General Thoughts about Tracking for a Linear Collider Detector
Bruce A. Schumm
基本的标度律被用来比较气体和固态跟踪的相对能力。结论得出的物理过程的背景下，预计将在国际直线对撞机的研究重点。
Basic scaling laws are used to compare the relative capabilities of gaseous and solid-state tracking. Conclusions are drawn in the context of physics processes expected to be at the focus of studies at the International Linear Collider.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
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Vertex Tracking at a Future Linear Collider
在高能e+e-线性对撞机上预期的物理程序特别强调将带电粒子轨道外推到其产生顶点以标记重夸克和轻子的准确性。本文综述了未来直线对撞机顶点跟踪器的物理动机和性能要求、传感器的研发方向和研究现状。
CLIC is a proposed linear $e^+e^-$ collider with center-of-mass energies of up to 3 TeV. Its main objectives are precise top quark, Higgs boson and Beyond Standard Model physics. In addition to spatial resolutions of a few micrometers and a very low material budget, the vertex and tracking detectors also require timing capabilities with a precision of a few nanoseconds to allow suppression of beam-induced background particles. Different technologies using hybrid silicon detectors are explored for the vertex detectors, such as dedicated 65 nm readout ASICs, small-pitch sensors as well as bondin…
Studies of Vertex Tracking with SOI Pixel Sensors for Future Lepton Colliders
本文提出了一种在高阻衬底上用SOI技术的三层单片像素传感器组成的束流描迹仪进行顶点跟踪的研究。我们研究了在CERN SPS上用150和300 GeV/c的π介子进行的π介子-Cu相互作用中的径迹外推精度、双径迹分离和顶点重建精度。在未来的轻子对撞机的顶点跟踪的背景下，结果进行了讨论。
Detector mechanics can play a significant role in a detector's performance, improvements typically require in-depth study of total mass, novel ways to reduce the total mass, as well as more integrated design concepts to save on material budgets and optimize performance. Particle detectors at future colliders rely on ever more precise charged particle tracking devices, which are supported by structures manufactured from composite materials. This article lays out engineering techniques able to solve challenges related to the design and manufacturing of future support structures. Examples of curr…
Conformal tracking is an innovative and comprehensive pattern recognition technique using a cellular automaton-based track finding performed in a conformally-mapped space. It is particularly well-suited for light-weight silicon systems with high position resolution, such as the next generation of tracking detectors designed for future electron-positron colliders. The algorithm has been developed and validated with simulated data of the CLICdet tracker. It has demonstrated not only excellent performance in terms of tracking efficiency, fake rate and track parameters resolution but also robustne…
Forward tracking at the next \boldmath{$e^+e^-$} collider Part II: experimental challenges and detector design
我们提出了第二个在一系列的研究到未来的线性$ e^+ e^- $对撞机的前向跟踪系统的质心能量范围从250 GeV到3 TeV。在本说明中，一些具体的挑战进行了调查，在以前的实验中，在前向区域中的跟踪和顶点的性能下降。我们进行定量分析的跟踪性能对探测器的设计参数的依赖性，并确定几种方法来减轻性能损失的带电粒子发射在浅角。
A space-time tracking algorithm for high occupancy events at future colliders
提出一种引入到达时间作为坐标的新型时空径迹算法，其执行时间与击中数成正比且适合并行硬件，在未来μ子对撞机模拟中验证了其在高占据率触发中的有效性。
In the next years, the energy and intensity frontiers of the experimental Particle Physics will be pushed forward with the upgrade of existing accelerators (LHC at CERN) and the envisaged construction of new machines at energy scales up to hundreds TeV or with unprecedented intensity (FCC-hh, FCC-ee, ILC, Muon Collider). Large size, cost-effective, high-efficiency detection systems in high background environments are required in order to accomplish the physics program. MPGDs offer a diversity of technologies that allow them to meet the required performance challenges at future facilities thank…
