Wirelessly interconnected sensors, actuators, and controllers promise greater flexibility, lower installation and maintenance costs, and higher robustness in harsh conditions than wired solutions. However, to facilitate the adoption of wireless communication in cyber-physical systems (CPS), the functional and non-functional properties must be similar to those known from wired architectures. We thus present Time-Triggered Wireless (TTW), a wireless architecture for multi-mode CPS that offers reliable communication with guarantees on end-to-end delays among distributed applications executing on low-cost, low-power embedded devices. We achieve this by exploiting the high reliability and deterministic behavior of a synchronous transmission based communication stack we design, and by coupling the timings of distributed task executions and message exchanges across the wireless network by solving a novel co-scheduling problem. While some of the concepts in TTW have existed for some time and TTW has already been successfully applied for feedback control and coordination of multiple mechanical systems with closed-loop stability guarantees, this paper presents the key algorithmic, scheduling, and networking mechanisms behind TTW, along with their experimental evaluation, which have not been known so far. TTW is open source and ready to use: ttw.ethz.ch
Wired field buses have proved their effectiveness to support Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS). However, in avionics, for ease of deployment, or for new functionality featuring mobile devices, there is a strong interest for wireless solutions. Low-power wireless protocols have been proposed, but requirements of a large class of CPS applications can still not be satisfied. This paper presents Time-Triggered-Wireless (TTW), a distributed low-power wireless system design that minimizes energy consumption and offers end-to-end timing predictability, adaptability, reliability, low latency. Our evaluatio…
Wireless control systems (WCSs) often have to operate in dynamic environments where the network traffic load may vary unpredictably over time. The sampling in sensors is conventionally time triggered with fixed periods. In this context, only worse-than-possible quality of control (QoC) can be achieved when the network is underloaded, while overloaded conditions may significantly degrade the QoC, even causing system instability. This is particularly true when the bandwidth of the wireless network is limited and shared by multiple control loops. To address these problems, a flexible time-trigger…
Event-triggered control (ETC) holds the potential to significantly improve the efficiency of wireless networked control systems. Unfortunately, its real-world impact has hitherto been hampered by the lack of a network stack able to transfer its benefits from theory to practice specifically by supporting the latency and reliability requirements of the aperiodic communication ETC induces. This is precisely the contribution of this paper. Our Wireless Control Bus (WCB) exploits carefully orchestrated network-wide floods of concurrent transmissions to minimize overhead during quiescent, steady-sta…
Wireless sensors and actuators offer benefits to large industrial control systems. The absence of wires for communication reduces the deployment cost, maintenance effort, and provides greater flexibility for sensor and actuator location and system architecture. These benefits come at a cost of a high probability of communication delay or message loss due to the unreliability of radio-based communication. This unreliability poses a challenge to contemporary control systems that are designed with the assumption of instantaneous and reliable communication. Wireless sensors and actuators create a …
WAP protocol is a set of communication protocols application environment and wireless devices. WAP model more than a WAP gateway. Suitable for wireless communication environment.
In this research paper, the problems dealing with sensor network architecture, sensor fusion are addressed. Time/Computationally optimal network architectures are investigated. Some novel ideas on sensor fusion are proposed.
This paper suggests a system architecture for wireless widearea- networking access using adhoc networking between a mobile Client node without direct connectivity to a wirelesswide- area-network and a mobile Service Provider node with connectivity to a wireless-wide-area-network. It provides a means for securely providing such adhoc wireless networking services using a Server for tunneling and routing, registration and authentication. The architecture also provides support for handoff of a Client node from one Service Provider to another with persistence of a tunnel between the Client and the …
Wireless communications along with the Internet has been the most transformative technology in the past 50 years. We expect that wireless data growth driven by new mobile applications, need to connect all humankind (not just 1/3) as well as Billions of things to the Internet will require Terabit/s shared links for ground based local area and wide area wireless access, for wireless backhaul as well as access via unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and satellites. We present a new scalable radio architecture that we refer to multi-comm-core (MCC) to enable low-cost ultra-high speed wireless communic…
This paper describes a software-based tool that tracks mobile node roaming and infers the time-to-handover as well as the preferential handover target, based on behavior inference solely derived from regular usage data captured in visited wireless networks. The paper presents the tool architecture; computational background for mobility estimation; operational guidelines concerning how the tool is being used to track several aspects of roaming behavior in the context of wireless networks. Target selection accuracy is validated having as baseline traces obtained in realistic scenarios.
