A finitely generated group is lacunary hyperbolic if one of its asymptotic cones is an $\mathbb{R}$-tree. In this article we give a necessary and sufficient condition on lacunary hyperbolic groups in order to be stable under free product by giving a dynamical characterization of lacunary hyperbolic groups. Also we studied limits of elementary subgroups as subgroups of lacunary hperbolic groups and characterized them. Given any countable collection of increasing union of elementary groups we show that there exists a lacunary hyperbolic group whose set of all maximal subgroups is the given collection. As a consequence we construct a finitely generated divisible group. First such example was constructed by V. Guba in \cite{Gu86}. In section 5 we show that given any finitely generated group $Q$ and a non elementary hyperbolic group $H$, there exists a short exact sequence $1\rightarrow N\rightarrow G\rightarrow Q\rightarrow 1$, where $G$ is a lacunary hyperbolic group and $N$ is a non elementary quotient of $H$. Our method allows to recover \cite[Theorem 3]{AS14}. In section 6, we extend the class of groups $\mathcal{R}ip_{\mathcal{T}}(Q)$ considered in \cite{CDK19} and hence give more new examples of property $(T)$ von Neumann algebras which have maximal von Neumann subalgebras without property $(T)$.
In this article we study automorphisms and endomorphisms of lacunary hyperbolic groups. We prove that every lacunary hyperbolic group is Hopfian, answering a question by Henry Wilton. In addition, we show that if a lacunary hyperbolic group has the fix point property for actions on $\mathbf R$-trees, then it is co-Hopfian and its outer automorphism group is locally finite. We also construct lacunary hyperbolic groups whose automorphism group is infinite, locally finite, and contains any locally finite group given in advance.
We investigate the class of locally compact lacunary hyperbolic groups. We prove that if a locally compact compactly generated group G admits one asymptotic cone that is a real tree and whose natural transitive isometric action is focal, then G must be a focal hyperbolic group. As an application, we characterize connected Lie groups and linear algebraic groups over an ultrametric local field of characteristic zero having cut-points in one asymptotic cone. We prove several results for locally compact lacunary hyperbolic groups, and extend the characterization of finitely generated lacunary hype…
We call a finitely generated group lacunary hyperbolic if one of its asymptotic cones is an R-tree. We characterize lacunary hyperbolic groups as direct limits of Gromov hyperbolic groups satisfying certain restrictions on the hyperbolicity constants and injectivity radii. Using central extensions of lacunary hyperbolic groups, we solve a problem of Gromov by constructing a group whose asymptotic cone C has countable but non-trivial fundamental group (in fact C is homeomorphic to the direct product of a tree and a circle, so π_1(C)=Z). We show that the class of lacunary hyperbolic groups conta…
We show that the universal theory of torsion groups is strongly contained in the universal theory of finite groups. This answers a question of Dyson. We also prove that the universal theory of some natural classes of torsion groups is undecidable. Finally we observe that the universal theory of the class of hyperbolic groups is undecidable and use this observation to construct a lacunary hyperbolic group with undecidable universal theory. Surprisingly, torsion groups play an important role in the proof of the latter results.
We study the word and conjugacy problems in lacunary hyperbolic groups (briefly, LHG). In particular, we describe a necessary and sufficient condition for decidability of the word problem in LHG. Then, based on the graded small-cancellation theory of Olshanskii, we develop a general framework which allows us to construct lacunary hyperbolic groups with word and conjugacy problems highly controllable and flexible both in terms of computability and computational complexity. As an application, we show that for any recursively enumerable subset $\mathcal{L} \subseteq \mathcal{A}^*$, where $\mathca…
Let $\mathcal G$ denote the space of finitely generated marked groups. We give equivalent characterizations of closed subspaces $\mathcal S\subseteq \mathcal G$ satisfying the following zero-one law: for any sentence $σ$ in the infinitary logic $\mathcal L_{ω_1, ω}$, the set of all models of $σ$ in $\mathcal S$ is either meager or comeager. In particular, we show that the zero-one law holds for certain natural spaces associated to hyperbolic groups and their generalizations. As an application, we obtain that generic torsion-free lacunary hyperbolic groups are elementarily equivalent; the same …
Let $G$ be a group and $H$ a subgroup of $G$. This note introduces an equivalent definition of hyperbolic embedded subgroup based on Bowditch's approach to relatively hyperbolic groups in terms of fine graphs.
