The LCTPC Collaboration, David Attié, Ties Behnke, Alain Bellerive, Oleg Bezshyyko, Deb Sankar Bhattacharya, Purba Bhattacharya, Sudeb Bhattacharya, Stefano Cai… 展开作者
The LCTPC Collaboration, David Attié, Ties Behnke, Alain Bellerive, Oleg Bezshyyko, Deb Sankar Bhattacharya, Purba Bhattacharya, Sudeb Bhattacharya, Stefano Caiazza, Paul Colas, Gilles De Lentdecker, Klaus Dehmelt, Klaus Desch, Ralf Diener, Madhu Dixit, Ivor Fleck, Keisuke Fujii, Takahiro Fusayasu, Serguei Ganjour, Yuanning Gao, Philippe Gros, Peter Hayman, Vincent Hedberg, Katsumasa Ikematsu, Leif Jönsson, Jochen Kaminski, Yukihiro Kato, Shin-ichi Kawada, Martin Killenberg, Claus Kleinwort, Makoto Kobayashi, Vladyslav Krylov, Bo Li, Yulan Li, Björn Lundberg, Michael Lupberger, Nayana Majumdar, Takeshi Matsuda, Rashid Mehdiyev, Ulf Mjörnmark, Felix Müller, Astrid Münnich, Supratik Mukhopadhyay, Tomohisa Ogawa, Anders Oskarsson, Lennart Österman, Daniel Peterson, Marc Riallot, Christoph Rosemann, Stefan Roth, Peter Schade, Oliver Schäfer, Ronald Dean Settles, Amir Noori Shirazi, Oxana Smirnova, Akira Sugiyama, Tohru Takahashi, Junping Tian, Jan Timmermans, Maksym Titov, Dimitra Tsionou, Annika Vauth, Wenxin Wang, Takashi Watanabe, Ulrich Werthenbach, Yifan Yang, Zhenwei Yang, Ryo Yonamine, Klaus Zenker, Fan Zhang
For the International Large Detector concept at the planned International Linear Collider, the use of time projection chambers (TPC) with micro-pattern gas detector readout as the main tracking detector is investigated. In this paper, results from a prototype TPC, placed in a 1 T solenoidal field and read out with three independent GEM-based readout modules, are reported. The TPC was exposed to a 6 GeV electron beam at the DESY II synchrotron. The efficiency for reconstructing hits, the measurement of the drift velocity, the space point resolution and the control of field inhomogeneities are presented.
Liquid Argon Time Projection Chambers (LArTPCs) have been selected for the future long-baseline Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE). To allow LArTPCs to operate in the high-multiplicity near detector environment of DUNE, a new charge readout technology is required. Traditional charge readout technologies introduce intrinsic ambiguities, combined with a slow detector response, these ambiguities have limited the performance of LArTPCs, until now. Here, we present a novel pixelated charge readout that enables the full 3D tracking capabilities of LArTPCs. We characterise the signal to nois…
As part of the Compact Muon Solenoid experiment Phase-II upgrade program, new Resistive Plate Chambers will be installed in the forward region. High background conditions are expected in this region during the high-luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider, therefore an improved RPC design has been proposed with a new front-end electronics to sustain a higher rate capability and better time resolution. A new technology is used in the front-end electronics resulting in very low achievable thresholds of the order of several fC. Crucial in the design of the improved RPC is the capability of a…
In this paper we explore the potential improvements in neutrino event reconstruction that a 3D pixelated readout could offer over a 2D projective wire readout for liquid argon time projection chambers. We simulate and study events in two generic, idealized detector configurations for these two designs, classifying events in each sample with deep convolutional neural networks to compare the best 2D results to the best 3D results. In almost all cases we find that the 3D readout provides better reconstruction efficiency and purity than the 2D projective wire readout, with the advantages of 3D bei…
The characteristic studies of a Single Mask~(SM) triple Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detector are carried out using Ar/CO$_2$ gas mixture in 70/30 volume ratio in continuous flow mode. A Fe$^{55}$ X-ray source is used for this work. The gain and energy resolution are studied from the 5.9 keV X-ray energy spectra. After correcting the effects of temperature and pressure variation, the effect of relative humidity on the gain and energy resolution of the chamber is investigated. The details of the experimental setup, measurement methods and results are presented in this article.
