-periodically forced logistic map (QPLM), using a kind of Morse decomposition of nested attracting invariant sets. In order to obtain the invariant sets, we use an auxiliary 1+2-dimensional skew-product map system describing the evolution of a line segment in the phase space of QPLM. With this method, detailed structure of repellers can be visualized, and the emergence of a repeller in QPLM can be detected as an easily observable bifurcation in the auxiliary system. In addition to the method to detect the repellers, we propose …
In a previous work by the authors the one dimensional (doubling) renormalization operator was extended to the case of quasi-periodically forced one dimensional maps. The theory was used to explain different self-similarity and universality observed numerically in the parameter space of the Forced Logistic Maps. The extension proposed was not complete in the sense that we assumed a total of four conjectures to be true. In this paper we present numerical support for these conjectures. We also discuss the applicability of this theory to the Forced Logistic Map.
We prove that the seasonally-forced SIR model with a T-periodic forcing has a periodic solution with period T whenever the basic reproductive number R0>1. The proof uses the Leray-Schauder degree theory. We also describe some numerical results in which we compute the T-periodic solution, where in order to obtain the T-periodic solution when the behavior of the system is subharmonic or chaotic, we use a Galerkin scheme.
A periodically forced oscillator in a model for seasonality shows stability pockets and chains thereof in the parameter plane. The frequency of the oscillator and the season indicated by a value between zero and one are the two parameters. The present study is intended as a theoretical complement to the numerical study of Schmal et al. in 2015 of stability pockets or Arnol'd onions in their terminology. We construct the Poincaré map of the forced oscillator and show that the Arnol'd tongues are taken into stability pockets by a map with a number of folds. Stability pockets are already observed…
In this paper we perform a careful analysis of the forced PP04 model for climate change, in particular the behaviour of the ice-ages. This system models the transition from a glacial to an inter-glacial state through a sudden release of oceanic Carbon Dioxide into the atmosphere. This process can be cast in terms of a Filippov dynamical system, with a discontinuous change in its dynamics related to the Carbon Dioxide release. By using techniques from the theory of non-smooth dynamical systems, we give an analysis of this model in the cases of both no insolation forcing and also periodic insola…
In this paper, we consider a time-periodically forced Kepler problem in any dimensions, with an external force which we only assume to be regular in a neighborhood of the attractive center. We prove that there exist infinitely many periodic orbits in this system, with possible double collisions with the center regularized, which accumulate the attractive center. The result is obtained via a localization argument combined with a result on $C^{1}$-persistence of closed orbits by a local homotopy-streching argument. Consequently, by formulating the circular and elliptic restricted three-body prob…
While periodic responses of periodically forced dissipative nonlinear mechanical systems are commonly observed in experiments and numerics, their existence can rarely be concluded in rigorous mathematical terms. This lack of a priori existence criteria for mechanical systems hinders definitive conclusions about periodic orbits from approximate numerical methods, such as harmonic balance. In this work, we establish results guaranteeing the existence of a periodic response without restricting the amplitude of the forcing or the response. Our results provide a priori justification for the use of …
In this paper, we study the global attractivity for a class of periodic difference equation with delay which has a generalized form of Pielou's difference equation. The global dynamics of the equation is characterized by using a relation between the upper and lower limit of the solution. There are two possible global dynamics: zero solution is globally attractive or there exists a periodic solution which is globally attractive. Recent results in [E. Camouzis, G. Ladas, Periodically forced Pielou's equation, J. Math. Anal. Appl. 333 (1) (2007) 117-127] is generalized. Two examples are given to …
Consider a difference equation which takes the k-th largest output of m functions of the previous m terms of the sequence. If the functions are also allowed to change periodically as the difference equation evolves this is analogous to a differential equation with periodic forcing. A large class of such non-autonomous difference equations are shown to converge to a periodic limit which is independent of the initial condition. The period of the limit does not depend on how far back each term is allowed to look back in the sequence, and is in fact equal to the period of the forcing.