As we power through to the future, in-vehicle communications reliance on speed is becoming a challenging predicament. This is mainly due to the ever-increasing number of electronic control units (ECUs), which will continue to drain network capacity, hence further increasing bandwidth demand. For a wired network, a tradeoff between bandwidth requirement, reliability, and cost-effectiveness has been our main motivation in developing a high-speed network architecture that is based on the integration of two time-triggered protocols namely; Time Triggered Ethernet (TT-E) and Time Triggered Controll…
Wise arrangement of antennas is critical in wireless cellular systems for both reduction of co-channel interference (CCI) and increase the quality of service (QoS). In this paper, a novel architecture for antenna arrangement in CDMA wireless cellular systems is presented. In this architecture that we called microzone, every cell is divided into three (or more) zones and information transmission in downlink channel is done by an antenna which is placed at the outer region of the related zone. Also, the transmitting signal by the mobile station (MS) in uplink channel is received by all antennas …
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are used to perform distributed sensing in various fields, such as health, military, home etc. In WSNs, sensor nodes should communicate among themselves and do distributed computation over the sensed values to identify the occurrence of an event. This paper assumes the no memory computation model for sensor nodes, i.e. the sensor nodes only have two registers. This paper presents an optimal architecture for the distributed computation in WSN and also claims that this architecture is the optimal for the described computation model.
Most wireless sensor networks operate with very limited energy sources-their batteries, and hence their usefulness in real life applications is severely constrained. The challenging issues are how to optimize the use of their energy or to harvest their own energy in order to lengthen their lives for wider classes of application. Tackling these important issues requires a robust architecture that takes into account the energy consumption level of functional constituents and their interdependency. Without such architecture, it would be difficult to formulate and optimize the overall energy consu…
Industrial control systems present numerous challenges from the communication systems perspective: clock synchronization, deterministic behavior, low latency, high reliability, flexibility, and scalability. These challenges are mostly solved with standard technologies over Ethernet, e.g., Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN). As a research trend, it is expected that TSN will converge with wireless, leading to the Wireless TSN paradigm. Also, Wireless TSN is expected to be integrated with Ethernet TSN to create large-scale wired-wireless (Hybrid) TSN networks. The first step towards Hybrid TSN is th…
In this paper we propose wireless sensor network architecture with layered protocols, targeting different aspects of the awareness requirements in wireless sensor networks. Under such a unified framework, we pay special attention to the most important awareness issues in wireless sensor networks: namely dynamic awareness, energy awareness and spatiotemporal awareness. First, we propose the spatiotemporal aware routing protocol for wireless sensor networks, which maintains a constant delivery speed for soft real-time communication. Second, we introduce the time-energy aware aggregation scheme, …
Wireless sensor networks and Ad-hoc network in the region Multicast (Geocasting) means to deliver the message to all nodes in a given geographical area from the source point. Regional Multicast practical application of the specified area and other regions may be formed to broadcast transmission and location-related business information, extensive advertising, or to send an urgent message. Regional multicast protocol design goal is to ensure messaging and low transport costs. Most have been proposed agreement does not guarantee message delivery, although some other guaranteed messaging protocol…
Now a day's Heterogeneous wireless network is a promising field of research interest. Various challenges exist in this hybrid combination like load balancing, resource management and so on. In this paper we introduce a reliable load balancing architecture for heterogeneous wireless communications to ensure certain level of quality of service. To conquer the problem of centralized and distributed design, a semi distributed load balancing architecture for multiple access networks is introduced. In this grid based design multiple Load and Mobile Agent Management Units is incorporated. To prove th…
Future wireless networks are facing new challenges. These new challenges require new solutions and strategies of the network deployment, management, and operation. Many driving factors are decisive in the re-definition and re-design of the future wireless network architecture. In the previously published paper "5G Wireless Network - MyNET and SONAC", MyNET and SONAC, a future network architecture, are described. This paper elaborates MyNET platform with more details. The design principles of MyNET architecture, the development of MyNET platform, the functions of MyNET platform, the automation …
This paper addresses an overview of the wireless sensor networks. It is shown that MEMS/NEMS technologies and SIP concept are well suited for advanced architectures. It is also shown analog architectures have to be compatible with digital signal techniques to develop smart network of microsystem.
