The ILD detector is proposed for an electron-positron collider with collision centre-of-mass energies from 90~\GeV~to about 1~\TeV. It has been developed over the last 10 years by an international team of scientists with the goal to design and eventually propose a fully integrated detector, primarily for the International Linear Collider, ILC.
In this report the fundamental ideas and concepts behind the ILD detector are discussed and the technologies needed for the realisation of the detector are reviewed.
The document starts with a short review of the science goals of the ILC, and how the goals can be achieved today with the detector technologies at hand. After a discussion of the ILC and the environment in which the experiment will take place, the detector is described in more detail, including the status of the development of the technologies foreseen for each subdetector. The integration of the different sub-systems into an integrated detector is discussed, as is the interface between the detector and the collider. This is followed by a concise summary of the benchmarking which has been performed in order to find an optimal balance between performance and cost. To the end the costing methodology used by ILD is presented, and an updated cost estimate for the detector is presented. The report closes with a summary of the current status and of planned future actions.
An overview of some progress and R&D activities of the Spanish network for future accelerators concerning the forward tracker detector of the International Large Detector is shown.
This paper presents the status of Monte Carlo simulation of one of the luminosity detectors considered for the future e+e- International Linear Collider (ILC). The detector consists of a tungsten/silicon sandwich calorimeter with pad readout. The study was performed for Bhabha scattering events assuming a zero crossing angle for the beams.
The SiD Detector is one of two validated detector designs for the future International Linear Collider. SiD features a compact, cost-constrained design for precision Higgs couplings determination, and other measurements, and sensitivity to a wide range of possible new phenomena. A robust silicon vertex and tracking system, combined with a 5 Tesla central solenoidal field, provides excellent momentum resolution. The highly granular calorimeter system is optimized for Particle Flow application to achieve very good jet energy resolution over a wide range of energies. Details of the proposed imple…
We describe another detectora designed for the International Linear Collider based on several tested instrumentation innovations in order to achieve the necessary experi- mental goal of a detecter that is 2-to-10 times better than the already excellent SLC and LEP detectors, in particular, (1) dual-readout calorimeter system based on the RD52/DREAM measurements at CERN, (2) a cluster-counting drift chamber based on the successful kloe chamber at Frascati, and (3) a second solenoid to return the magnetic flux without iron. A high-performance pixel vertex chamber is presently undefined. We discu…
Detectors for experiments at International Linear Collider require utilities such as electricity and cooling water, as well as the space to locate the relevant service facilities. In this article, a possible design of caverns for utilities and services near the interaction point is presented. The design has been made intending to satisfy requirements from detectors, as well as requirements from the accelerator.
High precision physics at future colliders requires unprecedented highly granular calorimeters for the application of the Particle Flow (PF) algorithm. The physical proof of concept was given in the previous campaign of beam tests of physic prototypes within the CALICE collaboration. We present here the latest beam and laboratory test results and R&D developments for the Silicon-Tungsten Electromagnetic Calorimeter technological prototype with fully embedded very front-end (VFE) electronics for the International Large Detector at the International Linear Collider project.
We discuss the possibility of hosting a big Astrophysics ground-based experiment in Ecuador aimed to detect VHE particles. Ecuador location makes possible to see both the Northern and Southern sky. An additional geographic feature is the presence of one of the highest American mountains, the Chimborazo (6310 m.a.s.l.), that happen to be the highest point on Earth measured from the center of the planet. In the last decade Ecuadorian government has invested resources in higher education and research, with an important policy of training abroad. The effect has been that now many researchers in Ph…
The International Large Detector (ILD) is one of the proposed detector concepts for the International Linear Collider (ILC). The work on the ILD machine-detector interface (MDI) concentrates on the optimisation of the experimental area design for the operation and maintenance of the detector. The ILC will use a push-pull system to allow the operation of two detectors at one interaction region. The special requirements of this system pose technical constraints to the interaction region and the design of both detectors.