We define relatively quasiconvex subgroups of relatively hyperbolic groups in the sense of Osin and show that such subgroups have expected properties. Also we state several definitions equivalent to the definition of relatively hyperbolic groups in the sense of Osin.
We introduce an obstruction to the existence of a coarse embedding of a given group or space into a hyperbolic group, or more generally into a hyperbolic graph of bounded degree. The condition we consider is "admitting exponentially many fat bigons", and it is preserved by a coarse embedding between graphs with bounded degree. Groups with exponential growth and linear divergence (such as direct products of two groups one of which has exponential growth, solvable groups that are not virtually nilpotent, and uniform higher-rank lattices) have this property and hyperbolic graphs do not, so the fo…
A subgroup of a group $G$ is called algebraic if it can be expressed as a finite union of solution sets to systems of equations. We prove that a non-elementary subgroup $H$ of an acylindrically hyperbolic group $G$ is algebraic if and only if there exists a finite subgroup $K$ of $G$ such that $C_G(K) \leq H \leq N_G(K)$. We provide some applications of this result to free products, torsion-free relatively hyperbolic groups, and ascending chains of algebraic subgroups in acylindrically hyperbolic groups.
A group $G$ is called subgroup conjugacy separable if for every pair of non-conjugate finitely generated subgroups of $G$, there exists a finite quotient of $G$ where the images of these subgroups are not conjugate. It is proved that the fundamental group of a hyperbolic 3-manifold (closed or with cusps) is subgroup conjugacy separable.
There is a family of hyperbolic groups known as hyperbolic hydra which contain heavily distorted free subgroups. We prove the existence of Cannon--Thurston maps (that is, maps of the boundaries induced by subgroup inclusion) for these free subgroups. It is known that Cannon--Thurston maps between hyperbolic space boundaries can exist even in the presence of arbitrarily heavy (even non-recursive) distortion. The hyperbolic hydra examples show that Cannon--Thurston maps can exist even between hyperbolic group boundaries in the presence of arbitrarily heavy primitive recursive distortion.
For relatively hyperbolic groups, we investigate conditions guaranteeing that the subgroup generated by two quasiconvex subgroups $Q$ and $R$ is quasiconvex and isomorphic to $Q \ast_{Q\cap R} R$. Our results generalized known combination theorems for quasiconvex subgroups of word-hyperbolic groups. Some applications are presented.
Let $G$ be a group hyperbolic relative to a collection of subgroups $\{H_λ,λ\in Λ\} $. We say that a subgroup $Q\le G$ is hyperbolically embedded into $G$, if $G$ is hyperbolic relative to $\{H_λ,λ\in Λ\} \cup \{Q\} $. In this paper we obtain a characterization of hyperbolically embedded subgroups. In particular, we show that if an element $g\in G$ has infinite order and is not conjugate to an element of $H_λ$, $λ\in Λ$, then the (unique) maximal elementary subgroup contained $g$ is hyperbolically embedded into $G$. This allows to prove that if $G$ is boundedly generated, then $G$ is elementar…
We discuss the notion of the universal relatively hyperbolic structure on a group which is used in order to characterize relatively hyperbolic structures on the group. We also study relations between relatively hyperbolic structures on a group and relative quasiconvexity for subgroups of the group.
Brady proved that there are hyperbolic groups with finitely presented subgroups that are not of type $FP_3$ (and hence not hyperbolic). We reprove Brady's theorem by presenting a new construction. Our construction uses Bestvina-Brady Morse theory, but does not involve branched coverings.
We consider two families of subgroups of a group. Each subgroup which belongs to one family is contained in some subgroup which belongs to the other family. We then discuss relations of relative hyperbolicity for the group with respect to the two families, respectively. If the group is supposed to be hyperbolic relative to the two families, respectively, then we consider relations of relative quasiconvexity for a subgroup of the group with respect to the two families, respectively.