5G networks are expected to achieve gigabit-level throughput in future cellular networks. However, it is a great challenge to treat 5G wireless backhaul traffic in an effective way. In this article, we analyze the wireless backhaul traffic in two typical network architectures adopting small cell and millimeter wave commmunication technologies. Furthermore, the energy efficiency of wireless backhaul networks is compared for different network architectures and frequency bands. Numerical comparison results provide some guidelines for deploying future 5G wireless backhaul networks in economical an…
To meet the surging demand of increasing mobile Internet traffic from diverse applications while maintaining moderate energy cost, the radio access network (RAN) of cellular systems needs to take a green path into the future, and the key lies in providing elastic service to dynamic traffic demands. To achieve this, it is time to rethink RAN architectures and expect breakthroughs. In this article, we review the state-of-art literature which aims to renovate RANs from the perspectives of control-traffic decoupled air interface, cloud-based RANs, and software-defined RANs. We then propose a softw…
New high-data-rate multimedia services and applications are evolving continuously and exponentially increasing the demand for wireless capacity of fifth-generation (5G) and beyond. The existing radio frequency (RF) communication spectrum is insufficient to meet the demands of future high-datarate 5G services. Optical wireless communication (OWC), which uses an ultra-wide range of unregulated spectrum, has emerged as a promising solution to overcome the RF spectrum crisis. It has attracted growing research interest worldwide in the last decade for indoor and outdoor applications. OWC offloads h…
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have become very popular and are being used in many application domains (e.g. smart cities, security, gaming and agriculture). Virtualized WSNs allow the same WSN to be shared by multiple applications. Semantic applications are situation-aware and can potentially play a critical role in virtualized WSNs. However, provisioning them in such settings remains a challenge. The key reason is that semantic applications provisioning mandates data annotation. Unfortunately it is no easy task to annotate data collected in virtualized WSNs. This paper proposes a data annot…
A 60 GHz wireless Gigabit Ethernet (G.E.) communication system is developed at IETR. As the 60 GHz radio link operates only in a single-room configuration, an additional Radio over Fibre (RoF) link is used to ensure the communications in all the rooms of a residential environment. The realized system covers 2 GHz bandwidth. Due to the hardware constraints, a symbol rate at 875 Mbps is attained using simple single carrier architecture. In the baseband (BB) processing block, an original byte/frame synchronization process is designed to provide a smaller value of the preamble missing detection an…
Virtualization enables multiple applications to share the same wireless sensor and actuator network (WSAN). However, in heterogeneous environments, virtualized wireless sensor and actuator networks (VWSAN) raise new challenges, such as the need for on-the-fly, dynamic, elastic, and scalable provisioning of gateways. Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) is a paradigm emerging to help tackle these new challenges. It leverages standard virtualization technology to consolidate special-purpose network elements on commodity hardware. This article presents NFV architecture for VWSAN gateways, in wh…
This article adopts a holistic approach to address the problem of poor broadband connectivity in rural areas by suggesting a novel wireless network architecture, also called the "Frugal 5G Network". To arrive at the Frugal 5G Network architecture, we take into consideration the rural connectivity needs and the characteristics specific to rural areas. As part of the proposed Frugal 5G Network, we define a heterogeneous Access Network wherein macro cells provide a carpet coverage while Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) provide additional capacity to serve the village clusters. WLAN is backhau…
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have become pervasive and are used in many applications and services. Usually the deployments of WSNs are task oriented and domain specific; thereby precluding re-use when other applications and services are contemplated. This inevitably leads to the proliferation of redundant WSN deployments. Virtualization is a technology that can aid in tackling this issue, as it enables the sharing of resources/infrastructure by multiple independent entities. In this paper we critically review the state of the art and propose a novel architecture for WSN virtualization. The …
Minimizing the energy consumption of a wireless sensor network application is crucial for effective realization of the intended application in terms of cost, lifetime, and functionality. However, the minimizing task is hardly possible as no overall energy cost function is available for optimization. Optimizing a specific component of the total energy cost does not help in reducing the total energy cost as this reduction may be negated by an increase in the energy consumption of other components of the application. Recently we proposed Hierarchy Energy Driven Architecture as a robust architectu…
Nowadays scarcity of spectrum availability is increasing highly. Adding cognition to the existing Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) infrastructure will help in this situation. As sensor nodes in WSN are limited with some constrains like power, efforts are required to increase the lifetime and other performance measures of the network. In this paper we propose the idea of Doubly Cognitive WSN. The basic idea is to progressively allocate the sensing resources only to the most promising areas of the spectrum. This work is based on Artificial Neural Network as well as on Support Vector Machine (SVM) c…
