This paper describes a software-based tool that tracks mobile node roaming and infers the time-to-handover as well as the preferential handover target, based on behavior inference solely derived from regular usage data captured in visited wireless networks. The paper presents the tool architecture; computational background for mobility estimation; operational guidelines concerning how the tool is being used to track several aspects of roaming behavior in the context of wireless networks. Target selection accuracy is validated having as baseline traces obtained in realistic scenarios.
We consider a simple two-player game involving a large incumbent and small entrant into a cellular wireless access provider marketplace. The entrant's customers must pay roaming charges. We assume that the roaming charges are regulated, because if they are dictated by the incumbent then they could be set so high so as to be a barrier to entry in the marketplace. The game is studied at its Nash equilibrium. A roaming charge is identified that is arguably fair in the sense that revenues for the access providers are proportionate to their infrastructure costs.
An important issue in heterogeneous wireless networks is how to optimally utilize various radio resources. While many methods have been proposed for managing radio resources in each network, these methods are not suitable for heterogeneous wireless networks. In this study, a new management method is proposed which provides acceptable service quality and roaming rate, reduces the cost of the service, and utilizes big data technology for its operation. In our proposed scheme, by considering various parameters such as the type of the service, the information related to the location of the user, t…
The development of mobile devices (CPU, memory, and storage) and the introduction of mobile networks (Ad-Hoc, Wi-Fi, WiMAX, and 3.5G) have opened new opportunities for next generation of mobile services. It becomes more convenience and desirable for mobile internet users to be connected everywhere. However, ubiquitous mobile access connectivity faces interoperation issues between wireless network providers and wireless network technologies. Although mobile users would like to get as many services as possible while they travel, there is a lack of technology to identify visited users in current …
With the major wireless service providers planning to start deployment of 4G wireless networks by mid 2010, research and industry communities are racing against time to find solutions for some of the prominent still open issues in 4G networks. The growing interest in 4G networks is driven by the set of new services will be made available for the first time such as accessing the Internet anytime from anywhere, global roaming, and wider support for multimedia applications. In this paper describe some of the key opportunities will be made available by 4G networks, present key challenges and point…
Industrial wireless sensor networks (WSNs) are being used to improve the efficiency, productivity and safety of industrial processes. An open standard that is commonly used in such cases is IEEE 802.15.4e. Its TSCH mode employs a time synchronized based MAC scheme together with channel hopping to alleviate the impact of channel fading. Until now, most of the industrial WSNs have been designed to only support static nodes and are not able to deal with mobility. In this paper, we show how a single-hop, multi-gateway IEEE 802.15.4e TSCH network architecture can tackle the mobility problem. We int…
The vision of next generation wireless network (NGWN) is to integrate different wireless access technologies, each with its own characteristics, into a common IP-based core network to provide mobile user with service continuity and seamless roaming. One of the major issues for the converged heterogeneous networks is providing a seamless vertical handover (VHO) with QoS support. In this paper we have reviewed the various interworking architectures and handover scenarios between UMTS and WiMAX. Also, we have compared the proposed solutions based on different criteria and revealed the pros and co…
Distributed Multi-Agent Deep Q-Learning for Fast Roaming in IEEE 802.11ax Wi-Fi Systems
Institute of Artificial Intelligence innovation, Industry Academia Innovation School（产业创新学院人工智能创新研究所）；Department of Electronics and Electrical Engineering（电子与电气工程系）；National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University（国立阳明交通大学）
In a wireless network, mobile nodes (MNs) repeatedly perform tasks such as layer 2 (L2) handoff, layer 3 (L3) handoff and authentication. These tasks are critical, particularly for real-time applications such as VoIP. We propose a novel approach, namely Cooperative Roaming (CR), in which MNs can collaborate with each other and share useful information about the network in which they move. We show how we can achieve seamless L2 and L3 handoffs regardless of the authentication mechanism used and without any changes to either the infrastructure or the protocol. In particular, we provide a working…
With the increasing demands for new data and real-time services, wireless networks should support calls with different traffic characteristics and different Quality of Service (QoS)guarantees. In addition, various wireless technologies and networks exist currently that can satisfy different needs and requirements of mobile users. Since these different wireless networks act as complementary to each other in terms of their capabilities and suitability for different applications, integration of these networks will enable the mobile users to be always connected to the best available access network…
The ubiquitous services of wireless communication networks are growing rapidly by the development of wireless communication technologies. While a user is roaming from one cell to another cell, an intelligent decision mechanism and network selection is extremely crucial to maintain the quality of service (QoS) during handover. Handover decision must be made precisely to avoid any unnecessary phenomenon like ping-pong, corner effect, call blocking, and call dropping etc. This work considered service types like voice, video, and data and their QoS requirements for handover decision using fuzzy lo…
As wireless access technologies grow rapidly, the recent studies have focused on granting mobile users the ability of roaming across different wireless networks in a seamless manner thus offering seamless mobility. The different characteristics of each wireless technology with regards to QoS brought many challenges for provisioning the continuous services (audio/video streaming) in a seamless way. In this paper, we intend to review the existing context-aware methods which offered solutions for service continuity. We looked at the types of context information used in each solution. Through this…
Small-worlds represent efficient communication networks that obey two distinguishing characteristics: a high clustering coefficient together with a small characteristic path length. This paper focuses on an interesting paradox, that removing links in a network can increase the overall clustering coefficient. Reckful Roaming, as introduced in this paper, is a 2-localized algorithm that takes advantage of this paradox in order to selectively remove superfluous links, this way optimizing the clustering coefficient while still retaining a sufficiently small characteristic path length.