Let G be a finitely generated relatively hyperbolic group. We show that if no peripheral subgroup of G is hyperbolic relative to a collection of proper subgroups, then the fixed subgroup of every automorphism of G is relatively quasiconvex. It follows that the fixed subgroup is itself relatively hyperbolic with respect to a natural family of peripheral subgroups. If all peripheral subgroups of G are slender (respectively, slender and coherent), our result implies that the fixed subgroup of every automorphism of G is finitely generated (respectively, finitely presented). In particular, this hap…
We show that if a group is not virtually cyclic and is hyperbolic relative to a family of proper subgroups, then it has a hyperbolically embedded subgroup which contains a finitely generated non-abelian free group as a finite index subgroup.
Let $G$ be a finite group of odd order, $\F$ a finite field of odd characteristic $p$ and $\B$ a finite--dimensional symplectic $\F G$-module. We show that $\B$ is $\F G$-hyperbolic, i.e., it contains a self--perpendicular $\F G$-submodule, iff it is $\F N$-hyperbolic for every cyclic subgroup $N$ of $G$.
We construct hyperbolic groups with the following properties: The boundary of the group has big dimension, it is separated by a Cantor set and the group does not split. This shows that Bowditch's theorem that characterizes splittings of hyperbolic groups over 2-ended groups in terms of the boundary can not be extended to splittings over more complicated subgroups.
We prove that for any finitely generated relatively hyperbolic group G and any symmetric endomorphism f of G with relatively quasiconvex image, Fixf is relatively quasiconvex subgroup of G.
We construct an example of a torsion free freely indecomposable finitely presented non-quasiconvex subgroup $H$ of a word hyperbolic group $G$ such that the limit set of $H$ is not the limit set of a quasiconvex subgroup of $G$. In particular, this gives a counterexample to the conjecture of G.Swarup that a finitely presented one-ended subgroup of a word hyperbolic group is quasiconvex if and only if it has finite index in its virtual normalizer.
We show that if H is a quasiconvex subgroup of a hyperbolic group G then the relative Cayley graph Y (also known as the Schreier coset graph) for G/H is Gromov-hyperbolic. We also observe that in this situation if G is torsion-free and non-elementary and H has infinite index in G then the simple random walk on Y is transient.
We show that if $H$ is a quasiconvex subgroup of infinite index in a non-elementary hyperbolic group $G$ then the Schreier coset graph $X$ for $G$ relative to $H$ is non-amenable (that is, $X$ has positive Cheeger constant). We present some corollaries regading the Martin boundary and Martin compactification of $X$ and the co-growth of $H$ in $G$.
We provide a new method of constructing non-quasiconvex subgroups of hyperbolic groups by utilizing techniques inspired by Stallings' foldings. The hyperbolic groups constructed are in the natural class of right-angled Coxeter groups (RACGs for short) and can be chosen to be 2-dimensional. More specifically, given a non-quasiconvex subgroup of a (possibly non-hyperbolic) RACG, our construction gives a corresponding non-quasiconvex subgroup of a hyperbolic RACG. We use this to construct explicit examples of non-quasiconvex subgroups of hyperbolic RACGs including subgroups whose generators are a…
We construct new examples of CAT(0) groups containing non finitely presented subgroups that are of type $FP_2$, these CAT(0) groups do not contain copies of $\mathbb{Z}^3$. We also give a construction of groups which are of type $F_n$ but not $F_{n+1}$ with no free abelian subgroups of rank greater than $\lceil\frac{n}{3}\rceil$.
Let G be a group, H a hyperbolically embedded subgroup of G, V a normed G-module, U an H-invariant submodule of V. We propose a general construction which allows to extend 1-quasi-cocycles on H with values in U to 1-quasi-cocycles on G with values in V. As an application, we show that every group G with a non-degenerate hyperbolically embedded subgroup has dim H^2_b (G, l^p(G))=\infty for p\in [1, \infty). This covers many previously known results in a uniform way. Applying our extension to quasimorphisms and using Bavard duality, we also show that hyperbolically embedded subgroups are undisto…
We generalise the constructions of Brady and Lodha to give infinite families of hyperbolic groups, each having a finitely presented subgroup that is not of type $F_3$. By calculating the Euler characteristic of the hyperbolic groups constructed, we prove that infinitely many of them are pairwise non isomorphic. We further show that the first of these constructions cannot be generalised to dimensions higher than $3$.