Wireless sensor networks are finally becoming a reality. In this paper, we present a scalable architecture for using wireless sensor networks in combination with wireless Ethernet networks to provide a complete end-to-end solution to narrow the gap between the low-level information and context awareness. We developed and implemented a complete proximity detector in order to give a wearable computer, such as a PDA, location context. Since location is only one element of contextawareness, we pursued utilizing photo sensors and temperature sensors in learning as much as possible about the environ…
The integration of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) into wireless networks has opened a new horizon to meet the capacity and coverage requirements foreseen in future wireless networks. Harnessing UAVs as flying base stations (BSs) has helped to achieve a cost-effective and on-the-go wireless network that may be used in several scenarios such as to support disaster response and in temporary hotspots. Despite the extensive research on the application side of UAVs, the integration of UAVs as BSs into existing wireless networks remains an open challenge. While UAV BSs can help to increase the area …
Achieving end-to-end ultra-reliability and resiliency in mission critical communications is a major challenge for future wireless networks. Dual connectivity has been proposed by 3GPP as one of the viable solutions to fulfill the reliability requirements. However, the potential correlation in failures occurring over different wireless links is commonly neglected in current network design approaches. In this paper, we investigate the impact of realistic correlation among different wireless links on end-to-end reliability for two selected architectures from 3GPP. In ultra-reliable use-cases, we …
Cooperative techniques have been shown to significantly improve the performance of wireless systems. Despite being a mature technology in single communication link scenarios, their implementation in wider, and practical, networks poses several challenges which have not been fully identified and understood so far. In this two-part paper, the implementation of cooperative communications in non-centralized ad hoc networks with sensing-based channel access is extensively discussed. Both analysis and simulation are employed to provide a clear understanding of the mutual influence between the link l…
The present white paper focuses on the system requirements of TERRANOVA. Initially details the key use cases for the TERRANOVA technology and presents the description of the network architecture. In more detail, the use cases are classified into two categories, namely backhaul & fronthaul and access and small cell backhaul. The first category refers to fibre extender, point-to-point and redundancy applications, whereas the latter is designed to support backup connection for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), internet of things (IoT) dense environments, data centres, indoor wireless acc…
The promising vision of Information-Centric Networking (ICN) and of its realization, Named Data Networking (NDN), has attracted extensive attention in recent years in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). However, a comprehensive NDN/ICN-based architectural design for WSNs, including specially tailored naming schemes and forwarding mechanisms, has yet to be explored. In this paper, we present single-Channel Cluster-based Information-Centric WSN (CCIC-WSN), an NDN/ICN-based framework to fulfill the requirements of cluster-based WSNs, such as communicat…
Energy preservation is one of the most important challenges in wireless sensor networks. In most applications, sensor networks consist of hundreds or thousands nodes that are dispersed in a wide field. Hierarchical architectures and data aggregation methods are increasingly gaining more popularity in such large-scale networks. In this paper, we propose a novel adaptive Energy-Efficient Multi-layered Architecture (EEMA) protocol for large-scale sensor networks, wherein both hierarchical architecture and data aggregation are efficiently utilized. EEMA divides the network into some layers as well…
Integrity checking is ubiquitous in data networks, but not all network traffic needs integrity protection. Many applications can tolerate slightly damaged data while still working acceptably, trading accuracy versus efficiency to save time and energy. Such applications should be able to receive damaged data if they so desire. In today's network stacks, lower-layer integrity checks discard damaged data regardless of the application's wishes, violating the End-to-End Principle. This paper argues for optional integrity checking and gently redesigns a commodity network architecture to support inte…
The objective of this paper is to increase life time of homogeneous wireless sensor networks (WSNs) through minimizing long range communication and energy balancing. Sensor nodes are resource constrained particularly with limited energy that is difficult or impossible to replenish. LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is most well-known cluster based architecture for WSN that aims to evenly dissipate energy among all sensor nodes. In cluster based architecture, the role of cluster head is very crucial for the successful operation of WSN because once the cluster head becomes non fun…
In this paper, we propose the use of two Passive Optical Network (PON)-based network architectures to connect free-space Optical Wireless Communication (OWC) Access Points (APs) within a room with multiple users. We optimize through a Mixed Linear Integer Programming (MILP) model the assignment of mobile OWC users to more than one AP to improve the resilience of the fronthaul network, i.e the OWC system and the wired network linked to APs, and study the impact of users distribution and channel characteristics.
