CALICE SiW ECAL -- Development and performance of a highly compact digital readout system
D. Breton, A. Irles, J. Jeglot, J. Maalmi, R. Pöschl, D. Zerwas
备注：
Talk presented at the International Workshop on Future Linear Colliders (LCWS2019), Sendai, Japan, 28 October-1 November, 2019, C19-10-28, and the International Conference on Calorimetry at the High Energy Frontier (CHEF 2019) Fukuoka, Japan, 25 November-29 November, 2019, C19-11-25.3
A highly granular silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter (SiW-ECAL) is the reference design of the ECAL of the International Large Detector (ILD) concept, one of the two detector concepts for the detector(s) at the future International Linear Collider. Prototypes for this type of detector are developed within the CALICE Collaboration. During the last year a highly compact digital readout system has been built. The system has been used for the first time in a beam test in Summer 2019 at DESY. This article summarises the main features of the system and report on its performance during the beam test.
CALICE collaboration is developing highly granular calorimeters suitable for individual reconstruction of particles in the jets using Particle Flow Algorithms. Such calorimeters should provide the best jet energy resolution at future high energy $e^{+}e^{-}$ colliders. At high jet energies, typically above 70-100 GeV, the jet particle showers start to overlap, and the resolution is determined by the ability to separate them. Here, we present the results on the separation of two overlapping electromagnetic or electromagnetic - hadronic showers obtained by mixing of the single shower events coll…
The ILD, International Large Detector, is one of the detector concepts for a future linear collider. Its performance is investigated using Monte-Carlo full simulation and PandoraPFA. Among several options, a combination of the silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter (SiW ECAL) and the semi-digital hadronic calorimeter (sDHCAL) presenting the highest granularity calorimeters, is here investigated. It is shown that by reducing the radius and length of the entire detector by a factor of $\sim1.3$ with respect to the baseline dimensions, the jet energy resolution is degraded by 8 to 19% in th…
The highly granular silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter (SiW ECAL) is the reference design of the ECAL for the International Large Detector (ILD) concept, one of the two detector concepts proposed for the future International Linear Collider (ILC). Prototypes for this type of detector are developed within the CALICE Collaboration. This contribution reports on the development of an ultra-thin PCB called Chip-on-Board (COB) that is equipped with wirebonded ASICs and pixelated silicon wafers. This set will form the basic unit of detection of the SiW ECAL. It will favour the design of an …
The next generation of collider detectors will make full use of Particle Flow Algorithms, requiring high-precision tracking and full imaging calorimeters. The latter, thanks to granularity improvements by two to three orders of magnitude compared to existing devices, have been developed during the past 15 years by the CALICE collaboration and are now reaching maturity. This contribution will focus on the commissioning of a 15-layer prototype of a highly granular silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter that comprises 15,360 readout cells. The prototype was exposed in November 2021 and Marc…
The CALICE collaboration is developing a granular electromagnetic calorimeter using (5-10) mm x 45 mm x 3 mm scintillator strips for a future linear collider experiment. Each scintillator strip is read out by using a Pixelated Photon Detector (PPD). A prototype module has been constructed and tested at Fermilab in 2008 and 2009. Since the sensitivity of the PPD is affected by temperature fluctuations, a temperature correction method has been established which performed such that the deviation of the measured response from a linear behavior is improved from greater than 10% to less than 1.5%.
This paper presents mechanical R&D for the CALICE Silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter. After the physics ECAL prototype, tested in 2006 (DESY-CERN), 2007 (CERN), 2008 (FNAL) and before the design of different "modules 0" (barrel and endcap) for a final detector, a technological ECAL prototype, called the EUDET module, is under design in order to have a close to full scale technological solution which could be used for the final detector, taking into account future industrialisation of production.
Calorimeters with silicon detectors have many unique features and are proposed for several world-leading experiments. We discuss the tests of the first three 18x18 cm$^2$ layers segmented into 1024 pixels of the technological prototype of the silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter for a future $e^+e^-$ collider. The tests have beem performed in November 2015 at CERN SPS beam line.