One of the potential problems of a Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detector (MPGD)-based Time Projection Chamber (TPC) is the Ion back Flow (IBF): ions generated through the avalanche amplification process flow back to the drift volume of the TPC and disarrange an electric field inside it. Consequently non-negligible degradation of azimuthal spatial resolution is caused due to this IBF. Meanwhile, it is necessary to collect primary ionized electrons to maintain intrinsic performance of the MPGDs. The MPGD based TPC is currently planned to be used as a central tracking detector of the International Large…
CMOS sensors were successfully implemented in the STAR tracker [1]. LHC experiments have shown that efficient b tagging, reconstruction of displaced vertices and identification of disappearing tracks are necessary. An improved vertex detector is justified for the ILC. To achieve a point(spatial single layer) resolution below the one-μm range while improving other characteristics (radiation tolerance and eventually time resolution) we will need the use of 1-micron pitch pixels. Therefore, we propose a single MOS transistor that acts as an amplifying device and a detector with a buried charge-co…
While the particle physics community is eagerly waiting for a positive sign for the construction of the next energy frontier collider, developments continue to advance the detector capabilities. New methods and algorithms are being implemented in order to exploit the precious collisions at a Future Higgs Factory as well as possible, informing at the same time, which detector aspects are of particular importance or in fact currently limiting. In this work, three new event analysis methods are briefly introduced and put into context of hardware development for a detector at a Future Higgs Factor…
Fine pixel CCD (FPCCD) is one of the candidate sensor technologies for the vertex detector used for experiments at the International Linear Collider (ILC). A vertex detector system for the International Large Detector (ILD) using FPCCD sensors has been designed. We report on the R&D status of FPCCD sensors, as well as the vertex detector design for ILD.
The International Linear Collider Technical Design Report (TDR) describes in four volumes the physics case and the design of a 500 GeV centre-of-mass energy linear electron-positron collider based on superconducting radio-frequency technology using Niobium cavities as the accelerating structures. The accelerator can be extended to 1 TeV and also run as a Higgs factory at around 250 GeV and on the Z0 pole. A comprehensive value estimate of the accelerator is give, together with associated uncertainties. It is shown that no significant technical issues remain to be solved. Once a site is selecte…
Letter of intent describing SiD (Silicon Detector) for consideration by the International Linear Collider IDAG panel. This detector concept is founded on the use of silicon detectors for vertexing, tracking, and electromagnetic calorimetry. The detector has been cost-optimized as a general-purpose detector for a 500 GeV electron-positron linear collider.
The SiD detector concept is one of two currently accepted approaches to providing a detector for the future International Linear Collider. The SiD design philosophy is described and an overview of the concept given. Each major component of SiD is described, with emphasis on the critical R&D issues in each area. The context of the paper is evolution of the SiD design and the associated R&D towards the Detailed Baseline Design in late 2012.
A highly granular silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter (SiW-ECAL) is the reference design of the ECAL of the International Large Detector (ILD) concept, one of the two detector concepts for the detector(s) at the future International Linear Collider. Prototypes for this type of detector are developed within the CALICE Collaboration. During the last year a highly compact digital readout system has been built. The system has been used for the first time in a beam test in Summer 2019 at DESY. This article summarises the main features of the system and report on its performance during the …
The impact of the incoherent electron-positron pairs from beamstrahlung on the occupancy of the vertex detector (VXD) for the International Large Detector concept (ILD) has been studied, based on the standard ILD simulation tools. The occupancy was evaluated for two substantially different sensor technology in order to estimate the importance of the latter. The influence of an anti-DID field removing backscattered electrons has also been studied.
The design of detector concepts has been driven for a long time by requirements on transverse momentum, impact parameter and jet energy resolutions, as well as hermeticity. Only rather recently it has been realised that the ability to idenfity different types of charged hadrons, in particular kaons and protons, could have important applications at Higgs factories like the International Linear Collider (ILC), ranging from improvements in tracking, vertexing and flavour tagging to measurements requiring strangeness-tagging. While detector concepts with gaseous tracking, like a time projection ch…
The design of detector concepts has been driven for a long time by requirements on transverse momentum, impact parameter and jet energy resolutions, as well as hermeticity. Only rather recently it has been realised that the ability to idenfity different types of charged hadrons, in particular kaons and protons, could have important applications at Higgs factories like the International Linear Collider (ILC), ranging from improvements in tracking, vertexing and flavour tagging to measurements requiring strangeness-tagging. While detector concepts with gaseous tracking, like a time projection ch…
The physics potential of the Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC) can be significantly strengthened by two detectors with complementary designs. A promising detector approach based on the Silicon Detector (SiD) designed for the International Linear Collider (ILC) is presented. Several simplifications of this detector for the lower energies expected at the CEPC are proposed. A number of cost optimizations of this detector are illustrated using full detector simulations. We show that the proposed changes will enable to reach the physics goals at the CEPC.