The conventional readout method of the RPC detector uses two sets of orthogonal readout strips placed at the both sides of the gas gap to collect signals of opposite polarities to obtain space points. A new readout method utilizing the reflected signals is proposed which only requires one set of readout strips. The reflection readout method utilizes the differences in the arrival time of the direct and reflected signals to determine the hit position. Customized transmission cables are introduced to extend the propagation distance of reflected signals to ensure sufficient separation of the two …
This work is proposing and exploring the use of multichannel readout electronics, already used in quality assurance for gain uniformity studies, to measure the uniformity of the induction gap in GEM based detectors. The measurement will furthermore provide a qualification of the readout electrodes in terms of disconnected or shorted channels. The proposed method relies on the dependence on the induction gap capacitance between the readout strips and the bottom of the GEM. The measurement is obtained inducing capacitively a signal on the readout strips pulsing the bottom layer of the GEM foil. …
Small-diameter Drift Tube (sMDT) detectors with 15 mm tube diameter have proven to be excellent candidates for precision muon tracking detectors in experiments at future hadron colliders like HL-LHC and FCC-hh where unprecedentedly high background rate capabilities are required. sMDT chambers are currently being installed in the inner barrel layer of the ATLAS muon spectrometer. The rate capability of the sMDT drift tubes in terms of muon detection efficiency and spatial resolution is limited by the performance of the readout electronics. A new (s)MDT ASD (Amplifier-Shaper-Discriminator) reado…
We report the demonstration of a low-power pixelated readout system designed for three-dimensional ionization charge detection and digital readout of liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs). Unambiguous 3D charge readout was achieved using a custom-designed system-on-a-chip ASIC (LArPix) to uniquely instrument each pad in a pixelated array of charge-collection pads. The LArPix ASIC, manufactured in 180 nm bulk CMOS, provides 32 channels of charge-sensitive amplification with self-triggered digitization and multiplexed readout at temperatures from 80 K to 300 K. Using an 832-channel LAr…
The concept of a hybrid readout of a time projection chamber is presented. It combines a GEM-based amplification and a pad-based anode plane with a pixel chip as readout electronics. This way, a high granularity enabling to identify electron clusters from the primary ionisation is achieved as well as flexibility and large anode coverage. The benefits of this high granularity, in particular for dE/dx measurements, are outlined and results of a simulation-based performance study are given. The structure of the first prototype board is discussed, including adaptions based on a very preliminary fi…
Optical readout of GEM based devices by means of high granularity and low noise CMOS sensors allows to obtain very interesting tracking performance. Space resolution of the order of tens of $μ$m were measured on the GEM plane along with an energy resolution of 20%$÷$30%. The main limitation of CMOS sensors is represented by their poor information about time structure of the event. In this paper, the use of a concurrent light readout by means of a suitable photomultiplier and the acquisition of the electric signal induced on the GEM electrode are exploited to provide the necessary timing inform…
ALICE, one of the experiments at the Large Hadron Collider (CERN), is undergoing ambitious upgrades during the ongoing second long shutdown (LS2). The main goal of this project is to access rare events and previously inaccessible physics observables. The increased Pb-Pb and pp collision rates need a correspondingly higher TPC operation rate in the next Run 3 of the LHC. The operational gated MWPC readout used so far cannot be used at such fast rates. Therefore a new readout chamber is needed with a novel technology and without any compromise on the momentum and energy resolution. As a solution…
The ALICE Time Projection Chamber has just been upgraded by replacing the readout chambers, which cover the two ends of the cylinder, with new detectors based on the Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) technology. We report here on the related activities at GSI Darmstadt: GEM framing and chamber production, as well as the quality assurance accompanying both procedures.