The beam test for the SiW-ECAL technological prototype was conducted using electron beam in June-July 2019 at DESY test beam facility in Hamburg, Germany. In the beam test, there were two main programs: MIP program (without tungsten) and shower program (with tungsten). The purposes of the MIP program are energy calibration, pedestal uniformity/stability assessment, TDC operation test, and retrigger verification. On the other hand, the shower program aims to evaluate energy resolution through beam energy measurement. In addition, several operation tests with FEV13 were also conducted such as in…
We are developing SiW-ECAL technological prototypes with the aim of optimizing readout structure for $e^+e^-$ linear collider application. Developments are being carried out under the cooperation of LAL, LLR and Kyushu University. In this paper, we report the development status of FEV13, the latest version of the technological prototypes, following improvements from the previous versions. Several beam tests have been conducted so far for this FEV13 performance test. Most recently, beam test was conducted with electron beam (1-5 GeV) at DESY in Germany from June to July 2019. We mainly report o…
We are developing position sensitive silicon detectors (PSDs) which have an electrode at each of four corners so that incident position of a charged particle can be obtained with signal from the electrodes. It is expected that the position resolution of the electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) of the ILD detector will be improved by introducing PSDs to detection layers. We have been developing the PSDs for several years. In the previous production we found that the charge separation is not optimally done due to the readout impedance. To solve the issue, we produced new PSDs with higher surface r…
High precision physics at future colliders as the International Linear Collider (ILC) require unprecedented high precision in the determination of the energy of final state particles. The needed precision will be achieved thanks to the Particle Flow algorithms (PF) which require highly granular and hermetic calorimeters systems.The physical proof of concept of the PF was performed in the previous campaign of beam tests of physic prototypes within the CALICE collaboration. One of these prototypes was the physics prototype of the Silicon-Tungsten Electromagnetic Calorimeter (SiW-ECAL) for the IL…
The CALICE collaboration is developing a granular electromagnetic calorimeter using small scintillator strips for a future linear collider experiment. On developing of ~ 10^7 channel-ECAL in particle flow approach, CALICE is developing a technological prototype with 144 of 5 x 45 x (1 - 2) mm^3 strips on each 180 x 180 mm^2 base board unit in tandem with developing the design of scintillator strip and pixelated photon detector and their coupling after established the physics prototype which has required performance. A method of event reconstruction in such ECAL is also developed.
The CALICE collaboration is preparing large scale prototypes for highly granular calorimeters for detectors to be operated at a future linear electron positron collider. Currently a prototype of a SiW electromagnetic calorimeter is assembled which in terms of dimensions and layout meets already most of the requirements given by the linear collider physics program and hence the detector design.
A highly granular silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter (SiW-ECAL) is the reference design of the ECAL for International Large Detector (ILD) concept, one of the two detector concepts for the detector(s) at the future International Linear Collider. Prototypes for this type of detector are developed within the CALICE Collaboration. The final detector will comprise about $10^{8}$ calorimeter cells that have to be integrated in a volume of maximal 20 cm in depth. Detector components that in terms of size and channel density come already close to the specifications for future large scale ex…
The next major project of particle physics will be the International Linear Collider: a linear accelerator in which electrons and positrons will collide with energies of 500 to around 1000 billion electronvolts. The LPSC-Grenoble is involved in the R\&D activities for the International Large Detector (ILD) and in particular in the electromagnetic calorimeter (ECal): i.e. design of the fastening and cooling systems, design of the mechanics of the end-caps, test of EM prototypes, tooling and integration of the end-caps.
Calorimeters with silicon detectors have many unique features and are proposed for several world-leading experiments. We describe the R&D program of the large scale detector element with up to 12 000 readout channels for the International Large Detector (ILD) at the future e+e- ILC collider. The program is focused on the readout front-end electronics embedded inside the calorimeter. The first part with 2 000 channels and two small silicon sensors has already been constructed, the full prototype is planned for the beginning of 2018.
The Particle Flow Algorithms adopted for future $e^{+}e^{-}$ colliders detectors and phase-II CMS upgrade require very high granularity calorimeters to deconvolve the individual contributions of particles in jets. This is especially true for electromagnetic calorimeters (ECAL). For a realistic large detector many technological requirements have to be fulfilled: modularity for industrialization; compact integration of an embedded very front-end electronics featuring large dynamics, low-power and self-triggering; mechanical structure and cooling systems with minimal dead zones. The technological…
The technological prototype of the CALICE highly granular silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter (SiW-ECAL) was tested in a beam at DESY in 2017. The setup comprised seven layers of silicon sensors. Each layer comprised four sensors, with each sensor containing an array of 256 $5.5\times5.5$ mm$^2$ silicon PIN diodes. The four sensors covered a total area of $18\times18$ cm$^2$, and comprised a total of 1024 channels. The readout was split into a trigger line and a charge signal line. Key performance results for signal over noise for the two output lines are presented, together with a st…
In this article we describe the commissioning and a first analysis of the the beam test performance of a small prototype of a highly granular silicon tungsten calorimeter. The prototype features detector elements with a channel number similar to that envisaged for e.g. the ILD Detector of the International Linear Collider (ILC). The analysis demonstrates the capability of the detector to record signals as low as 0.5 MIP. Further, no loss of performance has been observed when operating the detector in a high magnetic field.