The International Large Detector (ILD) at the International Linear Collider (ILC) requires significantly improved subdetector systems to comply with the envisioned performance. Its central tracking detector is a Time Projection Chamber (TPC) which is equipped with Micropattern Gaseous Detector (MPGD) readout modules. The LCTPC collaboration was founded in 2007 to design such a MPGD-based TPC and to build and test demonstrator modules. For this an experimental setup at DESY, Hamburg, was built, where four different readout concepts have been studied in many successful test beam campaigns since …
We present a brief summary of the International Linear Collider as documented in the 2013 Technical Design Report. The Technical Design Report has detailed descriptions of the accelerator baseline design for a 500 GeV e+e- linear collider, the R&D program that has demonstrated its feasibility, the physics goals and expected sensitivities, and the description of the ILD and SiD detectors and their capabilities.
The International AXion Observatory (IAXO) will incorporate a new generation detector for axions, a hypothetical particle, which was postulated to solve one of the puzzles arising in the standard model of particle physics, namely the strong CP problem. The new IAXO experiment is aiming at achieving a sensitivity to the coupling between axions and photons of one order of magnitude beyond the limits of the current state-of-the-art detector, represented by the CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST). The IAXO detector relies on a high-magnetic field distributed over a very large volume to convert solar…
Axions are hypothetical particles that were postulated to solve one of the puzzles arising in the standard model of particle physics, namely the strong CP (Charge conjugation and Parity) problem. The new International AXion Observatory (IAXO) will incorporate the most promising solar axions detector to date, which is designed to enhance the sensitivity to the axion-photon coupling by one order of magnitude beyond the limits of the current state-of-the-art detector, the CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST). The IAXO detector relies on a high-magnetic field distributed over a very large volume to c…
One of candidates for the International Linear Collider(ILC)'s vertex detector is the Fine Pixel CCD (FPCCD) with a pixel size of 5 \times 5 (\mum^2). Sensor and readout systems are currently being studied and prototypes have been developed. In this paper we will report on the performance of latest developed readout ASIC prototype as well as the outline of the design strategy for the next ASIC prototype.
In the context of the Silicon tracking for a Linear Collider (SiLC) R&D collaboration, a highly compact mixed-signal chip has been designed in 130nm CMOS technology intended to read Silicon strip detectors for the experiments at the future International Linear Collider. The chip includes eighty eight channels of a full analog signal processing chain and analog to digital conversion with the corresponding digital controls and readout channels. The chip is 5x10mm2 where the analog implementation represents 4/5 of the total Silicon area.