Wireless broadband technology is now in motion to provide higher data rate, wider coverage and improved mobility. Towards this the 4G - network is an integration of various wireless technologies and expected to provide seamless mobility. Moreover 4G-networks will be entirely packet switched systems based on IP protocol. One of the research challenges for 4G-Network is the design of intelligent mobility management techniques that take advantage of IP-based technologies to achieve global roaming among various access technologies. Hence Mobile IPv6 is considered to be one of the key technologies …
WAP protocol is a set of communication protocols application environment and wireless devices. WAP model more than a WAP gateway. Suitable for wireless communication environment.
In this research paper, the problems dealing with sensor network architecture, sensor fusion are addressed. Time/Computationally optimal network architectures are investigated. Some novel ideas on sensor fusion are proposed.
This paper suggests a system architecture for wireless widearea- networking access using adhoc networking between a mobile Client node without direct connectivity to a wirelesswide- area-network and a mobile Service Provider node with connectivity to a wireless-wide-area-network. It provides a means for securely providing such adhoc wireless networking services using a Server for tunneling and routing, registration and authentication. The architecture also provides support for handoff of a Client node from one Service Provider to another with persistence of a tunnel between the Client and the …
Wireless communications along with the Internet has been the most transformative technology in the past 50 years. We expect that wireless data growth driven by new mobile applications, need to connect all humankind (not just 1/3) as well as Billions of things to the Internet will require Terabit/s shared links for ground based local area and wide area wireless access, for wireless backhaul as well as access via unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) and satellites. We present a new scalable radio architecture that we refer to multi-comm-core (MCC) to enable low-cost ultra-high speed wireless communic…
Wise arrangement of antennas is critical in wireless cellular systems for both reduction of co-channel interference (CCI) and increase the quality of service (QoS). In this paper, a novel architecture for antenna arrangement in CDMA wireless cellular systems is presented. In this architecture that we called microzone, every cell is divided into three (or more) zones and information transmission in downlink channel is done by an antenna which is placed at the outer region of the related zone. Also, the transmitting signal by the mobile station (MS) in uplink channel is received by all antennas …
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) are used to perform distributed sensing in various fields, such as health, military, home etc. In WSNs, sensor nodes should communicate among themselves and do distributed computation over the sensed values to identify the occurrence of an event. This paper assumes the no memory computation model for sensor nodes, i.e. the sensor nodes only have two registers. This paper presents an optimal architecture for the distributed computation in WSN and also claims that this architecture is the optimal for the described computation model.
Mobility management is a key aspect to consider in future Internet architectures, as these architectures include a highly nomadic end-user which often relies on services provided by multi-access networks. In contrast, today's mobility management solutions were designed having in mind simpler scenarios and requirements from the network and where roaming could often be taken care of with previously established agreements. With a more dynamic behavior in the network, and also with a more prominent role from the end-user, mobility management has to deal with additional requirements derived from ne…
Most wireless sensor networks operate with very limited energy sources-their batteries, and hence their usefulness in real life applications is severely constrained. The challenging issues are how to optimize the use of their energy or to harvest their own energy in order to lengthen their lives for wider classes of application. Tackling these important issues requires a robust architecture that takes into account the energy consumption level of functional constituents and their interdependency. Without such architecture, it would be difficult to formulate and optimize the overall energy consu…
Industrial control systems present numerous challenges from the communication systems perspective: clock synchronization, deterministic behavior, low latency, high reliability, flexibility, and scalability. These challenges are mostly solved with standard technologies over Ethernet, e.g., Time-Sensitive Networking (TSN). As a research trend, it is expected that TSN will converge with wireless, leading to the Wireless TSN paradigm. Also, Wireless TSN is expected to be integrated with Ethernet TSN to create large-scale wired-wireless (Hybrid) TSN networks. The first step towards Hybrid TSN is th…
In this paper we propose wireless sensor network architecture with layered protocols, targeting different aspects of the awareness requirements in wireless sensor networks. Under such a unified framework, we pay special attention to the most important awareness issues in wireless sensor networks: namely dynamic awareness, energy awareness and spatiotemporal awareness. First, we propose the spatiotemporal aware routing protocol for wireless sensor networks, which maintains a constant delivery speed for soft real-time communication. Second, we introduce the time-energy aware aggregation scheme, …