In high energy physics (HEP) experiments, the reconstruction of charged particle trajectories is one of the most fundamental yet computationally expensive parts of event processing. At future hadron colliders such as the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC), there can be up to ten thousand particles per event. This increases the track reconstruction time by a factor about 5 compared to the current tracking environment. Efficient and fast tracking software is necessary to maintain and improve the tracking performance. This can benefit from both fast tracking algorithms and modern comp…
Small-diameter muon drift tube (sMDT) chambers with 15 mm tube diameter are a cost-effective technology for high-precision muon tracking over large areas at high background rates as expected at future high-energy hadron colliders including HL-LHC. The chamber design and construction procedures have been optimized for mass production and provide sense wire positioning accuracy of better than 10 ?m. The rate capability of the sMDT chambers has been extensively tested at the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility. It exceeds the one of the ATLAS muon drift tube (MDT) chambers, which are operated at unpr…
Precision Muon Tracking at Future Hadron Colliders with sMDT Chambers
小直径μ子漂移管（sMDT）室是高精度μ子跟踪的一种具有成本效益的技术。鉴于未来高能强子对撞机的预期速率，sMDT室的速率能力已在欧洲核子研究中心的伽马辐照设施进行了广泛的测试。结果表明，它满足大多数μ子探测器的验收要求。读出电子学的优化，以进一步提高检测器的速率能力进行了讨论。这种类型的腔室正在建设中，用于升级ATLAS探测器的μ子光谱仪，以获得高LHC亮度。设计和构造过程已经针对大规模生产进行了优化，同时提供了感测线位置优于10微米的精度和覆盖大面积所需的机械稳定性。
Conformal tracking is an innovative track finding strategy adopted for the detector at the Compact Linear Collider (CLIC), a proposed future electron-positron collider. It features a pattern recognition in a conformal-mapped plane using the cellular automaton algorithm to reconstruct the trajectory of charged particles in a magnetic field. The efficiency and robustness of the algorithm are validated using full-simulation studies in the challenging beam-induced background conditions expected for the 3 TeV stage of the CLIC collider. The tracking performance requirements, set by the ambitious CL…
A primary goal of a future $e^+e^-$ collider program will be the precision measurement of Higgs boson properties. For practical reasons it is of interest to determine the minimal set of detector specifications required to reach this and other scientific goals. Such information could be useful in developing a staged approach to the full collider project with an initial lower-cost version focused on achieving some of the primary scientific objectives. Here we investigate the precision obtainable for the $e^+ e^- \rightarrow Z h \rightarrow μ^+ μ^- X$ inclusive cross section and the Higgs boson m…
Large Area Silicon Tracking: New Perspectives
ATLAS和CMS的大面积硅跟踪器在LHC的成功运行，以及这些跟踪系统在不同阶段的持续研发升级，在这十年中，充分证明了这项技术及其仍然令人印象深刻的潜力。线性对撞机项目正在等待可能在2012年底在LHC发现轻希格斯粒子。这些事实为线性对撞机硅跟踪的研发打开了一个新的阶段，与LHC，天体物理学和其他HEP实验增强了协同作用，从而带来了新的视角和替代方案。
A DAQ System for Linear Collider TPC Prototypes based on the ALEPH TPC Electronics
在高能线性正负电子对撞机的国际研究中，有几个小组正在开发和测试线性对撞机TPC的原型。该探测器计划用作这种机器的探测器跟踪系统的中心部分。在本说明中，我们描述了一个DAQ系统，它已被开发用于TPC原型的测试。它是基于欧洲核子研究中心ALEPH实验中使用的电子设备。
Developments in Readout for Silicon Microstrip Sensors at a Linear Collider Detector