The highly granular silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter (SiW ECAL) is the reference design of the ECAL for the International Large Detector (ILD) concept, one of the two detector concepts proposed for the future International Linear Collider (ILC). Prototypes for this type of detector are developed within the CALICE Collaboration. This contribution reports on the development of an ultra-thin PCB called Chip-on-Board (COB) that is equipped with wirebonded ASICs and pixelated silicon wafers. This set will form the basic unit of detection of the SiW ECAL. It will favour the design of an …
IAXO, the new International AXion Observatory, will feature the most ambitious detector for solar axions to date. Axions are hypothetical particles which were postulated to solve one of the puzzles arising in the standard model of particle physics, namely the strong CP (Charge conjugation and Parity) problem. This detector aims at achieving a sensitivity to the coupling between axions and photons of one order of magnitude beyond the limits of the current detector, the CERN Axion Solar Telescope (CAST). The IAXO detector relies on a high-magnetic field distributed over a very large volume to co…
Druid is a dedicated event display designed for the future electron positron linear colliders. Druid takes standard linear collider data files and detector geometry description files as input, it can visualize both physics event and detector geometry. Many displaying options are provided by Druid, giving easy access to different information. As a versatile event display, Druid supports all the latest linear collider detector models, Silicon Detector and International Large Detector, as well as the calorimeter prototypes operated in the CALICE test beam experiments. It has been utilized in many…
The International Large Detector, ILD, is a detector concept which has been developed for the electron-positron collider ILC. The detector has been optimized for precision physics in a range of energies between 90 GeV and 1 TeV. ILD features a high precision, large volume combined silicon and gaseous tracking system, together with a high granularity calorimeter, all inside a 3.5 T solenoidal magnetic field. The paradigm of particle flow has been the guiding principle of the design of ILD. In this document the required performance of the detector, the proposed implementation and the readiness o…
The harsh machine background at the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC) forms a strong constraint on the design of the innermost part of the tracker. For the CLIC Conceptual Design Report, the detector concepts developed for the International Linear Collider (ILC) were adapted to the CLIC environment. We present the new layout for the Vertex Detector and the Forward Tracking Disks of the CLIC detector concepts, as well as the background levels in these detectors. We also study the dependence of the background rates on technology parameters like thickness of the active layer and detection threshold.
The International Large Detector (ILD) --a detector concept for the International Linear Collider (ILC)-- foresees a Time Projection Chamber (TPC) as its main tracking detector. Currently, the R&D efforts for such a TPC focus on studies using a large prototype that can accommodate up to seven read-out modules which are comparable to the ones that would be used in the final ILD TPC. The DESY TPC group has developed such a module using GEMs for the gas amplification, which are mounted on thin ceramic frames. The module design and first results of a test beam campaign are presented.
A highly granular silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter (SiW-ECAL) is the reference design of the ECAL for International Large Detector (ILD) concept, one of the two detector concepts for the detector(s) at the future International Linear Collider. Prototypes for this type of detector are developed within the CALICE Collaboration. The final detector will comprise about $10^{8}$ calorimeter cells that have to be integrated in a volume of maximal 20 cm in depth. Detector components that in terms of size and channel density come already close to the specifications for future large scale ex…
LumiCal will be the luminosity calorimeter for the proposed International Large Detector of the International Linear Collider (ILC). The ILC physics program requires the integrated luminosity to be measured with a relative precision on the order of 10e-3, or 10e-4 when running in GigaZ mode. Luminosity will be determined by counting Bhabha scattering events coincident in the two calorimeter modules placed symmetrically on opposite sides of the interaction point. To meet these goals, the energy resolution of the calorimeter must be better than 1.5% at high energies. LumiCal has been designed as…
An important technological step towards the realization of an ultra-granular hadronic calorimeter to be used in the future International Linear Collider (ILC) experiments has been made. A 33X50 cm2 GRPC detector equipped with a power-pulsed electronics board offering a 1cm2 lateral segmentation was successfully tested in a 3-Tesla magnet operating at the H2 beam line of the CERN SPS. An important reduction of power consumption with no deterioration of the detector performance is obtained when the power-pulsing mode is applied. This important result shows that ultra-granular calorimeters for IL…
The data acquisition system (DAQ) for a highly granular analogue hadron calorimeter (AHCAL) for the future International Linear Collider is presented. The developed DAQ chain has several stages of aggregation and scales up to 8 million channels foreseen for the AHCAL detector design. The largest aggregation device, Link Data Aggregator, has 96 HDMI connectors, four Kintex7 FPGAs and a central Zynq System-On-Chip. Architecture and performance results are shown in detail. Experience from DESY testbeams with a small detector prototype consisting of 15 detector layers are shown.
Precision polarimetry is essential for future e+ e- colliders and requires Compton polarimeters designed for negligible statistical uncertainties. In this paper, we discuss the design and construction of a quartz Cherenkov detector for such Compton polarimeters. The detector concept has been developed with regard to the main systematic uncertainties of the polarisation measurements, namely the linearity of the detector response and detector alignment. Simulation studies presented here imply that the light yield reachable by using quartz as Cherenkov medium allows to resolve in the Cherenkov ph…
Basic scaling laws are used to compare the relative capabilities of gaseous and solid-state tracking. Conclusions are drawn in the context of physics processes expected to be at the focus of studies at the International Linear Collider.