In this paper we create many examples of hyperbolic groups with subgroups satisfying interesting finiteness properties. We give the first examples of subgroups of hyperbolic groups which are of type $FP_2$ but not finitely presented. We give uncountably many groups of type $FP_2$ with similar properties to those subgroups of hyperbolic groups. Along the way we create more subgroups of hyperbolic groups which are finitely presented but not of type $FP_3$.
In this paper we exhibit Morse geodesics, often called "hyperbolic directions", in infinite unbounded torsion groups. The groups studied are lacunary hyperbolic groups and constructed using graded small cancellation conditions. In all previously known examples, Morse geodesics were found in groups which also contained Morse elements, infinite order elements whose cyclic subgroup gives a Morse quasi-geodesic. Our result presents the first example of a group which contains Morse geodesics but no Morse elements. In fact, we show that there is an isometrically embedded $7$-regular tree inside such…
A result of Gersten states that if $G$ is a hyperbolic group with integral cohomological dimension $\mathsf{cd}_{\mathbb{Z}}(G)=2$ then every finitely presented subgroup is hyperbolic. We generalize this result for the rational case $\mathsf{cd}_{\mathbb{Q}}(G)=2$. In particular, our result applies to the class of torsion-free hyperbolic groups $G$ with $\mathsf{cd}_{\mathbb{Z}}(G)=3$ and $\mathsf{cd}_{\mathbb{Q}}(G)=2$ discovered by Bestvina and Mess.
We prove that the generalised word problem of a finitely generated subgroup of a finitely generated virtually free group is context-free, that a hyperbolic group must be virtually free if it has a torsion-free quasiconvex subgroup of infinite index with context-free generalised word problem, and that, for any hyperbolic group, the generalised word problem of a torsion-free quasiconvex subgroup is recognised by a real-time Turing machine.
Let N be a finitely generated normal subgroup of a Gromov hyperbolic group G. We establish criteria for N to have solvable conjugacy problem and be conjugacy separable in terms of the corresponding properties of G/N. We show that the hyperbolic group from F. Haglund's and D. Wise's version of Rips's construction is hereditarily conjugacy separable. We then use this construction to produce first examples of finitely generated and finitely presented conjugacy separable groups that contain non-(conjugacy separable) subgroups of finite index.
Let G be an acylindrically hyperbolic group. We consider a random subgroup H in G, generated by a finite collection of independent random walks. We show that, with asymptotic probability one, such a random subgroup H of G is a free group, and the semidirect product of H acting on E(G) is hyperbolically embedded in G, where E(G) is the unique maximal finite normal subgroup of G.
We prove that, for a finitely generated group hyperbolic relative to virtually abelian subgroups, the generalised word problem for a parabolic subgroup is the language of a real-time Turing machine. Then, for a hyperbolic group, we show that the generalised word problem for a quasiconvex subgroup is a real-time language under either of two additional hypotheses on the subgroup. By extending the Muller-Schupp theorem we show that the generalised word problem for a finitely generated subgroup of a finitely generated virtually free group is context-free. Conversely, we prove that a hyperbolic gro…
Let $m$ and $k$ be integers such that $|m|, \, |k| >1$ and $\gcd (m,k)=1$. We show that all Baumslag-Solitar groups $BS(m,mk)$ are non-residually finite groups hyperbolic relative to residually finite subgroups. By a result of Osin (2007), this implies that there exists a non-residually finite hyperbolic group, thus solving a long-standing open problem of Gromov (1987). We also show that all $BS(m, mk)$ are non-Hopfian groups hyperbolic relative to Hopfian subgroups.
An interesting question about quasiconvexity in a hyperbolic group concerns finding classes of quasiconvex subsets that are closed under finite intersections. A known example is the class of all quasiconvex subgroups. However, not much is yet learned about the structure of arbitrary quasiconvex subsets. In this work we study the properties of products of quasiconvex subgroups; we show that such sets are quasiconvex, their finite intersections have a similar algebraic representation and, thus, are quasiconvex too.
