Alexandre Anahory Simoes, Juan Carlos Marrero, David Martin de Diego
We construct the exponential map associated to a nonholonomic system that allows us to define an exact discrete nonholonomic constraint submanifold. We reproduce the continuous nonholonomic flow as a discrete flow on this discrete constraint submanifold deriving an exact discrete version of the nonholonomic equations. Finally, we derive a general family of nonholonomic integrators.
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This paper deals with conservation laws for mechanical systems with nonholonomic constraints. It uses a Lagrangian formulation of nonholonomic systems and a Cartan form approach. We present what we believe to be the most general relations between symmetries and first integrals. We discuss the so-called nonholonomic Noether theorem in terms of our formalism, and we give applications to Riemannian submanifolds, to Lagrangians of mechanical type, and to the determination of quadratic first integrals.
In this paper, high-order numerical integrators on homogeneous spaces will be presented as an application of nonholonomic partitioned Runge-Kutta Munthe-Kaas (RKMK) methods on Lie groups. A homogeneous space $M$ is a manifold where a group $G$ acts transitively. Such a space can be understood as a quotient $M \cong G/H$, where $H$ a closed Lie subgroup, is the isotropy group of each point of $M$. The Lie algebra of $G$ may be decomposed into $\mathfrak{g} = \mathfrak{m} \oplus \mathfrak{h}$, where $\mathfrak{h}$ is the subalgebra that generates $H$ and $\mathfrak{m}$ is a subspace. Thus, varia…
Momentum and energy preserving integrators for nonholonomic dynamics
本文提出一种用于非完整力学系统的几何积分器，通过离散拉格朗日量和非完整约束的离散化，保持离散非完整动量映射并平均保持约束，在特殊情况下还保持能量。
We extend Hamilton-Jacobi theory to Lagrange-Dirac (or implicit Lagrangian) systems, a generalized formulation of Lagrangian mechanics that can incorporate degenerate Lagrangians as well as holonomic and nonholonomic constraints. We refer to the generalized Hamilton-Jacobi equation as the Dirac-Hamilton-Jacobi equation. For non-degenerate Lagrangian systems with nonholonomic constraints, the theory specializes to the recently developed nonholonomic Hamilton-Jacobi theory. We are particularly interested in applications to a certain class of degenerate nonholonomic Lagrangian systems with symmet…
Geometric integrators and nonholonomic mechanics
本文基于生成函数方法，针对非完整系统的特殊性，发展了几何积分器的几何推导，得到了与以往不同的积分器。
Lagrangian reduction of nonholonomic discrete mechanical systems
本文提出非完整离散力学系统的拉格朗日约化与重构方法，通过分析两类离散对称系统，得到确定离散约化系统动力学的受迫离散力学系统。
Variational Collision Integrators for Nonholonomic Lagrangian Systems
本文提出非完整拉格朗日系统弹性碰撞的离散变分理论，基于拉格朗日-达朗贝尔-庞特里亚金原理推导离散方程，并构建了弹跳椭圆和圆柱内球摆等例子的碰撞积分器。
Geodesic extensions of mechanical systems with nonholonomic constraints
该研究探讨了非完整约束机械系统通过扩展运动方程成为黎曼度量下大圆的条件，并通过示例展示了其应用。
In this paper, we define Jacobi fields for nonholonomic mechanics using a similar characterization than in Riemannian geometry. We give explicit conditions to find Jacobi fields and finally we find the nonholonomic Jacobi equations in two equivalent ways: the first one, using an appropriate complete lift of the nonholonomic system and, in the second one, using the curvature and torsion of the associated nonholonomic connection.
In this paper we study a Hamiltonization procedure for mechanical systems with velocity-depending (nonholonomic) constraints. We first rewrite the nonholonomic equations of motion as Euler-Lagrange equations, with a Lagrangian that follows from rephrasing the issue in terms of the inverse problem of Lagrangian mechanics. Second, the Legendre transformation transforms the Lagrangian in the sought-for Hamiltonian. As an application, we compare some variational integrators for the new Lagrangians with some known nonholonomic integrators.