Experimentation is important when designing communication protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks. Lower-layers have a major impact on upper-layer performance, and the complexity of the phenomena can not be entirely captured by analysis or simulation. In this report, we go through the complete process, from designing an energy-efficient self-organizing communication architecture (MAC, routing and application layers) to real-life experimentation roll-outs. The presented communication architecture includes a MAC protocol which avoids building and maintaining neighborhood tables, and a geographica…
Wireless sensor networks increasingly become viable solutions to many challenging problems and will successively be deployed in many areas in the future. However, deploying new technology without security in mind has often proved to be unreasonably dangerous. We propose a security architecture for self-organizing mobile wireless sensor networks that prevents many attacks these networks are exposed to. Furthermore, it limits the security impact of some attacks that cannot be prevented. We analyse our security architecure and show that it provides the desired security aspects while still being a…
Impulse Radio Ultra Wide Band (IR-UWB) is a promising technology to address Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) constraints. However, existing network simulation tools do not provide a complete WSN simulation architecture, with the IR-UWB specificities at the PHYsical (PHY) and the Medium Access Control (MAC) layers. In this paper, we propose a WSN simulation architecture based on the IR-UWB technique. At the PHY layer, we take into account the pulse collision by dealing with the pulse propagation delay. We also modelled MAC protocols specific to IRUWB, for WSN applications. To completely fit the WS…
In recent times, there have been a lot of efforts for improving the ossified Internet architecture in a bid to sustain unstinted growth and innovation. A major reason for the perceived architectural ossification is the lack of ability to program the network as a system. This situation has resulted partly from historical decisions in the original Internet design which emphasized decentralized network operations through co-located data and control planes on each network device. The situation for wireless networks is no different resulting in a lot of complexity and a plethora of largely incompat…
In natural hazard warning systems fast decision making is vital to avoid catastrophes. Decision making at the edge of a wireless sensor network promises fast response times but is limited by the availability of energy, data transfer speed, processing and memory constraints. In this work we present a realization of a wireless sensor network for hazard monitoring based on an array of event-triggered single-channel micro-seismic sensors with advanced signal processing and characterization capabilities based on a novel co-detection technique. On the one hand we leverage an ultra-low power, thresho…
Wireless sensor networks have been a driving force of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) advancement in the process control and manufacturing industry. The emergence of IIoT opens great potential for the ubiquitous field device connectivity and manageability with an integrated and standardized architecture from low-level device operations to high-level data-centric application interactions. This technological development requires software definability in the key architectural elements of IIoT, including wireless field devices, IIoT gateways, network infrastructure, and IIoT sensor cloud …
Recent advances in wireless communications, system on chip and low power sensor nodes allow realization of Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs).WBANs comprise of tiny sensors, which collect information of a patient's vital signs and provide a real time feedback. In addition,WBANs also support many applications including ubiquitous healthcare, entertainment, gaming, military, etc. Ubiquitous healthcare is required by elderly people to facilitate them with instant monitoring anywhere they move around. In this paper, we provide a survey on different architectures used in WBANs for ubiquitous healt…
Lots of hopes have been placed on Machine Learning (ML) as a key enabler of future wireless networks. By taking advantage of large volumes of data, ML is expected to deal with the ever-increasing complexity of networking problems. Unfortunately, current networks are not yet prepared to support the ensuing requirements of ML-based applications in terms of data collection, processing, and output distribution. This article points out the architectural requirements that are needed to pervasively include ML as part of future wireless networks operation. Specifically, we look into Wireless Local Are…
Network of Information (NetInf) is a term coined for networks which unlike contemporary network are not node centric. As the name indicates, information supersedes nodes in the network. In this report, we propose an architecture of mobile node for NetInf. We call it NetInf Mobile Node. It is an extension of the basic node architecture proposed for NetInf. It is compatible to NetInf and TCP/IP based networks. The Virtual Node Layer modules in the architecture provide support for managing mobility, power consumption of the node as well data relaying/storing services. In- ner/Outer Locator Constr…
Wireless interconnection has emerged as an energy efficient solution to the challenges of multi-hop communication over the wireline paths in conventional Networks-on-Chips (NoCs). However, to ensure the full benefits of this novel interconnect technology, design of simple, fair and efficient Medium Access Control (MAC) mechanism to grant access to the on-chip wireless communication channel is needed. Moreover, to adapt to the varying traffic demands from the applications running on a multicore environment, MAC mechanisms should dynamically adjust the transmission slots of the wireless interfac…
In spite of previous widely held belief of the incompatibility of public key cryptography (PKC) schemes for wireless sensor networks (WSNs), some recent works have shown that, PKC based schemes could be implemented for such networks in some ways. The major challenge of employing a PKC scheme in wireless sensor network is posed by the limitations of resources of the tiny sensors. Considering this feature of the sensors, in this paper, we propose an efficient PKC based security architecture with relatively less resource requirements than those of the other previously proposed PKC schemes for WSN…