The ILD Si-W ECAL is a sampling calorimeter with tungsten absorber and highly segmented silicon layers for the International Large Detector (ILD), one of the two detector concepts for the International Linear Collider. SKIROC2 is an ASIC for the ILD Si-WECAL. To investigate the issues found in prototype detectors, we prepared dedicated ASIC evaluation boards with either BGA sockets or directly soldered SKIROC2. We report a performance study with the evaluation boards, including signal-to-noise ratio and TDC performance with comparing SKIROC2 and an updated version, SKIROC2A.
High energy longitudinal electron polarimetry will be based on Compton scattering for the International Linear Collider. An unobtrusive measurement has to include a magnet chicane setup serving as a spectrometer. Current proposals make use of Cerenkov detectors for electron detection. A fast simulation has been developed to study the basic properties of scenarios for the polarimeter setup.
We conducted a series of beam tests of prototype TPCs for the International Linear Collider (ILC) experiment, equipped with an MWPC, a MicroMEGAS, or GEMs as a readout device. The prototype operated successfully in a test beam at KEK under an axial magnetic field of up to 1 T. The analysis of data is now in progress and some of the preliminary results obtained with GEMs and MicroMEGAS are presented along with our interpretation. Also given is the extrapolation of the obtained spatial resolution to that of a large TPC expected for the central tracker of the ILC experiment.
The Silicon Vertex Detector of Belle II is a state-of-the-art tracking and vertexing system based on double-sided silicon strip sensors, designed and fabricated by a large international collaboration in the period 2012--2018. Since 2019 it has been in operation providing high quality data with a small number of defective channels (<1%), a large hit-finding efficiency (>99%), a good signal-to-noise ratio (well in excess of 10 for all sensor configurations and tracks). Together with the good control over the alignment, these are all essential factors to achieve good tracking reconstruction and p…
The SiD concept is one of two proposed detectors to be mounted at the interaction region of the International Linear Collider (ILC). A substantial ILC background arises from low transverse momentum $\mathrm{e}^{+}\mathrm{e}^{-}$ pairs created by the interaction of the colliding beams' electromagnetic fields. In order to provide hermeticity and sensitivity to beam targeting parameters, a forward Beamline Calorimeter (BeamCal) is being designed that will provide coverage down to 5 mrad from the outgoing beam trajectory, and intercept the majority of this pair background. Using the SiD simulation…
A highly granular silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter (SiW-ECAL) is the reference design of the ECAL for International Large Detector concept, one of the two detector concepts for the future International Linear Collider. Prototypes for this type of detector are developed within the CALICE Collaboration. The technological prototype addresses technical challenges such as integrated front-end electronics or compact layer and readout design. A stack of 7 layers was compiled and tested at DESY test beam facilities in 2017. We present preliminary results on the properties of the electromag…
The CALICE Collaboration is carrying out research and development into calorimetry for a detector at the International Linear Collider (ILC). CALICE is investigating a range of technologies for both electromagnetic and hadronic calorimetry. An overview of the prototypes and selected test-beam results are presented.
The GLD is a detector for the experiment at the International Linear Collider (ILC). It consists of a large calorimeter and a gaseous central tracker placed in a moderate magnetic field, both electro-magnetic and hadron calorimeters being placed inside the magnetic coil to have enough hermeticity and good jet energy resolution. The outline of the GLD is presented.
The SiLC - Silicon for the Linear Collider - collaboration aims to develop silicon detector technology for tracking in the international linear collider experiments. The R & D programme involves a substantial effort in simulation of the response of detector designs. In this contribution, an overview of ongoing efforts in this area is given.