The CALICE Si-W electromagnetic calorimeter has been tested with electron beams (1 to 6 GeV) at DESY in May 2006, as well as electrons (6 to 45 GeV) and hadrons (6 to 80 GeV) at CERN in August and October 2006. Several millions of events have been taken at different incident angles and three beam impact positions. The ECAL calibration is performed with muon beams and shows a good uniformity for nearly all channels. The large statistics available allows not only to characterise the ECAL physics performance, but also to identify subtle hardware effects.
A prototype Silicon-Tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) for an International Linear Collider (ILC) detector was installed and tested during summer and autumn 2006 at CERN. The detector had 6480 silicon pads of dimension 1x1 cm^2. Data were collected with electron beams in the energy range 6 to 45 GeV. The analysis described in this paper focuses on electromagnetic shower reconstruction and characterises the ECAL response to electrons in terms of energy resolution and linearity. The detector is linear to within approximately the 1% level and has a relative energy resolution of (16.6 +- …
A detailed investigation of hadronic interactions is performed using $π^-$-mesons with energies in the range 2--10 GeV incident on a high granularity silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter. The data were recorded at FNAL in 2008. The region in which the $π^-$-mesons interact with the detector material and the produced secondary particles are characterised using a novel track-finding algorithm that reconstructs tracks within hadronic showers in a calorimeter in the absence of a magnetic field. The principle of carrying out detector monitoring and calibration using secondary tracks is also…
The CALICE collaboration has constructed highly granular electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeter prototypes to evaluate technologies for the use in detector systems at the future International Linear Collider. These calorimeters have been tested extensively in particle beams at CERN and at Fermilab. We present preliminary results of an analysis of hadronic events in the combined system under test at CERN in 2006 and 2007, comprising a SiW ECAL, a scintillator tile HCAL and a scintillator strip tail catcher, the latter two with SiPM readout. The properties of hadronic showers in the HCAL, comp…
The basic prototype of a tile hadron calorimeter (HCAL) for the International Linear Collider (ILC) has been realised and extensively tested. A major aspect of the proposed concept is the improvement of the jet energy resolution by measuring details of the shower development and combining them with the data of the tracking system (particle flow). The prototype utilises scintillating tiles that are read out by novel Silicon Photomultipliers (SiPMs) and takes into account all design aspects that are demanded by the intended operation at the ILC. Currently, a new 12 layer prototype with about 340…
The CALICE collaboration has constructed highly granular electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeter prototypes to evaluate technologies for the use in detector systems at the future International Linear Collider. These calorimeters have been tested extensively in particle beams at CERN and at Fermilab. We present analysis results for hadronic events recorded at CERN with a SiW ECAL, a scintillator tile HCAL and a scintillator strip tail catcher, the latter two with SiPM readout, focusing both on the HCAL alone and on the complete calorimeter setup. Particular emphasis is placed on the study of t…
The long slab is a new prototype for the SiW-Ecal, a silicon tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter for the ILD detector of the future International Linear Collider. This new prototype has been designed to demonstrate the ability to build a full length detecting layer (1.60m for the ILD barrel). Indeed, this length induces difficulties for clock and signal propagation and data integrity. The design used for short length slabs had to be adapted on the basis of a simulation study. The long slab performance has been tested with cosmics, radioactive source and with 3 GeV electrons in the beam tests …
The CALICE collaboration has published a detailed study of hadronic interactions using data recorded with the highly granular CALICE silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter (Si-W ECAL). Approximately 350,000 selected negative pion events at energies between 2 and 10 GeV have been studied. The predictions of several physics models available within the Geant4 simulation tool kit are compared to this data. A reasonable overall description of the data is observed; the Monte Carlo predictions are within 20 % of the data, and for many observables much closer. The largest quantitative discrepanc…
This paper discusses the hadronic energy reconstruction of two combined electromagnetic and hadronic calorimeter systems using physics prototypes of the CALICE collaboration: the silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter (Si-W ECAL) and the scintillator-SiPM based analog hadron calorimeter (AHCAL); and the scintillator-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter (ScECAL) and the AHCAL. These systems were operated in hadron beams at CERN and FNAL, permitting the study of the performance in combined ECAL and HCAL systems. Two techniques for the energy reconstruction are used, a standard reconstructi…
A highly granular silicon-tungsten electromagnetic calorimeter (SiW-ECAL) is the reference design of the ECAL for International Large Detector concept, one of the two detector concepts for the future International Linear Collider. Prototypes for this type of detector are developed within the CALICE Collaboration. The technological prototype addresses technical challenges such as integrated front-end electronics or compact layer and readout design. A stack of 7 layers was compiled and tested at DESY test beam facilities in 2017. We present preliminary results on the properties of the electromag…