We propose an extension of the one dimensional (doubling) renormalization operator to the case of maps on the cylinder. The kind of maps considered are commonly referred as quasi-periodic forced one dimensional maps. We prove that the fixed point of the one dimensional renormalization operator extends to a fixed point of the quasi-periodic forced renormalization operator. We also prove that the operator is differentiable around the fixed point and we study its derivative. Then we consider a two parametric family of quasi-periodically forced maps which is a unimodal one dimensional map with a f…
We discuss the appearance of chaos in time-periodic perturbations of reversible vector fields in the plane. We use the normal forms of codimension~$1$ reversible vector fields and discuss the ways a time-dependent periodic forcing term of pulse form may be added to them to yield topological chaotic behaviour. Chaos here means that the resulting dynamics is semi-conjugate to a shift in a finite alphabet. The results rely on the classification of reversible vector fields and on the theory of topological horseshoes. This work is part of a project of studying periodic forcing of symmetric vector f…
In this paper we are concerned with quasi-periodic forced one dimensional maps. We consider a two parametric family of quasi-periodically forced maps such that the one dimensional map (before forcing) is unimodal and it has a full cascade of period doubling bifurcations. Between one period doubling and the next one it is known that there exist a parameter value where the $2^n$-periodic orbit is superatracting. In a previous work we proposed an extension of the one-dimensional (doubling) renormalization operator to the quasi-periodic case. We proved that, if the family satisfies suitable hypoth…
We consider a system of rotators subject to a small quasi-periodic forcing. We require the forcing to be analytic and satisfy a time-reversibility property and we assume its frequency vector to be Bryuno. Then we prove that, without imposing any non-degeneracy condition on the forcing, there exists at least one quasi-periodic solution with the same frequency vector as the forcing. The result can be interpreted as a theorem of persistence of lower-dimensional tori of arbitrary codimension in degenerate cases.
Let $Φ$ be a quasi-periodically forced quadratic map, where the rotation constant $ω$ is a Diophantine irrational. A strange non-chaotic attractor (SNA) is an invariant (under $Φ$) attracting graph of a nowhere continuous measurable function $ψ$ from the circle $\mathbb{T}$ to $[0,1]$. This paper investigates how a smooth attractor degenerates into a strange one, as a parameter $β$ approaches a critical value $β_0$, and the asymptotics behind the bifurcation of the attractor from smooth to strange. In our model, the cause of the strange attractor is a so-called torus collision, whereby an attr…
In this work we consider a general class of $2$-dimensional hybrid systems. Assuming that the system possesses an attracting equilibrium point, we show that, when periodically driven with a square-wave pulse, the system possesses a periodic orbit which may undergo smooth and nonsmooth grazing bifurcations. We perform a semi-rigorous study of the existence of periodic orbits for a particular model consisting of a leaky integrate-and-fire model with a dynamic threshold. We use the stroboscopic map, which in this context is a $2$-dimensional piecewise-smooth discontinuous map. For some parameter …
We study a network of 500 coupled modified van der Pol oscillators. The value of a parameter associated with each oscillator is drawn from a normal distribution, giving a heterogeneous network. For strong enough coupling the oscillators all have the same period, and we consider periodic forcing of the network when it is in this state. By exploiting the correlations that quickly develop between the state of an oscillator and the value of its parameter we obtain an approximate low-dimensional description of the system in terms of the first few coefficients in a polynomial chaos expansion. Standa…
We study the dynamics of the Forced Logistic Map in the cylinder. We compute a bifurcation diagram in terms of the dynamics of the attracting set. Different properties of the attracting set are considered, as the Lyapunov exponent and, in the case of having a periodic invariant curve, its period and its reducibility. This reveals that the parameter values for which the invariant curve doubles its period are contained in regions of the parameter space where the invariant curve is reducible. Then we present two additional studies to explain this fact. In first place we consider the images and th…
We study some properties of the range of the relativistic pendulum operator $\mathcal P$, that is, the set of possible continuous $T$-periodic forcing terms $p$ for which the equation $\mathcal P x=p$ admits a $T$-periodic solution over a $T$-periodic time scale $\mathbb T$. Writing $p(t)=p_0(t)+\overline p$, we prove the existence of a nonempty compact interval $\mathcal I(p_0)$, depending continuously on $p_0$, such that the problem has a solution if and only if $\overline p\in \mathcal I(p_0)$ and at least two different solutions when $\overline p$ is an interior point. Furthermore, we give…
Spatially localized, time-periodic structures are common in pattern-forming systems, appearing in fluid mechanics, chemical reactions, and granular media. We examine the existence of oscillatory localized states in a PDE model with single frequency time dependent forcing, introduced in [20] as phenomenological model of the Faraday wave experiment. In this study, we reduce the PDE model to the forced complex Ginzburg-Landau equation in the limit of weak forcing and weak damping. This allows us to use the known localized solutions found in [7]. We reduce the forced complex Ginzburg-Landau equati…
We consider a class of differential equations, $\ddot x + γ\dot x + g(x) = f(ωt)$, with $ω\in {\bf R}^{d}$, describing one-dimensional dissipative systems subject to a periodic or quasi-periodic (Diophantine) forcing. We study existence and properties of the limit cycle described by the trajectory with the same quasi-periodicity as the forcing. For $g(x)=x^{2p+1}$, $p\in {\bf N}$, we show that, when the dissipation coefficient is large enough, there is only one limit cycle and that it is a global attractor. In the case of other forces, including $g(x)=x^{2p}$ (with $p=1$ describing the varacto…
We give a simple proof of the existence of response solutions in some quasi-periodically forced systems with a degenerate fixed points. The same questions were answered in \cite{ss18} using two versions of KAM theory. Our method is based on reformulating the existence of response solutions as a fixed point problem in appropriate spaces of smooth functions. By algebraic manipulations, the fixed point problem is transformed into a contraction. Compared to the KAM method, the present method does not incur a loss of regularity. That is, the solutions we obtain have the same regularity as the forci…
We prove Lr-estimates on periodic solutions of periodically-forced, linearly-damped mechanical systems with polynomially-bounded potentials. The estimates are applied to obtain a non-existence result of periodic solutions in bounded domains, depending on an upper bound on the gradient of the potential. The results are illustrated on examples.