The International Linear Collider (ILC) will collide polarised electrons and positrons at beam energies of 45.6 GeV to 250 GeV and optionally up to 500 GeV. To fully exploit the physics potential of this machine, not only the luminosity and beam energy have to be known precisely, but also the polarisation of the particles has to be measured with an unprecedented precision of dP/P ~ 0.25% for both beams. An overall concept of high precision polarisation measurements at high beam energies will be presented. The focus will be on the polarimeters (up- and downstream of the e+e- interaction point) …
For the International Large Detector concept at the planned International Linear Collider, the use of time projection chambers (TPC) with micro-pattern gas detector readout as the main tracking detector is investigated. In this paper, results from a prototype TPC, placed in a 1 T solenoidal field and read out with three independent GEM-based readout modules, are reported. The TPC was exposed to a 6 GeV electron beam at the DESY II synchrotron. The efficiency for reconstructing hits, the measurement of the drift velocity, the space point resolution and the control of field inhomogeneities are p…
For the International Large Detector (ILD) at the planned International Linear Collider (ILC) a Time Projection Chamber (TPC) is foreseen as the main tracking detector. To achieve the required point resolution, Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detectors (MPGD) will be used in the amplification stage. A readout module using a stack of three Gas Electron Multipliers (GEM) for gas amplification was developed at DESY and tested at the DESY II Test Beam Facility. After introducing the readout module and the infrastructure at the test beam facility, the performance related to single point and double-hit resolu…
The International Linear Collider Technical Design Report (TDR) describes in four volumes the physics case and the design of a 500 GeV centre-of-mass energy linear electron-positron collider based on superconducting radio-frequency technology using Niobium cavities as the accelerating structures. The accelerator can be extended to 1 TeV and also run as a Higgs factory at around 250 GeV and on the Z0 pole. A comprehensive value estimate of the accelerator is give, together with associated uncertainties. It is shown that no significant technical issues remain to be solved. Once a site is selecte…
The contribution gives an overview of the LCFIVertex package, providing software tools for high-level event reconstruction at the International Linear Collider using vertex-detector information. The package was validated using a fast Monte Carlo simulation. Performance obtained with a more realistic GEANT4-based detector simulation and realistic tracking code is presented. The influence of hadronic interactions on flavour tagging is discussed.
This report, Volume IV of the International Linear Collider Reference Design Report, describes the detectors which will record and measure the charged and neutral particles produced in the ILC's high energy e+e- collisions. The physics of the ILC, and the environment of the machine-detector interface, pose new challenges for detector design. Several conceptual designs for the detector promise the needed performance, and ongoing detector R&D is addressing the outstanding technological issues. Two such detectors, operating in push-pull mode, perfectly instrument the ILC interaction region, and a…
This paper describes the design and construction of a Cherenkov detector conceived with regard to high energy Compton polarimeters for the International Linear Collider, where beam diagnostic systems of unprecedented precision must complement the interaction region detectors to pursue an ambitious physics programme. Besides the design of a prototype Cherenkov detector, detailed simulation studies are presented. Results of a first testbeam campaign with the main objective of validating the simulation in terms of the light distribution inside the channels and the channel response are presented. …
A vertex detector concept of the Linear Collider Flavour Identification (LCFI) collaboration, which studies pixel detectors for heavy quark flavour identification, has been implemented in simulations for c-quark tagging in scalar top studies. The production and decay of scalar top quarks (stops) is particularly interesting for the development of the vertex detector as only two c-quarks and missing energy (from undetected neutralinos) are produced for light stops. Previous studies investigated the vertex detector design in scenarios with large mass differences between stop and neutralino, corre…
The goal of the EUDET project is the development and construction of infrastructure to permit detector R&D for the International Linear Collider (ILC) with larger scale prototypes. It encompasses major detector components: the vertex detector, the tracker and the calorimeters. We describe here the status and plans of the project with emphasis on issues related to data acquisition for future test beam experiments.
We develop the vertex detector for the international linear collider (ILC) using the FPCCD (Fine Pixel CCD), whose pixel size is 5 x 5 um2. Together with the FPCCD sensor, a prototype of the readout ASIC was developed in 2008. The readout ASIC was confirmed to work correctly at slow readout speed (1.5 Mpix/sec). In this letter, we describe the status of the performance study for the readout ASIC.