In this paper we address the problem of identifying contracting systems among dynamical systems appearing in mechanics. First, we introduce a sufficient condition to identify contracting systems in a general Riemannian manifold. Then, we apply this technique to establish that a particular type of dissipative forced mechanical system is contracting, while stating immediate consequences of this fact for the stability of these systems. Finally, we use the previous results to study the stability of particular types of Contact and Nonholonomic systems.
The constraint reaction force of ideal nonholonomic constraints in time-dependent mechanics on a configuration bundle $Q\to R$ is obtained. Using the vertical extension of Hamiltonian formalism to the vertical tangent bundle $VQ$ of $Q\to R$, the Hamiltonian of a nonholonomic constrained system is constructed.
Feedback Integrators for Nonholonomic Mechanical Systems
本文扩展了反馈积分器理论，用于处理具有或无对称性的非完整约束机械系统，以产生能保持非完整约束和其他守恒量的数值积分器。
This paper presents a geometric description of Lagrangian and Hamiltonian systems on Lie affgebroids subject to affine nonholonomic constraints. We define the notion of nonholonomically constrained system, and characterize regularity conditions that guarantee that the dynamics of the system can be obtained as a suitable projection of the unconstrained dynamics. It is shown that one can define an almost aff-Poisson bracket on the constraint AV-bundle, which plays a prominent role in the description of nonholonomic dynamics. Moreover, these developments give a general description of nonholonomic…
We propose a discretization of vector fields that are Hamiltonian up to multiplication by a positive function on the phase space that may be interpreted as a time reparametrization. We prove that our method is structure preserving in the sense that the discrete flow is interpolated to arbitrary order by the flow of a continuous system possessing the same structure. In particular, our discretization preserves a smooth measure on the phase space to arbitrary order. We present applications to a remarkable class of nonholonomic mechanical systems that allow Hamiltonization. To our best knowledge, …
Implicit Nonholonomic Mechanics with Collisions
本文运用变分技术分析含碰撞的隐式非完整力学系统动力学，扩展系统至非光滑环境并提供变分公式，以滚动圆盘撞墙示例验证理论。
Lagrangian systems with nonholonomic constraints may be considered as singular differential equations defined by some constraints and some multipliers. The geometry, solutions, symmetries and constants of motion of such equations are studied within the framework of linearly singular differential equations. Some examples are given; in particular the well-known singular lagrangian of the relativistic particle, which with the nonholonomic constraint v^2=c^2 yields a regular system.
High-order geometric methods for nonholonomic mechanical systems
本文提出了一种高阶几何（或伪变分）积分器，用于非完整系统，即受约束函数影响的机械系统，这些约束函数大致上是速度上的函数，而非位置约束可导出。这些系统实现滚动或某些类型的滑动接触，对于描述不同类别的车辆非常重要。
Sub-Finsler geometry and nonholonomic mechanics
本文探讨了sub-Finsler流形上长度泛函的变分方法，引入非完整sub-Finsler结构，证明分布关于Barthel非线性联络测地不变，并给出极值曲线存在的充要条件及sub-Laplacian与曲率的关系。
A geometric model for nonholonomic Lagrangian field theory is studied. The multisymplectic approach to such a theory as well as the corresponding Cauchy formalism are discussed. It is shown that in both formulations, the relevant equations for the constrained system can be recovered by a suitable projection of the equations for the underlying free (i.e. unconstrained) Lagrangian system.