We study the ordinary differential equation ${\varepsilon}\ddot x+\dot x + {\varepsilon} g(x) = {\varepsilon} f(ωt)$, with $f$ and $g$ analytic and $f$ quasi-periodic in $t$ with frequency vector $ω\in R^{d}$. We show that if there exists $c_0\in R$ such that $g(c_0)$ equals the average of $f$ and the first non-zero derivative of $g$ at $c_0$ is of odd order $n$, then, for ${\varepsilon}$ small enough and under very mild Diophantine conditions on $ω$, there exists a quasi-periodic solution close to $c_0$, with the same frequency vector as $f$. In particular if $f$ is a trigonometric polynomial…
We analyze a multiparameter periodically-forced dynamical system inspired in the SIR endemic model. We show that the condition on the \emph{basic reproduction number} $\mathcal{R}_0 < 1$ is not sufficient to guarantee the elimination of \emph{Infectious} individuals due to a \emph{backward bifurcation}. Using the theory of rank-one attractors, for an open subset in the space of parameters where $\mathcal{R}_0<1$, the flow exhibits \emph{persistent strange attractors}. These sets are not confined to a tubular neighbourhood in the phase space, are numerically observable and shadow the ghost of a…
In pattern-forming systems, localized patterns are readily found when stable patterns exist at the same parameter values as the stable unpatterned state. Oscillons are spatially localized, time-periodic structures, which have been found experimentally in systems that are driven by a time-periodic force, for example, in the Faraday wave experiment. This paper examines the existence of oscillatory localized states in a PDE model with single frequency time dependent forcing, introduced in [A. M. Rucklidge and M. Silber, SIAM J. Appl. Math., 8 (2009), pp. 298-347, arXiv:0805.0878] as a phenomenolo…
We consider several models of nonlinear wave equations subject to very strong damping and quasi-periodic external forcing. This is a singular perturbation, since the damping is not the highest order term. We study the existence of response solutions (i.e., quasi-periodic solutions with the same frequency as the forcing). Under very general non-resonance conditions on the frequency, we show the existence of asymptotic expansions of the response solution; moreover, we prove that the response solution indeed exists and depends analytically on $\varepsilon$ (where $\varepsilon$ is the inverse of t…
We present sufficient conditions for the existence of a periodic solution for a class of systems describing the periodically forced motion of a massive point on a compact surface with a boundary.