我们报告最近的结果使用的电荷划分，以获得一个纵向坐标从硅条探测器，和电子读出噪声的来源，长，薄条。这些结果为直线对撞机硅微带传感器组成的带电粒子跟踪系统的设计提供了依据。
The reconstruction of charged particle trajectories is one of the most complex and CPU consuming parts of event processing in high energy experiments. At future hadron colliders such as the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider (HL-LHC) or the Future Circular Collider (FCC), the significantly increased number of simultaneous collisions will result in a much more challenging tracking environment. Concurrent algorithms exploiting modern computing architectures with many cores and accelerators are necessary to maintain and improve the tracking performance. Based on the tracking experience at LHC,…
Forward silicon vertex/tracking detector design and R$\&$D for the future Electron-Ion Collider
本文提出了未来EIC前向硅径迹探测器的概念设计，覆盖赝快度1.2至3.5，并开展LGAD与MALTA两种硅传感器技术的研发及原型台架测试，以支持重味强子与喷注的精确测量。
The determination of charged particle trajectories (tracking) in collisions at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC) is one of the most important aspects for event reconstruction at hadron colliders. This is especially true in the high conditions expected during the future high-luminosity phase of the LHC (HL-LHC) where the number of interactions per beam crossing will increase by a factor of five. Deep learning algorithms have been successfully applied to this task for offline applications. However, their study in hardware-based trigger applications has been limited . In this paper, we study d…
R&D Paths of Pixel Detectors for Vertex Tracking and Radiation Imaging
本报告回顾了目前的趋势，在研发的半导体像素传感器的顶点跟踪和辐射成像。它确定了未来在对撞机上进行HEP实验的要求，需要的技术突破，并强调了与其他科学领域的辐射探测和成像应用的关系。
Physics Informed Neural Networks for design optimisation of diamond particle detectors for charged particle fast-tracking at high luminosity hadron colliders
针对高亮度强子对撞机，利用物理信息神经网络求解描述3D金刚石像素传感器电极电阻效应的偏微分方程，以优化设计并评估时间退化。
SiLC simulation status report
SiLC -线性对撞机的硅-合作旨在开发用于国际线性对撞机实验跟踪的硅探测器技术。研究与发展方案涉及在模拟探测器设计响应方面的大量工作。在这方面的贡献，概述了在这一领域正在进行的努力。
Power density constraints are limiting the performance improvements of modern CPUs. To address this we have seen the introduction of lower-power, multi-core processors such as GPGPU, ARM and Intel MIC. To stay within the power density limits but still obtain Moore's Law performance/price gains, it will be necessary to parallelize algorithms to exploit larger numbers of lightweight cores and specialized functions like large vector units. Track finding and fitting is one of the most computationally challenging problems for event reconstruction in particle physics. At the High-Luminosity Large Ha…
Latest vertex and tracking detector developments for the future Electron-Ion Collider
本文介绍EIC ePIC合作组顶点与径迹探测器的参考设计、最新几何优化、MAPS/MPGD/AC-LGAD技术选型、模拟性能及研发进展。
The future Electron-Ion Collider (EIC) will utilize a series of high-luminosity high-energy electron+proton ($e+p$) and electron+nucleus ($e+A$) collisions to explore the inner structure of nucleon and nucleus and the matter formation process. Heavy flavor hadron and jet measurements at the EIC will play an essential role in determining the nucleon/nucleus parton distribution function and heavy quark hadronization process in not well constrained kinematic regions. A high granularity and low material budget forward silicon tracker will enable precise forward heavy flavor measurements at the EIC…
