The Frattini subgroup for subgroups of hyperbolic groups

Frattini-injectivity and Maximal pro-$p$ Galois groups

We call a pro-$p$ group $G$ Frattini-injective if distinct finitely generated subgroups of $G$ have distinct Frattinis. This paper is an initial effort toward a systematic study of Frattini-injective pro-$p$ groups (and several other related concepts). Most notably, we classify the $p$-adic analytic and the solvable Frattini-injective pro-$p$ groups, and we describe the lattice of normal abelian subgroups of a Frattini-injective pro-$p$ group. We prove that every maximal pro-$p$ Galois group of a field that contains a primitive $p$th root of unity (and also contains $\sqrt{-1}$ if $p=2$) is Fr…

On Frattini arguments in L-groups of finite Morley rank

We modify the Frecon-Jaligot construction of Carter subgroups to show that a degenerate type group has a Carter subgroup invariant under the Sylow 2-subgroup of a group of automorphisms; thus reducing the need to know that Carter subgroups are conjugate in degenerate type groups.

有限群的局部Frattini子群

On the local Frattini subgroup of a finite group

本研究针对有限群的局部Frattini子群，在已有学者相关结论基础上，补充了更多能保证该子群包含于Frattini子群的条件。

On the orders of the non-Frattini elements of a finite group

Let $G$ be a finite group and let $p_1,\dots,p_n$ be distinct primes. If $G$ contains an element of order $p_1\cdots p_n,$ then there is an element in $G$ which is not contained in the Frattini subgroup of $G$ and whose order is divisible by $p_1\cdots p_n.$

Frattini and related subgroups of Mapping Class Groups

Let $Γ_{g,b}$ denote the orientation-preserving Mapping Class Group of a closed orientable surface of genus $g$ with $b$ punctures. For a group $G$ let $Φ_f(G)$ denote the intersection of all maximal subgroups of finite index in $G$. Motivated by a question of Ivanov as to whether $Φ_f(G)$ is nilpotent when $G$ is a finitely generated subgroup of $Γ_{g,b}$, in this paper we compute $Φ_f(G)$ for certain subgroups of $Γ_{g,b}$. In particular, we answer Ivanov's question in the affirmative for these subgroups of $Γ_{g,b}$.

Frattini-resistant direct products of pro-$p$ groups

A pro-$p$ group $G$ is called strongly Frattini-resistant if the function $H \mapsto Φ(H)$, from the poset of all closed subgroups of $G$ into itself, is a poset embedding. Frattini-resistant pro-$p$ groups appear naturally in Galois theory. Indeed, every maximal pro-$p$ Galois group over a field that contains a primitive $p$th root of unity (and also contains $\sqrt{-1}$ if $p=2$) is strongly Frattini-resistant. Let $G_1$ and $G_2$ be non-trivial pro-$p$ groups. We prove that $G_1 \times G_2$ is strongly Frattini-resistant if and only if one of the direct factors $G_1$ or $G_2$ is torsion-fre…

强制群与Frattini覆盖

Forcible groups and Frattini covers

本文补充Thompson-Mann经典结果并回答相关问题，证明有限群可强制的充要条件，同时给出阿贝尔p-群在两类p-群下的相对可强制性结果。

On finite capable $p$-groups of class 2 with cyclic commutator subgroups

We study finite capable $p$-groups $G$ of nilpotency class 2 such that the commutator subgroup $γ_2(G)$ of $G$ is cyclic and the center of $G$ is contained in the Frattini subgroup of $G$.

Finite 2-groups of Class 2 with Specific Automorphism Group

In this paper we classify all finite 2-groups of class 2 for which every automorphism of order 2 leaving the Frattini subgroup elementwise fixed is inner. We prove that every such group G is isomorphic to Q(n; r) = <a, b| a^{2n}= b^{2r}= 1; a^2^{n-r}= [a, b]> for some positive integers r; n such that 2 < 2r <= n; and every automorphism of Q(n; r) of order 2 leaving the Frattini subgroup elementwise fixed is inner.