We present the classical Wagner construction from 1935 of the curvature tensor for completely nonholonomic manifolds in both invariant and coordinate way. The starting point is the Shouten curvature tensor for nonholonomic connection introduced by Vranceanu and Shouten. We illustrate the construction on two mechanical examples: the case of a homogeneous disc rolling without sliding on a horizontal plane and the case of a homogeneous ball rolling without sliding on a fixed sphere. In the second case we study the conditions on the ratio of diameters of the ball and the sphere to obtain a flat sp…
This paper presents a geometric description on Lie algebroids of Lagrangian systems subject to nonholonomic constraints. The Lie algebroid framework provides a natural generalization of classical tangent bundle geometry. We define the notion of nonholonomically constrained system, and characterize regularity conditions that guarantee the dynamics of the system can be obtained as a suitable projection of the unconstrained dynamics. The proposed novel formalism provides new insights into the geometry of nonholonomic systems, and allows us to treat in a unified way a variety of situations, includ…
In this paper, we present a Lagrangian formalism for nonequilibrium thermodynamics. This formalism is an extension of the Hamilton principle in classical mechanics that allows the inclusion of irreversible phenomena in both discrete and continuum systems (i.e., systems with finite and infinite degrees of freedom). The irreversibility is encoded into a nonlinear nonholonomic constraint given by the expression of entropy production associated to all the irreversible processes involved. Hence from a mathematical point of view, our variational formalism may be regarded as a generalization of the L…
Classical relativistic nonholonomic mechanics and time-dependent $G$-Chaplygin systems with affine constraints
该研究从活动标架视角研究经典含时非完整拉格朗日力学的相对论表述，引入带仿射约束的含时$G$-Chaplygin系统，通过修正Chaplygin乘子法，证明平衡圆盘在变半径竖直圆上无滑动滚动的约化系统在新时间下为常规拉格朗日系统，为含时约束哈密顿化研究迈出第一步。
The purpose of this paper is to show that, at least for Lagrangians of mechanical type, nonholonomic Euler-Lagrange equations for a nonholonomic linear constraint D may be viewed as non-constrained Euler-Lagrange equations but on a new (generally not Lie) algebroid structure on D. The proposed novel formalism allows us to treat in a unified way a variety of situations in nonholonomic mechanics and gives rise to a version of Neoether Theorem producing actual first integrals in case of symmetries.
On the discretization of nonholonomic dynamics in $\mathbb{R}^n$
本文探讨了机械系统在有限维配置流形局部坐标下的非完整Lagrangian设定，通过将运动基本方程转化为分布流形$D$上的常微分方程，证明了解的存在性和唯一性，并构建了保持分布$D$的几何积分器。
The equations of motion of a mechanical system subjected to nonholonomic linear constraints can be formulated in terms of a linear almost Poisson structure in a vector bundle. We study the existence of invariant measures for the system in terms of the unimodularity of this structure. In the presence of symmetries, our approach allows us to give necessary and sufficient conditions for the existence of an invariant volume, that unify and improve results existing in the literature. We present an algorithm to study the existence of a smooth invariant volume for nonholonomic mechanical systems with…
Invariance of subbundles and nonholonomic trajectories
本文研究非完整力学与约束变分力学比较中产生的不变仿射子丛，通过Spencer上同调判定形式可积性，给出求最大不变子丛的迭代公式，并以斜面滚动圆盘为例验证。
In this paper we have obtained some dynamics equations, in the presence of nonlinear nonholonomic constraints and according to a lagrangian and some Chetaev-like conditions. Using some natural regular conditions, a simple form of these equations is given. In the particular cases of linear and affine constraints, one recovers the classical equations in the forms known previously, for example, by Bloch and all \cite {Bl, BKMM}. The case of time-dependent constraints is also considered. Examples of linear constraints, time independent and time depenndent nonlinear constraints are considered, as w…
Invariant measures as obstructions to attractors in dynamical systems and their role in nonholonomic mechanics
本文证明了具吸引子动力系统缺失一大类不变测度，并通过推广非完整 Suslov 问题，指出需将不变测度研究扩展至严格正 $C^1$ 密度类外以确定吸引子的动力学障碍。
Lindbladian quantization of mechanical systems with nonholonomic constraints