Measurements of proton-nucleus scattering and high resolution neutrino-nucleus interaction imaging are key to reduce neutrino oscillation systematic uncertainties in future experiments. A High Pressure Time Projection Chamber (HPTPC) prototype has been constructed and operated at Royal Holloway University of London and CERN as a first step in the development of a HPTPC capable of performing these measurements as part of a future long-baseline neutrino oscillation experiment such as the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment. In this paper we describe the design and operation of the prototype HPT…
Performance of a Time-Projection-Chamber with a Large-Area Micro-Pixel-Chamber Readout
研制了探测体积为23*28*31 cm ^3的微型时间投影室，并对其基本性能进行了测试。微TPC由一个探测面积为31*31 cm ^2的微像素室作为二维成像装置和一个有效面积为23*28 cm ^2的气体电子倍增器作为前置气体倍增器组成。微型TPC在50，000的气体增益下运行，并测量了能量分辨率和空间分辨率。
Triple-GEM detector technology was recently selected by CMS for a part of the upgrade of its forward muon detector system as GEM detectors provide a stable operation in the high radiation environment expected during the future High-Luminosity phase of the Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC). In a first step, GEM chambers (detectors) will be installed in the innermost muon endcap station in the $1.6<\left|η\right|<2.2$ pseudo-rapidity region, mainly to control level-1 muon trigger rates after the second LHC Long Shutdown. These new chambers will add redundancy to the muon system in the $η$-region wh…
Resistive Plate Chambers for Imaging Calorimetry - the DHCAL
DHCAL，数字强子量热计，是一种基于电阻板室（RPC）的原型量热计。该设计强调的成像能力的检测器，努力优化的应用程序的粒子流算法（PFAs）的强子射流能量在碰撞束环境中的重建量热计。腔室的读出被分割成1 x 1 cm 2的垫，每个以1位（单阈值）分辨率读出。具有大约50万个读出通道的原型在费米实验室和欧洲核子研究中心的测试束中进行了广泛的测试。本报告介绍了从试验梁收集的数据分析的初步结果。
CYGNO is a project realising a cubic meter demonstrator to study the scalability of the performance of the optical approach for the readout of large-volume, GEM-equipped TPC. This is part of the CYGNUS proto-collaboration which aims at constructing a network of underground observatories for directional Dark Matter search. The combined use of high-granularity sCMOS and fast sensors for reading out the light produced in GEM channels during the multiplication processes was shown to allow on one hand to reconstruct 3D direction of the tracks, offering accurate energy measurements and sensitivity t…
Gated wires are widely used in Time Projection Chamber (TPC) to avoid ion back-flow (IBF) in the drift volume. The anode wires can provide stable gain at high voltage with a long lifetime. However, switching on and off the gated grid (GG) leads to a dead time and also limit the readout efficiency of the TPC. Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) foil provides a possibility of continuous readout for TPC, which can suppress IBF efficiently while keeping stable gain. A prototype chamber including two layers of GEM foils and anode wires has been built to combine both advantages from GEM and anode wire. Us…
We report the results of the analyses of the cosmic ray data collected with a 4 tonne (3$\times$1$\times$1~m$^3$) active mass (volume) Liquid Argon Time-Projection Chamber (TPC) operated in a dual-phase mode. We present a detailed study of the TPC's response, its main detector parameters and performance. The results are important for the understanding and further developments of the dual-phase technology, thanks to the verification of key aspects, such as the extraction of electrons from liquid to gas and their amplification through the entire one square metre readout plain, gain stability, pu…
Low radioactive material screening is becoming essential for rare event search experiments, such as neutrinoless double beta decay and dark matter searches in underground laboratories. A gaseous time projection chamber (TPC) can be used for such purposes with large active areas and high efficiency. A gaseous TPC with a Micromegas readout plane of approximately 20$\times$20 cm$^2$ is successfully constructed for surface alpha contamination measurements. We have characterized the energy resolution, gain stability, and tracking capability with calibration sources. With the unique track-related ba…
A hybrid readout Time Projection Chamber (TPC) has a simultaneous optical- and charge readout. The optical readout provides 2D images of particle tracks in the active volume, whilst the charge readout provides additional information on the particle position perpendicular to the image plane. A hybrid readout TPC working at high pressure is an attractive device for physics cases where an excellent space point resolution and a high target density is required as e.g. measuring a neutrino beam at the source of a long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment. In this paper we present two different l…