Maximal linear groups induced on the Frattini quotient of a $p$-group

Let $p>3$ be a prime. For each maximal subgroup $H\leqslant\mathrm{GL}(d,p)$ with $|H| \geqslant p^{3d+1}$, we construct a $d$-generator finite $p$-group $G$ with the property that $\mathrm{Aut}(G)$ induces $H$ on the Frattini quotient $G/Φ(G)$ and $|G| \leqslant p^{\frac{d^4}{2}}$. A significant feature of this construction is that $|G|$ is very small compared to $|H|$, shedding new light upon a celebrated result of Bryant and Kovács. The groups $G$ that we exhibit have exponent $p$, and of all such groups $G$ with the desired action of $H$ on $G/Φ(G)$, the construction yields groups with sma…

Normal edge-transitive Cayley graphs and Frattini-like subgroups

For a finite group $G$ and an inverse-closed generating set $C$ of $G$, let $Aut(G;C)$ consist of those automorphisms of $G$ which leave $C$ invariant. We define an $Aut(G;C)$-invariant normal subgroup $Φ(G;C)$ of $G$ which has the property that, for any $Aut(G;C)$-invariant normal set of generators for $G$, if we remove from it all the elements of $Φ(G;C)$, then the remaining set is still an $Aut(G;C)$-invariant normal generating set for $G$. The subgroup $Φ(G;C)$ contains the Frattini subgroup $Φ(G)$ but the inclusion may be proper. The Cayley graph $Cay(G,C)$ is normal edge-transitive if $A…

Abelianization of p-groups with derived subgroup of prime order

In this paper, we arrive at the structure for $G^{ab}(= G/G')$ from a presentation for $G$. We also prove that the frattini subgroup of the abelianization is $G^p$ or the quotient of $G^p$ by the derived subgroup $G'$.

有向图、Frattini抗性与极大pro-$p$伽罗瓦群

Directed graphs, Frattini-resistance, and maximal pro-$p$ Galois groups

该研究针对定向右角Artin pro-$p$群，证明了其关联有向图为初等型、具有Frattini抗性、拓扑有限生成闭子群均为定向pro-$p$ RAAG、是含$p$次单位根域的极大pro-$p$伽罗瓦群这四个条件等价，并提出相关上同调无本质三重Massey积的猜想。

极大性在 L-群 的幂零和有限生成 L-子群中的一个应用

An Application of Maximality to Nilpotent and Finitely Generated L-Subgroups of an L-Group

本文继续研究 L-群的极大和 Frattini L-子群，探讨了幂零 L-群中极大 L-子群的正规性，并引入有限生成 L-子群概念，建立其与极大条件的关系及相关性质。

Small cancellation in acylindrically hyperbolic groups

We generalize a version of small cancellation theory to the class of acylindrically hyperbolic groups. This class contains many groups which admit some natural action on a hyperbolic space, including non-elementary hyperbolic and relatively hyperbolic groups, mapping class groups, and groups of outer automorphisms of free groups. Several applications of this small cancellation theory are given, including to Frattini subgroups and Kazhdan constants, the construction of various \exotic"' quotients, and to approximating acylindrically hyperbolic groups in the topology of marked group presentation…

On finite groups whose Sylow subgroups have a bounded number of generators

Let G be a finite non-nilpotent group such that every Sylow subgroup of G is generated by at most d elements, and such that p is the largest prime dividing |G|. We show that G has a non-nilpotent image G/N, such that N is characteristic and of index bounded by a function of d and p. This result will be used to prove that the index of the Frattini subgroup of G is bounded in terms of d and p. Upper bounds will be given explicitly for soluble groups.

Higman's PORC conjecture for a family of groups

We prove that the number of groups of order $p^n$ whose Frattini subgroup is central is for fixed $n$ a PORC (`polynomial on residue classes') function of $p$. This extends a result of G. Higman.

Countable Primitive Groups

We give a complete characterization of countable primitive groups in several settings including linear groups, subgroups of mapping class groups, groups acting minimally on trees and convergence groups. The latter category includes as a special case Kleinian groups as well as subgroups of word hyperbolic groups. As an application we calculate the Frattini subgroup in many of these settings, often generalizing results that were only known for finitely generated groups. In particular, we answer a question of G. Higman and B.H. Neumann on the Frattini group of an amalgamated product.

p-groups having a unique proper non-trivial characteristic subgroup

We consider the structure of finite $p$-groups $G$ having precisely three characteristic subgroups, namely $1$, $Φ(G)$ and $G$. The structure of $G$ varies markedly depending on whether $G$ has exponent $p$ or $p^2$, and, in both cases, the study of such groups raises deep problems in representation theory. We present classification theorems for 3- and 4-generator groups, and we also study the existence of such $r$-generator groups with exponent $p^2$ for various values of $r$. The automorphism group induced on the Frattini quotient is, in various cases, related to a maximal linear group in As…

Finite $p$-groups of class 2 have noninner automorphisms of order $p$

We prove that for any prime number $p$, every finite non-abelian $p$-group $G$ of class 2 has a noninner automorphism of order $p$ leaving either the Frattini subgroup $Φ(G)$ or $Ω_1(Z(G))$ elementwise fixed.