A prototype detector is being developed which combines the functions of a Time Projection Chamber for charged particle tracking and a Cherenkov detector for particle identification. The TPC consists of a 10x10x10 cm3 drift volume where the charge is drifted to a 10x10 cm2 triple GEM detector. The charge is measured on a readout plane consisting of 2x10 mm2 chevron pads which provide a spatial resolution ~ 100 microns per point in the chevron direction along with dE/dx information. The Cherenkov portion of the detector consists of a second 10x10 cm2 triple GEM with a photosensitive CsI photocat…
A prototype of the CMOS pixel sensor named SUPIX-1 has been fabricated and tested in order to investigate the feasibility of a pixelated tracker for a proposed Higgs factory, namely, the Circular Electron-Positron Collider (CEPC). The sensor, taped out with a 180 nm CMOS Image Sensor (CIS) process, consists of nine different pixel arrays varying in pixel pitches, diode sizes and geometries in order to study the particle detection performance of enlarged pixels. The test was carried out with a Fe-55 radioactive source. Two soft X-ray peaks observed were used to calibrate the charge to voltage f…
Potential of Thin Films for use in Charged Particle Tracking Detectors
薄膜技术广泛应用于日常电子产品，特别是液晶显示屏、太阳能电池和有机发光二极管。我们探索这种技术作为带电粒子辐射跟踪探测器的潜力，用于高能物理实验，如在大型强子对撞机或相对论重离子对撞机。通过现代制造技术，许多半导体材料可用于构造具有像素尺寸在几微米量级上的集成电子器件的薄的柔性检测器。我们回顾了有前途的候选人的材料特性，讨论了与这种技术相关的潜在好处和挑战，并回顾了以前证明的适用性作为中子探测器。
Silicon detector R$\&$D for the future Electron-Ion Collider
面向未来高亮度高能量EIC，研究团队研发高粒度低物质量硅顶点与径迹探测器，介绍ePIC合作组的探测器几何优化、仿真性能及相关研发细节。
Run-2 of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) will provide new challenges to track and vertex reconstruction with higher energies, denser jets and higher rates. Therefore the ATLAS experiment has constructed the first 4-layer Pixel Detector in HEP, installing a new pixel layer, also called Insertable B-Layer (IBL). The IBL is a fourth layer of pixel detectors, and has been installed in May 2014 at a radius of 3.3 cm between the existing Pixel Detector and a new smaller radius beam-pipe. The new detector, built to cope with the high radiation and expected occupancy, is the first large scale applicat…
Overview of the SiLC R&D Activities
SiLC（Silicon tracking for Linear Collider）是一个基于通用研发的项目，旨在为线性对撞机实验开发下一代大型硅跟踪系统;它服务于所有三个ILC探测器概念。有一个强大的参与ILD，一个自然的合作与SiD和最近的第四个概念的兴趣，使用硅跟踪技术以及。下面是关于传感器、前端电子、机械和集成问题、测试台架和测试梁结果的最新结果的非常简要的总结，以及从那里开始的方向。
The physics aims at the proposed high-energy $e^+e^-$ collider CLIC pose challenging demands on the performance of the detector system. Precise hit-time tagging, an excellent spatial resolutions, and a low mass are required for the vertex and tracking detectors. To meet these requirements, an all-silicon vertex and tracking detector system is foreseen, for which a broad R&D programme on a variety of novel silicon detector technologies is being pursued. For the ultra-low mass vertex detector, different hybrid technologies with innovative sensor concepts and interconnection techniques are explor…
The High Luminosity upgrade of the CERN Large Hadron Collider will be able to reach a peak instantaneous luminosity of 5E34/cm2 s. The innermost detectors of the CMS and ATLAS experiments will have to cope with unprecedented requirements on radiation hardness. At the end of the operation period, radiation levels are expected to reach values above 2.6E16 neq/cm2. Sensors based on 3D pixel technology, with intrinsic radiation tolerance, are the baseline option for the innermost layers of the vertex detectors of several HL-LHC experiments. This article gives an overview of the ongoing characteriz…