A group $G$ is called subgroup conjugacy separable (abbreviated as SCS) if any two finitely generated and non-conjugate subgroups of $G$ remain non-conjugate in some finite quotient of $G$. An into-conjugacy version of SCS is abbreviated by SICS. We prove that if $G$ is a hyperbolic group, $H_1$ is a quasiconvex subgroup of $G$, and $H_2$ is a subgroup of $G$ which is elementwise conjugate into $H_1$, then there exists a finite index subgroup of $H_2$ which is conjugate into $H_1$. As corollary, we deduce that fundamental groups of closed hyperbolic 3-manifolds and torsion-free small cancellat…
We introduce a new invariant of finitely generated groups, the ambiguity function, and prove that every finitely generated acylindrically hyperbolic group has a linearly bounded ambiguity function. We use this result to prove that the relative exponential growth rate $\lim \limits_{n \rightarrow \infty} \sqrt[n]{\vert B^{X}_H(n) \vert}$ of a subgroup $H$ of an acylindrically hyperbolic group $G$ exists with respect to every finite generating set $X$ of $G$, if $H$ contains a loxodromic element of $G$. Further we prove that the relative exponential growth rate of every finitely generated subgro…
In this paper we provide a procedure to obtain a non-trivial HHS structure on a hyperbolic space. In particular, we prove that given a finite collection $\mathcal{F}$ of quasi-convex subgroups of a hyperbolic group $G$, there is an HHG structure on $G$ that is compatible with $\mathcal{F}$. We will use this to provide explicit descriptions of the Gromov Boundary of hyperbolic HHS and HHG, and we recover results from Hamenstädt, Manning, Trang for the case when $G$ is hyperbolic relative to $\mathcal{F}$. Further applications in the construction of new HHG will be presented in a subsequent pape…
Suppose that a finitely generated group $G$ is hyperbolic relative to a collection of subgroups $\mathbb{P}=\{P_1,\dots,P_m\}$. Let $H_1,H_2$ be subgroups of $G$ such that $H_1$ is relatively quasiconvex with respect to $\mathbb{P}$ and $H_2$ is not parabolic. Suppose that $H_2$ is elementwise conjugate into $H_1$. Then there exists a finite index subgroup of $H_2$ which is conjugate into $H_1$. The minimal length of the conjugator can be estimated. In the case where $G$ is a limit group, it is sufficient to assume only that $H_1$ is a finitely generated and $H_2$ is an arbitrary subgroup of $…
Let $G$ be a non-elementary hyperbolic group. Let $w$ be a group word such that the set $w[G]$ of all its values in $G$ does not coincide with $G$ or 1. We show that the width of verbal subgroup $w(G)=<w[G]>$ is infinite. That is, there is no such $l\in\mathbb Z$ that any $g\in w(G)$ can be represented as a product of $\le l$ values of $w$ and their inverses.
This paper proves the sandwich classification conjecture for subgroups of an even dimensional hyperbolic unitary group $U_{2n}(R,Λ)$ which are normalized by the elementary subgroup $EU_{2n}(R,Λ)$, under the condition that $R$ is a quasi-finite ring with involution, i.e a direct limit of module finite rings with involution, and $n\geq 3$.
We introduce the bounded packing property for a subgroup of a countable discrete group G. This property gives a finite upper bound on the number of left cosets of the subgroup that are pairwise close in G. We establish basic properties of bounded packing, and give many examples; for instance, every subgroup of a countable, virtually nilpotent group has bounded packing. We explain several natural connections between bounded packing and group actions on CAT(0) cube complexes. Our main result establishes the bounded packing of relatively quasiconvex subgroups of a relatively hyperbolic group, und…
This article is part of the program of studying large-scale geometric properties of totally disconnected locally compact groups, TDLC-groups, by analogy with the theory for discrete groups. We provide a characterization of hyperbolic TDLC-groups, in terms of homological isoperimetric inequalities. This characterization is used to prove the main result of the article: for hyperbolic TDLC-groups with rational discrete cohomological dimension $\leq 2$, hyperbolicity is inherited by compactly presented closed subgroups. As a consequence, every compactly presented closed subgroup of the automorphis…
This paper proves that in a non-elementary relatively hyperbolic group, the logarithm growth rate of any non-elementary subgroup has a linear lower bound by the logarithm of the size of the corresponding generating set. As a consequence, any non-elementary subgroup has uniform exponential growth.