Completely realisable groups

Given a construction $f$ on groups, we say that a group $G$ is \textit{$f$-realisable} if there is a group $H$ such that $G\cong f(H)$, and \textit{completely $f$-realisable} if there is a group $H$ such that $G\cong f(H)$ and every subgroup of $G$ is isomorphic to $f(H_1)$ for some subgroup $H_1$ of $H$ and vice versa. In this paper, we determine completely ${\rm Aut}$-realisable groups. We also study $f$-realisable groups for $f=Z,F,M,D,Φ$, where $Z(H)$, $F(H)$, $M(H)$, $D(H)$ and $Φ(H)$ denote the center, the Fitting subgroup, the Chermak-Delgado subgroup, the derived subgroup and the Fratt…

Strongly base-two groups

Let $G$ be a finite group, let $H$ be a core-free subgroup and let $b(G,H)$ denote the base size for the action of $G$ on $G/H$. Let $α(G)$ be the number of conjugacy classes of core-free subgroups $H$ of $G$ with $b(G,H) \geqslant 3$. We say that $G$ is a strongly base-two group if $α(G) \leqslant 1$, which means that almost every faithful transitive permutation representation of $G$ has base size $2$. In this paper we study the strongly base-two finite groups with trivial Frattini subgroup.

单关系群的Margulis-Soifer定理

Margulis-Soifer theorem for one-relator groups

本文证明了单关系群满足Margulis-Soifer二分法，即每个单关系群要么几乎可解，要么有无限指数的极大子群，并给出相关例子及Frattini子群的平凡性结果。

幂嵌入子群的扩展中的幂ful子群

Powerfully embedded subgroups of extensions of powerful pro-$p$ groups and its applications to automorphisms of finite groups

本文研究了pro-p群的幂ful子群结构，证明了在特定条件下，这些子群的下p-级数和下主级数项在群中被幂ful地嵌入，并探讨了交叉平方的性质。

First-order recognisability in finite and pseudofinite groups

It is known that there exists a first-order sentence that holds in a finite group if and only if the group is soluble. Here it is shown that the corresponding statements with 'solubility' replaced by 'nilpotence' and 'perfectness', among others, are false. These facts present difficulties for the study of pseudofinite groups. However, a very weak form of Frattini's theorem on the nilpotence of the Frattini subgroup of a finite group is proved for pseudofinite groups.

关于具有秩为k的极大初等阿贝尔正规子群的p-群

On $p$-groups with a maximal elementary abelian normal subgroup of rank $k$

本文研究具有秩为k的极大初等阿贝尔正规子群的p-群，利用Sambale的想法将2-群的生成元个数等界推广到p=2情形，并证明任意阿贝尔子群的Frattini子群可由2k（p=2时为3k）个元素生成，其证明依赖关于向量空间自同态交换子代数中零代数余维数的新结果。

非生成复形的Frattini几何：对称性、同调与Betti数

Frattini Geometry of Non-Generating Complexes: Symmetry, Homology and Betti Numbers

本文通过Frattini拓扑约化将有限群的非生成复形化为初等阿贝尔向量空间的非张成复形，从而确定其同构、自同构群、同调及Betti数，并给出完整Cohen-Macaulay分类。

Hyperbolicity of the complex of parabolic subgroups of Artin-Tits groups of type $B$

We show that the complex of parabolic subgroups associated to the Artin-Tits group of type $B$ is hyperbolic

A Note on Hyperbolically Embedded Subgroups

Let $G$ be a group and $H$ a subgroup of $G$. This note introduces an equivalent definition of hyperbolic embedded subgroup based on Bowditch's approach to relatively hyperbolic groups in terms of fine graphs.

Notes on relatively hyperbolic groups and relatively quasiconvex subgroups

We define relatively quasiconvex subgroups of relatively hyperbolic groups in the sense of Osin and show that such subgroups have expected properties. Also we state several definitions equivalent to the definition of relatively hyperbolic groups in the sense of Osin.

Algebraic subgroups of acylindrically hyperbolic groups

A subgroup of a group $G$ is called algebraic if it can be expressed as a finite union of solution sets to systems of equations. We prove that a non-elementary subgroup $H$ of an acylindrically hyperbolic group $G$ is algebraic if and only if there exists a finite subgroup $K$ of $G$ such that $C_G(K) \leq H \leq N_G(K)$. We provide some applications of this result to free products, torsion-free relatively hyperbolic groups, and ascending chains of algebraic subgroups in acylindrically hyperbolic groups.