The hit response of silicon vertex and tracking detectors to muon collider beam background and results of a study of hit reducing techniques are presented. The background caused by decays of the 750 GeV/c m+ and m- beams was simulated using the MARS15 program, which included the infrastructure of the beam line elements near the detector and the 10 degree nozzles that shield the detector from this background. The ILCRoot framework, along with the Geant4 program, was used to simulate the hit response of the silicon vertex and tracker detectors to the muon decay background remaining after the shi…
We propose an algorithm, deployable on a highly-parallelized graph computing architecture, to perform rapid reconstruction of charged-particle trajectories in the high energy collisions at the Large Hadron Collider and future colliders. We use software emulation to show that the algorithm can achieve an efficiency in excess of 99.95% for reconstruction with good accuracy. The algorithm can be implemented on silicon-based integrated circuits using field-programmable gate array technology. Our approach can enable a fast trigger for massive charged particles that decay invisibly in the tracking v…
The depleted CMOS sensors are emerging as one of the main candidate technologies for future tracking detectors in high luminosity colliders. Its capability of integrating the sensing diode into the CMOS wafer hosting the front-end electronics allows for reduced noise and higher signal sensitivity. They are suitable for high radiation environments due to the possibility of applying high depletion voltage and the availability of relatively high resistivity substrates. The use of a CMOS commercial fabrication process leads to their cost reduction and allows faster construction of large area detec…
R&D on GEM Detectors for Forward Tracking at a Future Electron-Ion Collider
我们报告了在未来的电子离子对撞机（EIC）实验中用于前向跟踪器（FT）的大型三重GEM探测器的研发状况，这将提高我们对QCD的理解。我们设计了一个专门针对EIC-FT的探测器原型，它具有30.1度开度角的梯形形状。我们正在研究不同的探测器组装技术和信号读出技术，但设计了一个共同的GEM箔，以尽量减少NRE成本的箔生产。组装技术包括纯机械方法，包括如CMS开创的但具有某些修改的箔拉伸，或者将箔胶合到然后机械组装的框架，或者将箔胶合到然后胶合在一起的框架。前两种组装技术允许重新打开腔室，使得如果GEM箔损坏，则可以更换GEM箔。对于读出技术，我们正在追求具有成本效益的一维读出，具有宽锯齿形条带，保持合理的空间分辨率，以及二维读出-一个具有立体角（u-v）条带，另一个具有r-phi条带。此外，我们的目标是在一个整体的低质量检测器的设计，以促进良好的能量分辨率的电子散射在低动量。我们提供GEM箔和其他探测器部件的设计，我们计划从美国公司完全收购。
Silicon tracking detectors provide excellent spatial resolution, and so can provide excellent momentum resolution for energetic charged particles, even in compact detectors. However, at lower momenta, multiple scattering in the silicon degrades the momentum resolution. We present an alternate method to measure momentum and alleviate this degradation, using silicon detectors that also incorporate timing measurements. By using timing information between two silicon layers, it is possible to solve for the the radius of curvature, and hence the particle momentum, independent of multiple scattering…
Fiber technology applications for a future e+e- linear collider detector
光纤技术的优点和可能性的粒子在500 GeV的电子+电子反应的检测被认为是。建议建立一个也可用于中间跟踪的快速触发器。在电磁量能器前面的光纤预散射器将允许以优于0.1 mm的空间精度识别电子和光子。
Three-Dimensional Triplet Tracking for LHC and Future High Rate Experiments