Spectral submanifolds (SSMs) have recently been shown to provide exact and unique reduced-order models for nonlinear unforced mechanical vibrations. Here we extend these results to periodically or quasiperiodically forced mechanical systems, obtaining analytic expressions for forced responses and backbone curves on modal (i.e. two-dimensional) time dependent SSMs. A judicious choice of the parameterization of these SSMs allows us to simplify the reduced dynamics considerably. We demonstrate our analytical formulae on three numerical examples and compare them to results obtained from available …
We consider quasi-periodically systems in the presence of dissipation and study the existence of response solutions, i.e. quasi-periodic solutions with the same frequency vector as the forcing term. When the dissipation is large enough and a suitable function involving the forcing has a simple zero, response solutions are known to exist without assuming any non resonance condition on the frequency vector. We analyse the case of non-simple zeroes and, in order to deal with the small divisors problem, we confine ourselves to two-dimensional frequency vectors, so as to use the properties of conti…
We show how spectral submanifold (SSM) theory can be used to extract forced-response curves, including isolas, without any numerical simulation in high-degree-of-freedom, periodically forced mechanical systems. We use multivariate recurrence relations to construct the SSMs, achieving a major speed-up relative to earlier autonomous SSM algorithms. The increase in computational efficiency promises to close the current gap between studying lower-dimensional academic examples and analyzing larger systems obtained from finite-element modeling, as we illustrate on a discretization of a damped-forced…
We consider the skew-product semiflow which is generated by a scalar reaction-diffusion equation \begin{equation*} u_{t}=u_{xx}+f(t,u,u_{x}),\,\,t>0,\,x\in S^{1}=\mathbb{R}/2π\mathbb{Z}, \end{equation*} where $f$ is uniformly almost periodic in $t$. The structure of the minimal set $M$ is thoroughly investigated under the assumption that the center space $V^c(M)$ associated with $M$ is no more than $2$-dimensional. Such situation naturally occurs while, for instance, $M$ is hyperbolic or uniquely ergodic. It is shown in this paper that $M$ is a $1$-cover of the hull $H(f)$ provided that $M$ is…
We study a generic model for the interaction of negative delayed feedback and periodic forcing that was first introduced by Ghil et al. in the context of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) climate system. This model takes the form of a delay differential equation and has been shown in previous work to be capable of producing complicated dynamics, which is organised by resonances between the external forcing and dynamics induced by feedback. For certain parameter values, we observe in simulations the sudden disappearance of (two-frequency dynamics on) tori. This can be explained by the fol…
We consider several models (including both multidimensional ordinary differential equations (ODEs) and partial differential equations (PDEs), possibly ill-posed), subject to very strong damping and quasi-periodic external forcing. We study the existence of response solutions (i.e., quasi-periodic solutions with the same frequency as the forcing). Under some regularity assumptions on the nonlinearity and forcing, without any arithmetic condition on the forcing frequency $ω$, we show that the response solutions indeed exist. Moreover, the solutions we obtained possess optimal regularity in $\var…
Consider a periodically forced nonlinear system which can be presented as a collection of smaller subsystems with pairwise interactions between them. Each subsystem is assumed to be a massive point moving with friction on a compact surface, possibly with a boundary, in an external periodic field. We present sufficient conditions for the existence of a periodic solution for the whole system. The result is illustrated by a series of examples including a chain of strongly coupled pendulums in a periodic field.
We study topological structure of the $ω$-limit sets of the skew-product semiflow generated by the following scalar reaction-diffusion equation \begin{equation*} u_{t}=u_{xx}+f(t,u,u_{x}),\,\,t>0,\,x\in S^{1}=\mathbb{R}/2π\mathbb{Z}, \end{equation*} where $f(t,u,u_x)$ is $C^2$-admissible with time-recurrent structure including almost-periodicity and almost-automorphy. Contrary to the time-periodic cases (for which any $ω$-limit set can be imbedded into a periodically forced circle flow), it is shown that one cannot expect that any $ω$-limit set can be imbedded into an almost-periodically force…
In this paper, we consider the asymptotic dynamics of the skew-product semiflow generated by the following time almost-periodically forced scalar reaction-diffusion equation \begin{equation}\label{eq0} u_{t}=u_{xx}+f(t,u,u_{x}),\,\,t>0,\, 0<x<L \end{equation} with periodic boundary condition \begin{equation} \label{bdc1} u(t,0)=u(t,L),\quad u_x(t,0)=u_x(t,L), \end{equation} where $f$ is uniformly almost periodic in $t$. In particular, we study the topological structure of the limit sets of the skew-product semiflow. It is proved that any compact minimal invariant set (throughout this paper, we…
We consider dissipative periodically forced systems and investigate cases in which having information as to how the system behaves for constant dissipation may be used when dissipation varies in time before settling at a constant final value. First, we consider situations where one is interested in the basins of attraction for damping coefficients varying linearly between two given values over many different time intervals: we outline a method to reduce the computation time required to estimate numerically the relative areas of the basins and discuss its range of applicability. Second, we obse…