本文针对缺乏正则哈密顿形式的非完整力学系统，将其量子化为马尔可夫开放量子系统，找到对应Chaplygin雪橇和Suslov问题经典动力学的林德布拉德超算符，数值验证协方差符合亚稳态理论预测。
A new approach to relativistic mechanics is proposed, suitable to describe dynamics of different kinds of relativistic particles. Mathematically it is based on an application of the recent geometric theory of nonholonomic systems on fibred manifolds. A setting based on a natural Lagrangian and a constraint on four-velocity of a particle is proposed, that allows a unified approach to particles with any (positive/negative/zero) square of mass. The corresponding equations of motion are obtained and discussed. In particular, new forces are found (different from the usual Lorentz force type term), …
In this paper, it is elaborated the theory the Ricci flows for manifolds enabled with nonintegrable (nonholonomic) distributions defining nonlinear connection structures. Such manifolds provide a unified geometric arena for nonholonomic Riemannian spaces, Lagrange mechanics, Finsler geometry, and various models of gravity (the Einstein theory and string, or gauge, generalizations). We follow the method of nonholonomic frames with associated nonlinear connection structure and define certain classes of nonholonomic constraints on Riemann manifolds for which various types of generalized Finsler g…
In this paper, we explore dynamics of the nonholonomic system called vakonomic mechanics in the context of Lagrange-Dirac dynamical systems using a Dirac structure and its associated Hamilton-Pontryagin variational principle. We first show the link between vakonomic mechanics and nonholonomic mechanics from the viewpoints of Dirac structures as well as Lagrangian submanifolds. Namely, we clarify that Lagrangian submanifold theory cannot represent nonholonomic mechanics properly, but vakonomic mechanics instead. Second, in order to represent vakonomic mechanics, we employ the space $TQ\times V^…
Nonholonomic mechanics describes the motion of systems constrained by nonintegrable constraints. One of its most remarkable properties is that the derivation of the nonholonomic equations is not variational in nature. {However, in} this paper, we prove (Theorem 1.1) that for kinetic nonholonomic {systems}, the solutions starting from a fixed point $q$ are true geodesics for a family of Riemannian metrics on the image submanifold ${\mathcal M}^{nh}_q$ of the nonholonomic exponential map. This implies a surprising result: the kinetic nonholonomic trajectories with starting point $q$, for suffici…
In this paper, we study the underlying geometry in the classical Hamilton-Jacobi equation. The proposed formalism is also valid for nonholonomic systems. We first introduce the essential geometric ingredients: a vector bundle, a linear almost Poisson structure and a Hamiltonian function, both on the dual bundle (a Hamiltonian system). From them, it is possible to formulate the Hamilton-Jacobi equation, obtaining as a particular case, the classical theory. The main application in this paper is to nonholonomic mechanical systems. For it, we first construct the linear almost Poisson structure on …
Dirac structures in nonholonomic mechanics
本文将 Dirac 代数胚应用于具有类磁或陀螺势的非完整力学系统，提出一种独立于特定 Hamiltonian 或 Lagrangian 的普适性 Dirac 结构，以统一描述添加不同势的系统。
Virtual constraints are relations imposed in a control system that become invariant via feedback, instead of real physical constraints acting on the system. Nonholonomic systems are mechanical systems with non-integrable constraints on the velocities. In this work, we introduce the notion of virtual affine nonholonomic constraints in a geometric framework. More precisely, it is a controlled invariant affine distribution associated with an affine connection mechanical control system. We show the existence and uniqueness of a control law defining a virtual affine nonholonomic constraint.
The geometric formulation of Hamilton--Jacobi theory for systems with nonholonomic constraints is developed, following the ideas of the authors in previous papers. The relation between the solutions of the Hamilton--Jacobi problem with the symplectic structure defined from the Lagrangian function and the constraints is studied. The concept of complete solutions and their relationship with constants of motion, are also studied in detail. Local expressions using quasivelocities are provided. As an example, the nonholonomic free particle is considered.
