arXivDaily arXiv每日学术速递 周一至周五更新
arXiv 2003.12519cs.DLphysics.soc-ph
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重新审视科学精英:生产力,协作,作者身份和影响力的模式

Scientific elite revisited: Patterns of productivity, collaboration, authorship and impact

Jichao Li, Yian Yin, Santo Fortunato, Dashun Wang

摘要:

纵观历史,只有少数人对科学和社会产生了深远而持久的影响。尽管长期以来,多学科的兴趣,了解精英科学家的职业生涯,有有限的尝试,定量,职业水平的分析。在这里,我们利用我们收集的综合数据集,使我们能够追踪过去一个世纪几乎所有诺贝尔物理学、化学、生理学或医学奖得主的整个职业生涯。我们发现,尽管诺贝尔奖获得者从一开始就是精力充沛的生产者,生产的作品获得了异常高的影响力,但他们在获奖之前的职业生涯与普通科学家的模式相对相似,其特点是炙手可热,越来越依赖合作。我们还发现了他们职业生涯中的显着变化,通常与诺贝尔奖有关,包括获奖作品中的合作作者结构的变化,以及他们获得诺贝尔奖后作品的影响力显着但暂时的下降。总之,这些结果记录了科学精英职业生涯的量化模式,为更深入地了解科学领域杰出职业的特征提供了经验基础。

英文摘要:

Throughout history, a relatively small number of individuals have made a profound and lasting impact on science and society. Despite long-standing, multi-disciplinary interests in understanding careers of elite scientists, there have been limited attempts for a quantitative, career-level analysis. Here, we leverage a comprehensive dataset we assembled, allowing us to trace the entire career histories of nearly all Nobel laureates in physics, chemistry, and physiology or medicine over the past century. We find that, although Nobel laureates were energetic producers from the outset, producing works that garner unusually high impact, their careers before winning the prize follow relatively similar patterns as ordinary scientists, being characterized by hot streaks and increasing reliance on collaborations. We also uncovered notable variations along their careers, often associated with the Nobel prize, including shifting coauthorship structure in the prize-winning work, and a significant but temporary dip in the impact of work they produce after winning the Nobel. Together, these results document quantitative patterns governing the careers of scientific elites, offering an empirical basis for a deeper understanding of the hallmarks of exceptional careers in science.

机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来,可能存在错误,请以论文正文为准。

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