We explore different families of quasi-periodically Forced Logistic Maps for the existence of universality and self-similarity properties. In the bifurcation diagram of the Logistic Map it is well known that there exist parameter values $s_n$ where the $2^n$-periodic orbit is superattracting. Moreover these parameter values lay between one period doubling and the next. Under quasi-periodic forcing, the superattracting periodic orbits give birth to two reducibility-loss bifurcations in the two dimensional parameter space of the Forced Logistic Map, both around the points $s_n$. In the present w…
We present a general method for systematically investigating the dynamics and bifurcations of a physical nonlinear experiment. In particular, we show how the odd-number limitation inherent in popular non-invasive control schemes, such as (Pyragas) time-delayed or washout-filtered feedback control, can be overcome for tracking equilibria or forced periodic orbits in experiments. To demonstrate the use of our non-invasive control, we trace out experimentally the resonance surface of a periodically forced mechanical nonlinear oscillator near the onset of instability, around two saddle-node bifurc…
In recent papers by the authors (S.~Motonaga and K.~Yagasaki, Obstructions to integrability of nearly integrable dynamical systems near regular level sets, submitted for publication, and K.~Yagasaki, Nonintegrability of nearly integrable dynamical systems near resonant periodic orbits, submitted for publication), two different techniques which allow us to prove the real-analytic or complex-meromorphic nonintegrability of forced nonlinear oscillators having the form of time-periodic perturbations of single-degree-of-freedom Hamiltonian systems were provided. Here the concept of nonintegrability…
Canards are special solutions of slow/fast systems which are ubiquitous in neuroscience and electrical engineering. Two distinct classes of canard solutions have been identified and carefully studied: folded singularity canards and torus canards. Recently, an explicit and analytic relationship between these seemingly unrelated families of solutions was established in the classical forced van der Pol equation (Burke et al., J. Nonlinear Sci. 26:405--451, 2015). In this article, we generalize the results of Burke et al. (2015) to the broader class of time-periodically forced planar slow/fast sys…
We study the dynamics of the periodically-forced May-Leonard system. We extend previous results on the field and we identify different dynamical regimes depending on the strength of attraction $δ$ of the network and the frequency $ω$ of the periodic forcing. We focus our attention in the case $δ\gg1$ and $ω\approx 0$, where we show that, for a positive Lebesgue measure set of parameters (amplitude of the periodic forcing), the dynamics are dominated by strange attractors with fully stochastic properties, supporting a Sinai-Ruelle-Bowen (SRB) measure. The proof is performed by using the Wang an…
In Part I of this paper, we have used spectral submanifold (SSM) theory to construct reduced-order models for harmonically excited mechanical systems with internal resonances. In that setting, extracting forced response curves formed by periodic orbits of the full system was reduced to locating the solution branches of equilibria of the corresponding reduced-order model. Here we use bifurcations of the equilibria of the reduced-order model to predict bifurcations of the periodic response of the full system. Specifically, we identify Hopf bifurcations of equilibria and limit cycles in reduced m…
In this work we consider a general non-autonomous hybrid system based on the integrate-and-fire model, widely used as simplified version of neuronal models and other types of excitable systems. Our unique assumption is that the system is monotonic, possesses an attracting subthreshold equilibrium point and is forced by means of periodic pulsatile (square wave) function.\\ In contrast to classical methods, in our approach we use the stroboscopic map (time-$T$ return map) instead of the so-called firing-map. It becomes a discontinuous map potentially defined in an infinite number of partitions. …
We study canard solutions of the forced van der Pol (fvdP) equation in the relaxation limit for low-, intermediate-, and high-frequency periodic forcing. A central numerical observation is that there are two branches of canards in parameter space which extend across all positive forcing frequencies. For low-frequency forcing, we demonstrate the existence of primary maximal canards induced by folded saddle-nodes of type I, and establish explicit formulas for the parameter values at which the primary maximal canards and their folds exist. We then turn to the intermediate- and high-frequency forc…
We propose a reformulation for the integral equations approach of Jain, Breunung \& Haller [Nonlinear Dyn. 97, 313--341 (2019)] to steady-state response computation for periodically forced nonlinear mechanical systems. This reformulation results in additional speed-up and better convergence. We show that the solutions of the reformulated equations are in one-to-one correspondence with those of the original integral equations and derive conditions under which a collocation type approximation converges to the exact solution in the reformulated setting. Furthermore, we observe that model reductio…
In a recent paper by the author (K. Yagasaki, Nonintegrability of the restricted three-body problem, submitted for publication), a technique was developed for determining whether nearly integrable systems are not meromorphically Bogoyavlenskij-integrable such that the first integrals and commutative vector fields also depend meromorphically on the small parameter. Here we continue to demonstrate the technique for some classes of dynamical systems. In particular, we consider time-periodic perturbations of single-degree-of-freedom Hamiltonian systems and discuss a relationship of the technique w…