In this paper, we describe a constrained Lagrangian and Hamiltonian formalism for the optimal control of nonholonomic mechanical systems. In particular, we aim to minimize a cost functional, given initial and final conditions where the controlled dynamics is given by nonholonomic mechanical system. In our paper, the controlled equations are derived using a basis of vector fields adapted to the nonholonomic distribution and the Riemannian metric determined by the kinetic energy. Given a cost function, the optimal control problem is understood as a constrained problem or equivalently, under some…
We show that the contact dynamics obtained from the Herglotz variational principle can be described as a constrained nonholonomic or vakonomic ordinary Lagrangian system depending on a dissipative variable with an adequate choice of one constraint. As a consequence we obtain the dynamics of contact nonholonomic and vakonomic systems as ordinary variational calculus with constraints on a Lagrangian with a dissipative variable. The variation of the energy and the other dissipative quantities are also obtained giving the usual results.
We study fractional configurations in gravity theories and Lagrange mechanics. The approach is based on Caputo fractional derivative which gives zero for actions on constants. We elaborate fractional geometric models of physical interactions and we formulate a method of nonholonomic deformations to other types of fractional derivatives. The main result of this paper consists in a proof that for corresponding classes of nonholonomic distributions a large class of physical theories are modelled as nonholonomic manifolds with constant matrix curvature. This allows us to encode the fractional dyna…
We study relations between vakonomically and nonholonomically constrained Lagrangian dynamics for the same set of linear constraints. The basic idea is to compare both situations at the level of variational principles, not equations of motion as has been done so far. The method seems to be quite powerful and effective. In particular, it allows to derive, interpret and generalize many known results on non-Abelian Chaplygin systems. We apply it also to a class of systems on Lie groups with a left-invariant constraints distribution. Concrete examples of the unicycle in a potential field, the two-…
We give a geometric description of variational principles in mechanics, with special attention to constrained systems. For the general case of nonholonomic constraints, a unified variational approach is given, and the equations of motion of both vakonomic and nonholonomic frameworks are obtained. We study specifically the existence of infinitesimal variations in both cases. When the constraints are integrable, both formalisms are compared and it is proved that they coincide. As examples, we give geometric formulations of the equations of motion for the case of optimal control and for vakonomic…
Nonholonomic mechanical systems have been attracting more interest in recent years because of their rich geometric properties and their applications in Engineering. In all generality, we discuss the reduction of a Hamilton-Jacobi theory for systems subject to nonholonomic constraints and that are invariant under the action of a group of symmetries. We consider nonholonomic systems subject to linear or nonlinear constraints, with different positioning with respect to the symmetries. We describe the reduction procedure first, to later reconstruct solutions in the unreduced picture, by starting f…
A $k$-symplectic framework for classical field theories subject to nonholonomic constraints is presented. If the constrained problem is regular one can construct a projection operator such that the solutions of the constrained problem are obtained by projecting the solutions of the free problem. Symmetries for the nonholonomic system are introduced and we show that for every such symmetry, there exist a nonholonomic momentum equation. The proposed formalism permits to introduce in a simple way many tools of nonholonomic mechanics to nonholonomic field theories.
New developments on the Geometric Nonholonomic Integrator
本文研究了几何非完全约束积分器的谱方法，探讨了其收敛性，并扩展了非完全约束下的积分器，应用于非完全约简系统，以Chaplygin球为例验证方法有效性。
Learning Nonholonomic Dynamics with Constraint Discovery
本文提出一种通过Hamel形式体系学习非完整动力系统动力学并发现系统约束的通用方法，证明了网络收敛存在局部最小值，并通过将拉格朗日量约化至李代数以保持系统对称性。
We formulate a statistical analogy of regular Lagrange mechanics and Finsler geometry derived from Grisha Perelman's functionals generalized for nonholonomic Ricci flows. There are elaborated explicit constructions when nonholonomically constrained flows of Riemann metrics result in Finsler like configurations, and inversely, and geometric mechanics is modelled on Riemann spaces with preferred nonholonomic frame structure.