命中组合问题是高速率实验中航迹重构和触发的主要难题。在强子对撞机的命中占主导地位的部分是由于低动量轨道的多次散射（MS）的影响占主导地位的命中分辨率。MS也是低能量精度实验中命中混淆和跟踪不确定性的主要来源。在MS占主导地位的所有这样的环境中，可以通过使用由像素检测器提供的三维（3D）命中三元组来大大简化轨迹重建和拟合。这种简化是可能的，因为如果提供高精度空间信息，则轨道不确定性仅由MS确定。在螺线管磁场中跟踪探测器时，命中三元组的拟合特别简单。过约束3D三元组方法提供了一套完整的跟踪参数，并且对假命中组合具有鲁棒性。三元组方法非常适合像素检测器，其中命中可以被视为3D空间点。随着相对便宜和工业上可用的CMOS传感器的出现，高粒度全尺寸像素跟踪探测器的构建似乎也有可能用于LHC或未来高能（强子）对撞机的实验。在本文中，跟踪性能研究的全面像素检测器，包括其优化的三维三重跟踪，提出。不同类型的跟踪器的几何形状和不同的重建方法所获得的结果进行了比较。潜在的减少跟踪层的数量和-随着-使用这种新的跟踪概念的材料预算进行了讨论。使用三维三重跟踪触发和快速在线重建的可能性突出。
ALICE (A Large Ion Collider Experiment) is the LHC (Large Hadron Collider) experiment devoted to investigating the strongly interacting matter created in nucleus-nucleus collisions at the LHC energies. The ALICE ITS, Inner Tracking System, consists of six cylindrical layers of silicon detectors with three different technologies; in the outward direction: two layers of pixel detectors, two layers each of drift, and strip detectors. The number of parameters to be determined in the spatial alignment of the 2198 sensor modules of the ITS is about 13,000. The target alignment precision is well belo…
Performance of the CMS tracking detectors from the 2009 LHC run
2009年的运行提供了大型强子对撞机（LHC）在质心能量为900 GeV和2.36 TeV的第一次质子-质子碰撞。紧凑型μ子螺线管（CMS）实验记录了这些碰撞的最小偏置事件的大样本。我们目前的结果，从所有硅跟踪探测器从这次运行。跟踪器和跟踪重建算法的性能被认为是包括信号噪声，效率和比较，以模拟跟踪参数和谐振重建性能。
Design and R&D of very forward calorimeters for detectors at future e+e- collider
未来e+e-对撞机的探测器需要在非常前端的区域使用特殊的量热计来快速估计和精确测量光度，以提高气密性并屏蔽中心跟踪探测器的后向散射粒子。介绍了用蒙特卡罗模拟对ILC对撞机进行优化设计的方法。传感器原型已经生产，专用FE ASIC已经开发和测试。传感器首次连接到前端和ADC ASIC，并在电子束中进行测试。性能的结果进行了讨论。
Track reconstruction as a service for collider physics
本文提出将粒子径迹重建作为推理服务运行，通过测试 Patatrack 和 Exa.TrkX 两种算法，证明该方法可提升 GPU 利用率并支持多 CPU 核心并发请求，从而应对高亮度 LHC 时代的计算挑战。
Silicon Tracking DAQ
本文简要介绍了未来直线正负电子对撞机硅跟踪系统数据采集系统的设计和开发的一些初步设想。拟议的结构包括三个DAQ级别。第一级基于位于检测器上的高级处理混合模式ASIC。探测器上的第二层是一个类似DSP的接口，它将处理后的数据发送到通用DAQ系统。几个新的技术方面是这一发展的一部分。正在进行的测试束活动与探测器原型作为训练营的作用被强调。
The maximum achievable performance of strange-jet tagging at hadron colliders and the loss in performance in different detector designs is estimated based on simulated truth jets from strange-quark and down-quark hadronisation. Both jet types are classified with a recurrent neural network using long short-term memory units, at first using all available truth particles and then applying selections to study the impacts of ideal tracking detectors, Cherenkov detectors, and calorimeters. Additionally, a manual reconstruction of strange hadron decays such as $K_S\rightarrow π^+ π^-$ from charged tr…
The ATLAS Inner Detector operation, data quality and tracking performance
ATLAS内部探测器负责欧洲核子研究中心大型强子对撞机（LHC）ATLAS实验中的粒子跟踪，包括硅和气体探测器。硅基和气体基探测器的组合提供了高精度的带电粒子的碰撞参量和动量测量，具有高效率和小的假率。自2009年首次实现7 TeV的质子-质子碰撞以来，ID已被用于充分利用LHC的物理潜力。轨迹和顶点重建的性能，以及内部检测器的操作方面和数据质量在许多个月的数据采集。
Alignment of the ATLAS Inner Detector Tracking System
ATLAS探测器建在大型强子对撞机的一个相互作用点上，目前正在运行，并一直在收集来自宇宙射线的数据。本文介绍了ATLAS内部探测器跟踪器的轨道为基础的对齐，这是使用2008年收集的宇宙射线。对准算法的描述和性能的对准证明，通过显示所得到的命中残差和比较轨道的上，下段的轨道参数。讨论了对准对物理测量的影响。
SiD Letter of Intent
描述SiD（硅探测器）的意向书，供国际直线对撞机IDAG小组审议。这种探测器的概念是建立在使用硅探测器的顶点，跟踪和电磁量热法。该探测器作为500 GeV电子-正电子直线对撞机的通用探测器进行了成本优化。
The SiD Detector for the International Linear Collider
SiD探测器是未来国际直线对撞机的两种经过验证的探测器设计之一。SiD具有紧凑，成本受限的设计，用于精确的希格斯耦合测定和其他测量，以及对各种可能的新现象的灵敏度。一个强大的硅顶点和跟踪系统，结合5特斯拉中央螺线管场，提供了出色的动量分辨率。高粒度量热计系统针对粒子流应用进行了优化，可在广泛的能量范围内实现非常好的射流能量分辨率。将给出由物理要求驱动的SiD子系统的拟议实施的详细信息。共享的相互作用点，推拉机制，将被描述，连同估计的时间轴建设。