Hyperbolic 3-Manifolds Groups are Subgroup Conjugacy Separable

A group $G$ is called subgroup conjugacy separable if for every pair of non-conjugate finitely generated subgroups of $G$, there exists a finite quotient of $G$ where the images of these subgroups are not conjugate. It is proved that the fundamental group of a hyperbolic 3-manifold (closed or with cusps) is subgroup conjugacy separable.

Cannon-Thurston maps, subgroup distortion, and hyperbolic hydra

There is a family of hyperbolic groups known as hyperbolic hydra which contain heavily distorted free subgroups. We prove the existence of Cannon--Thurston maps (that is, maps of the boundaries induced by subgroup inclusion) for these free subgroups. It is known that Cannon--Thurston maps between hyperbolic space boundaries can exist even in the presence of arbitrarily heavy (even non-recursive) distortion. The hyperbolic hydra examples show that Cannon--Thurston maps can exist even between hyperbolic group boundaries in the presence of arbitrarily heavy primitive recursive distortion.

Combination of quasiconvex subgroups of relatively hyperbolic groups

For relatively hyperbolic groups, we investigate conditions guaranteeing that the subgroup generated by two quasiconvex subgroups $Q$ and $R$ is quasiconvex and isomorphic to $Q \ast_{Q\cap R} R$. Our results generalized known combination theorems for quasiconvex subgroups of word-hyperbolic groups. Some applications are presented.

Elementary subgroups of relatively hyperbolic groups and bounded generation

Let $G$ be a group hyperbolic relative to a collection of subgroups $\{H_λ,λ\in Λ\} $. We say that a subgroup $Q\le G$ is hyperbolically embedded into $G$, if $G$ is hyperbolic relative to $\{H_λ,λ\in Λ\} \cup \{Q\} $. In this paper we obtain a characterization of hyperbolically embedded subgroups. In particular, we show that if an element $g\in G$ has infinite order and is not conjugate to an element of $H_λ$, $λ\in Λ$, then the (unique) maximal elementary subgroup contained $g$ is hyperbolically embedded into $G$. This allows to prove that if $G$ is boundedly generated, then $G$ is elementar…

双曲群的奇异子群

Exotic subgroups of hyperbolic groups

本文展示了双曲群的子群可具有奇异有限性性质，通过复几何与双曲几何的纤维化构造，回答了关于双曲群及其子群的旧问题。

The universal relatively hyperbolic structure on a group and relative quasiconvexity for subgroups

We discuss the notion of the universal relatively hyperbolic structure on a group which is used in order to characterize relatively hyperbolic structures on the group. We also study relations between relatively hyperbolic structures on a group and relative quasiconvexity for subgroups of the group.

A hyperbolic group with a finitely presented subgroup that is not of type $FP_3$

Brady proved that there are hyperbolic groups with finitely presented subgroups that are not of type $FP_3$ (and hence not hyperbolic). We reprove Brady's theorem by presenting a new construction. Our construction uses Bestvina-Brady Morse theory, but does not involve branched coverings.

On relative hyperbolicity for a group and relative quasiconvexity for a subgroup

We consider two families of subgroups of a group. Each subgroup which belongs to one family is contained in some subgroup which belongs to the other family. We then discuss relations of relative hyperbolicity for the group with respect to the two families, respectively. If the group is supposed to be hyperbolic relative to the two families, respectively, then we consider relations of relative quasiconvexity for a subgroup of the group with respect to the two families, respectively.

Fixed subgroups of automorphisms of relatively hyperbolic groups

Let G be a finitely generated relatively hyperbolic group. We show that if no peripheral subgroup of G is hyperbolic relative to a collection of proper subgroups, then the fixed subgroup of every automorphism of G is relatively quasiconvex. It follows that the fixed subgroup is itself relatively hyperbolic with respect to a natural family of peripheral subgroups. If all peripheral subgroups of G are slender (respectively, slender and coherent), our result implies that the fixed subgroup of every automorphism of G is finitely generated (respectively, finitely presented). In particular, this hap…

关于有限 $p$-群的非内自同构猜想

On the conjecture of non-inner automorphisms of finite $p$-groups

针对有限非交换 $p$-群必有阶 $p$ 非内自同构的猜想，本文在奇数阶单块群且极大子群满足中心换位条件时，构造并证明了逐元固定 $\Phi(G)$ 的阶 $p$ 非内自同构。

Hyperbolic modules and cyclic subgroups

Let $G$ be a finite group of odd order, $\F$ a finite field of odd characteristic $p$ and $\B$ a finite--dimensional symplectic $\F G$-module. We show that $\B$ is $\F G$-hyperbolic, i.e., it contains a self--perpendicular $\F G$-submodule, iff it is $\F N$-hyperbolic for every cyclic subgroup $N$ of $G$.