Liquid argon time projection chambers (LArTPCs) have been proposed as neutrino detectors that combine both large sizes to maximize the number of neutrino interactions and detailed recording of the interaction. The readout of thousands of channels at MHz sampling rates produce images of the neutrino-nucleus interaction with millimeter-scale resolution, enabling the identification of the resulting particles and offering multiple handles to measure their energies at the expense of large data rates. Continuous acquisition of the LArTPC data is required to enable the use of high-latency triggers fo…
The ALICE experiment at CERN is undergoing a major upgrade during the Long Shutdown 2 (LS2) of the LHC during 2019-2020. The key elements regarding the central barrel are the installation of a new Inner Tracking System (ITS) and the upgrade of the large Time Projection Chamber (TPC). The TPC is currently being upgraded with a new readout system, including new GEM-based Readout Chambers and new front-end electronics enabling us to operate it in continuous mode. The new ITS based on CMOS Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors will significantly improve the impact parameter resolution and the tracking e…
For the International Large Detector (ILD) at the planned International Linear Collider (ILC) a Time Projection Chamber (TPC) is foreseen as the main tracking detector. To achieve the required point resolution, Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detectors (MPGD) will be used in the amplification stage. A readout module using a stack of three Gas Electron Multipliers (GEM) for gas amplification was developed at DESY and tested at the DESY II Test Beam Facility. After introducing the readout module and the infrastructure at the test beam facility, the performance related to single point and double-hit resolu…
The LHC is undergoing a high luminosity upgrade, which is set to increase the instantaneous luminosity by at least a factor of five, resulting in a higher muon flux rate in the forward region, which will overwhelm the current trigger system of the CMS experiment. The ME0, a gas electron multiplier detector, is proposed for the Phase-2 Muon System Upgrade to help increase the muon acceptance and to control the Level 1 muon trigger rate. To lower the probability of HV discharges, the ME0 was designed with GEM foils that are segmented on both sides. Initial testing of the ME0 showed substantial c…
The ALICE Collaboration is planning a major upgrade of its central barrel detectors to be able to cope with the increased LHC luminosity beyond 2020. In order to record at an increased interaction rate of up to 50$\,$kHz in Pb$-$Pb collisions, the TPC will be operated in an ungated mode with continuous readout. This demands for a replacement of the currently employed gated Multi-Wire Proportional Chambers by GEM-based (Gas Electron Multiplier) readout chambers, while retaining the performance in particular in terms of particle identification capabilities via the measurement of the specific ene…
The long-term stability in terms of gain and energy resolution of a prototype triple Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detector has been investigated with high rate X-ray irradiation. Premixed Ar/CO2 (80:20) and (90:10) gases have been used for this stability study. A strong Fe55 X-ray source is used to irradiate the chamber. The uniqueness of this work is that the same source has been used to irradiate the GEM prototype and also to monitor the spectra. This arrangement is important since it reduces the mechanical complexity of using an X-ray generator as well as the cost of the setup. A small are…
With the advancement of the accelerator systems and the requirements of high luminosity particle beams to reach different physics goals, detectors with good position resolution and high rate handling capability have become essential for designing any High Energy Physics (HEP) experiments. The Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) detectors are widely used in many HEP experiments as a tracking device because of their good spatial resolution and rate handling capability. The presence of the dielectric medium inside the active volume of the GEM detector changes its behaviour when exposed to external radi…