We describe geometrically contact Lagrangian systems under impulsive forces and constraints, as well as instantaneous nonholonomic constraints which are not uniform along the configuration space. In both situations, the vector field describing the dynamics of a contact Lagrangian system is determined by defining projectors to evaluate the constraints by using a Riemannian metric. In particular, we introduce the Herglotz equations for contact Lagrangian systems subject to instantaneous nonholonomic constraints. Moreover, we provide a Carnot-type theorem for contact Lagrangian systems subject to…
One of the founders of the mechanics of nonoholonomic systems is Voronec who published in 1901 a significant generalization of the Caplygin's equations, by removing some restrictive assumptions. In the frame of nonholonomic systems, the Voronec equations are probably less frequent and common with respect to the prevalent methods of quasi--coordinates (Hamel--Boltzmann equations) and of the acceleration energy (Gibbs--Appell equations). In this paper we start from the case of linear nonholonomic constraints, in order to extend the Voronec equations to nonlinear nonholonomic systems. The compari…
We propose two types of stochastic extensions of nonholonomic constraints for mechanical systems. Our approach relies on a stochastic extension of the Lagrange-d'Alembert framework. We consider in details the case of invariant nonholonomic systems on the group of rotations and on the special Euclidean group. Based on this, we then develop two types of stochastic deformations of the Suslov problem and study the possibility of extending to the stochastic case the preservation of some of its integrals of motion such as the Kharlamova or Clebsch-Tisserand integrals.
The contact Eden bracket and the evolution of observables
本文研究了具有耗散且受非完整约束的接触Lagrangian和Hamiltonian系统，引入了接触Eden括号以获取任意可观测量的演化，并发现了一个动力学保持无约束的可观测量的向量子空间。
We outline an unified approach to geometrization of Lagrange mechanics, Finsler geometry and geometric methods of constructing exact solutions with generic off-diagonal terms and nonholonomic variables in gravity theories. Such geometries with induced almost symplectic structure are modelled on nonholonomic manifolds provided with nonintegrable distributions defining nonlinear connections. We introduce the concept of Lagrange-Fedosov spaces and Fedosov nonholonomic manifolds provided with almost symplectic connection adapted to the nonlinear connection structure. We investigate the main proper…
We propose a first example of a simple classical field theory with nonholonomic constraints. Our model is a straightforward modification of a Cosserat rod. Based on a mechanical analogy, we argue that the constraint forces should be modeled in a special way, and we show how such a procedure can be naturally implemented in the framework of geometric field theory. Finally, we derive the equations of motion and we propose a geometric integration scheme for the dynamics of a simplified model.
Lagrangian submanifolds are becoming a very essential tool to generalize and geometrically understand results and procedures in the area of mathematical physics. Here we use general Lagrangian submanifolds to provide a geometric version of the Hamilton-Jacobi equation. This interpretation allows us to study some interesting applications of Hamilton-Jacobi equation in holonomic, nonholonomic and time-dependent dynamics from a geometrical point of view.
On the transpositional relation for nonholonomic systems
本文研究非完整系统的动力学，分析转置规则与变分假设，阐明d'Alembert--Lagrange原理与扩展时间积分变分原理所得运动方程的差异，提供更清晰的理论框架。
Virtual Holonomic and Nonholonomic Constraints on Lie groups
本文提出了一种针对李群上虚拟约束的几何框架，通过反馈不变流形生成低维运动原语，并应用于四旋翼无人机等系统。
Variational approach to nonholonomic and inequality-constrained mechanics
本文提出一种变分方法，用于非完整力学和不等约束系统，通过构造显式泛函恢复拉格朗日-达朗贝尔方程的动力学，并通过数值优化验证了该方法的正确性。
On the Geometry of Virtual Nonlinear Nonholonomic Constraints
该研究在几何框架下提出虚拟非线性非完整约束（受控不变子流形）的概念，证明了保持该子流形的控制律的存在唯一性，辅以示例与应用仿真验证理论。
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