双曲群的一类无限族奇异子群

An infinite family of exotic subgroups of hyperbolic groups

本研究构建了首个双曲群非双曲且属$\n\mathrm{FP}(\mathbb{Q})$型的子群拟等距类无限族，给出生成具强有限性的非双曲子群的简单判据，并发现高维下局部双曲性与代数纤维化互斥。

Codimension one subgroups and boundaries of hyperbolic groups

We construct hyperbolic groups with the following properties: The boundary of the group has big dimension, it is separated by a Cantor set and the group does not split. This shows that Bowditch's theorem that characterizes splittings of hyperbolic groups over 2-ended groups in terms of the boundary can not be extended to splittings over more complicated subgroups.

On the quasiconvexity of the fixed subgroup of endomorphisms of relatively hyperbolic groups

We prove that for any finitely generated relatively hyperbolic group G and any symmetric endomorphism f of G with relatively quasiconvex image, Fixf is relatively quasiconvex subgroup of G.

An example of a non-quasiconvex subgroup of a word hyperbolic group with exotic limit set

We construct an example of a torsion free freely indecomposable finitely presented non-quasiconvex subgroup $H$ of a word hyperbolic group $G$ such that the limit set of $H$ is not the limit set of a quasiconvex subgroup of $G$. In particular, this gives a counterexample to the conjecture of G.Swarup that a finitely presented one-ended subgroup of a word hyperbolic group is quasiconvex if and only if it has finite index in its virtual normalizer.

The geometry of relative Cayley graphs for subgroups of hyperbolic groups

We show that if H is a quasiconvex subgroup of a hyperbolic group G then the relative Cayley graph Y (also known as the Schreier coset graph) for G/H is Gromov-hyperbolic. We also observe that in this situation if G is torsion-free and non-elementary and H has infinite index in G then the simple random walk on Y is transient.

双曲反射群中的不变随机子群

Invariant random subgroups in hyperbolic reflection groups

本文证明了双曲反射群存在具有不可数多种子群同构类型的不变随机子群，并通过Coxeter多面体构造回答了S.Thomas等人的问题。

The non-amenability of Schreier graphs for infinite index quasiconvex subgroups of hyperbolic groups

We show that if $H$ is a quasiconvex subgroup of infinite index in a non-elementary hyperbolic group $G$ then the Schreier coset graph $X$ for $G$ relative to $H$ is non-amenable (that is, $X$ has positive Cheeger constant). We present some corollaries regading the Martin boundary and Martin compactification of $X$ and the co-growth of $H$ in $G$.

Almost Hyperbolic Groups with Almost Finitely Presented Subgroups

We construct new examples of CAT(0) groups containing non finitely presented subgroups that are of type $FP_2$, these CAT(0) groups do not contain copies of $\mathbb{Z}^3$. We also give a construction of groups which are of type $F_n$ but not $F_{n+1}$ with no free abelian subgroups of rank greater than $\lceil\frac{n}{3}\rceil$.

Induced quasi-cocycles on groups with hyperbolically embedded subgroups

Let G be a group, H a hyperbolically embedded subgroup of G, V a normed G-module, U an H-invariant submodule of V. We propose a general construction which allows to extend 1-quasi-cocycles on H with values in U to 1-quasi-cocycles on G with values in V. As an application, we show that every group G with a non-degenerate hyperbolically embedded subgroup has dim H^2_b (G, l^p(G))=\infty for p\in [1, \infty). This covers many previously known results in a uniform way. Applying our extension to quasimorphisms and using Bavard duality, we also show that hyperbolically embedded subgroups are undisto…

任意环上2维字双曲群的子群

Subgroups of word hyperbolic groups in dimension 2 over arbitrary rings

本文利用任意环上的等周不等式将Gersten关于2维字双曲群子群的双曲性结果推广至任意环，并给出了高阶双曲群的子群保持同阶双曲性的条件及组合定义。

Hyperbolic Groups with Finitely Presented Subgroups not of Type $F_3$

We generalise the constructions of Brady and Lodha to give infinite families of hyperbolic groups, each having a finitely presented subgroup that is not of type $F_3$. By calculating the Euler characteristic of the hyperbolic groups constructed, we prove that infinitely many of them are pairwise non isomorphic. We further show that the first of these constructions cannot be generalised to dimensions higher than $3$.

关于一个 Hopf 子群的非 Hopf 相对双曲群

A non-Hopfian relatively hyperbolic group with respect to a Hopfian subgroup

本文通过构造一个相对于 Hopf 子群的非 Hopf 有限生成相对双曲群反例，否定回答了 Osin 提出的问题5.5。