The physics aims at the proposed future high-energy linear $e^+e^-$ collider CLIC pose challenging demands on the performance of the detector system. In particular, the vertex and tracking detectors have to combine a spatial resolution of a few micrometres and a low material budget with a time-stamping accuracy of a few nanoseconds. For the vertex detector, fine-pitch sensors, dedicated 65nm readout ASICs, fine-pitch bonding techniques using solder bumps or anisotropic conductive films as well as monolithic devices based on Silicon-On-Insulator technology are explored. Fully monolithic CMOS se…
Silicon Detectors for the Large Prototype TPC test setup at DESY
线性对撞机TPC合作建造了一个大型原型TPC（LPTPC），现在安装在DESY的Eudet设施中。SiLC合作（线性对撞机的硅）将在LPTPC的场笼外安装位置敏感的硅条传感器，以提供精确的跟踪信息。数据采集系统（DAQ）是一个适应CMS读出系统。硅模块经过测试并准备安装，机械模块支持和DAQ系统正在准备中。
Evaluating the Impact of Detector Design on Jet Flavor Tagging for Future Colliders
本研究评估了未来正负电子对撞机三种探测器设计对喷注味标记算法性能的影响，利用图神经网络分析了SiD探测器系统变化及质心能量的依赖性。
This is part of a document, which is devoted to the developments of pixel detectors in the context of the International Linear Collider. From the early developments of the MIMOSAs to the proposed DotPix I recall some of the major progresses. The need for very precise vertex reconstruction is the reason for the Research and Development of new pixel detectors, first derived from the CMOS sensors and in further steps with new semiconductors structures. The problem of radiation effects was investigated and this is the case for the noise level with emphasis of the benefits of downscaling. Specific …
The physics aims at the proposed future CLIC high-energy linear $e^+ e^-$ collider pose challenging demands on the performance of the detector system. In particular the vertex and tracking detectors have to combine precision measurements with robustness against the expected high rates of beam-induced backgrounds. A spatial resolution of a few microns and a material budget down to 0.2\% of a radiation length per vertex-detector layer have to be achieved together with a few nanoseconds time stamping accuracy. These requirements are addressed with innovative technologies in an ambitious detector …
Performance of the ALICE Inner Tracking System 2
本文介绍了基于MAPS技术、拥有10平方米灵敏面积和125亿像素的ALICE ITS2探测器在LHC Run 3期间的性能表现、校准方法及运行经验。
Alignment of the ATLAS Inner Detector Tracking System
欧洲核子研究中心大型强子对撞机（LHC）的ATLAS探测器在其核心（内部探测器，ID）配备了一个跟踪系统，由硅和气体吸管探测器组成。ID的物理性能要求精确对准;这是一项涉及复杂算法和强大计算能力的挑战。对准算法已在以下方面得到验证：组合测试束数据、宇宙射线运行和模拟物理事件。每天在模拟ATLAS数据采集操作的练习中测试对齐链。最终安装到ATLAS探测器后的ID调试产生了数千条重建的宇宙射线轨道，这些轨道已用于LHC启动前的ID初始对准。采用频率扫描干涉测量法的硬件系统将用于监测结构变形。鉴于这里概述的计划，ATLAS内部探测器为LHC碰撞做了坚实的准备。
Calibration of the CMS Pixel Detector at the Large Hadron Collider
紧凑型μ子螺线管（CMS）探测器是欧洲核子研究中心大型强子对撞机（LHC）重建高能粒子相互作用产物的两个通用探测器之一。硅像素探测器是CMS跟踪系统的最内部组件。它以高分辨率在三个点上确定来自相互作用区域的带电粒子的轨迹，从而能够在跟踪器中进行精确的动量和碰撞参量测量。像素探测器暴露于LHC中粒子碰撞产生的强烈电离辐射。这种辐射可能导致传感器的暂时或永久故障，并可能降低检测器的效率。我们已经制定了程序来纠正这些影响。在本文中，我们提出的故障类型和离线校准程序。我们还将在2012年展示探测器的效率和分辨率。
A Large Ion Collider Experiment (ALICE) is built to study the properties of the strongly interacting matter created in heavy-ion collisions at the LHC. With the upgrade of its Inner Tracking System (ITS), the ALICE experiment is going to increase the rate of data taking by almost two orders of magnitude. At the same time, the precision of secondary vertex reconstruction will become by at least a factor 3 better than it currently is. In this talk, we briefly show some selected physics results motivating the upgrade of the ITS, describe the design goals and the layout of the new detector, and hi…
Implementation of ACTS for STCF track reconstruction
为满足STCF物理研究对带电粒子径迹重建的高性能需求，首次将通用径迹软件ACTS应用于漂移室，结合内部径迹探测器与漂移室信息实现径迹重建，介绍了实现细节与性能。
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