Wirelessly interconnected sensors, actuators, and controllers promise greater flexibility, lower installation and maintenance costs, and higher robustness in harsh conditions than wired solutions. However, to facilitate the adoption of wireless communication in cyber-physical systems (CPS), the functional and non-functional properties must be similar to those known from wired architectures. We thus present Time-Triggered Wireless (TTW), a wireless architecture for multi-mode CPS that offers reliable communication with guarantees on end-to-end delays among distributed applications executing on …
Now a day's Heterogeneous wireless network is a promising field of research interest. Various challenges exist in this hybrid combination like load balancing, resource management and so on. In this paper we introduce a reliable load balancing architecture for heterogeneous wireless communications to ensure certain level of quality of service. To conquer the problem of centralized and distributed design, a semi distributed load balancing architecture for multiple access networks is introduced. In this grid based design multiple Load and Mobile Agent Management Units is incorporated. To prove th…
Future wireless networks are facing new challenges. These new challenges require new solutions and strategies of the network deployment, management, and operation. Many driving factors are decisive in the re-definition and re-design of the future wireless network architecture. In the previously published paper "5G Wireless Network - MyNET and SONAC", MyNET and SONAC, a future network architecture, are described. This paper elaborates MyNET platform with more details. The design principles of MyNET architecture, the development of MyNET platform, the functions of MyNET platform, the automation …
In near future, anticipated large number of mobile users may introduce very large centralized databases and increase end-to-end delays in location registration and call delivery on HLR-VLR database and will become infeasible. After observing several problems we propose some guidelines. Multitree distributed database, high throughput index structure, memory oriented database organization are used. Location management guidelines for moving user in overlapping network, neighbor discovery protocol (NDP), and global roaming rule are adopted. Analytic model and examples are presented to evaluate the…
This paper addresses an overview of the wireless sensor networks. It is shown that MEMS/NEMS technologies and SIP concept are well suited for advanced architectures. It is also shown analog architectures have to be compatible with digital signal techniques to develop smart network of microsystem.
5G networks are expected to achieve gigabit-level throughput in future cellular networks. However, it is a great challenge to treat 5G wireless backhaul traffic in an effective way. In this article, we analyze the wireless backhaul traffic in two typical network architectures adopting small cell and millimeter wave commmunication technologies. Furthermore, the energy efficiency of wireless backhaul networks is compared for different network architectures and frequency bands. Numerical comparison results provide some guidelines for deploying future 5G wireless backhaul networks in economical an…
To meet the surging demand of increasing mobile Internet traffic from diverse applications while maintaining moderate energy cost, the radio access network (RAN) of cellular systems needs to take a green path into the future, and the key lies in providing elastic service to dynamic traffic demands. To achieve this, it is time to rethink RAN architectures and expect breakthroughs. In this article, we review the state-of-art literature which aims to renovate RANs from the perspectives of control-traffic decoupled air interface, cloud-based RANs, and software-defined RANs. We then propose a softw…
New high-data-rate multimedia services and applications are evolving continuously and exponentially increasing the demand for wireless capacity of fifth-generation (5G) and beyond. The existing radio frequency (RF) communication spectrum is insufficient to meet the demands of future high-datarate 5G services. Optical wireless communication (OWC), which uses an ultra-wide range of unregulated spectrum, has emerged as a promising solution to overcome the RF spectrum crisis. It has attracted growing research interest worldwide in the last decade for indoor and outdoor applications. OWC offloads h…
Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) have become very popular and are being used in many application domains (e.g. smart cities, security, gaming and agriculture). Virtualized WSNs allow the same WSN to be shared by multiple applications. Semantic applications are situation-aware and can potentially play a critical role in virtualized WSNs. However, provisioning them in such settings remains a challenge. The key reason is that semantic applications provisioning mandates data annotation. Unfortunately it is no easy task to annotate data collected in virtualized WSNs. This paper proposes a data annot…
A 60 GHz wireless Gigabit Ethernet (G.E.) communication system is developed at IETR. As the 60 GHz radio link operates only in a single-room configuration, an additional Radio over Fibre (RoF) link is used to ensure the communications in all the rooms of a residential environment. The realized system covers 2 GHz bandwidth. Due to the hardware constraints, a symbol rate at 875 Mbps is attained using simple single carrier architecture. In the baseband (BB) processing block, an original byte/frame synchronization process is designed to provide a smaller value of the preamble missing detection an…
Virtualization enables multiple applications to share the same wireless sensor and actuator network (WSAN). However, in heterogeneous environments, virtualized wireless sensor and actuator networks (VWSAN) raise new challenges, such as the need for on-the-fly, dynamic, elastic, and scalable provisioning of gateways. Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) is a paradigm emerging to help tackle these new challenges. It leverages standard virtualization technology to consolidate special-purpose network elements on commodity hardware. This article presents NFV architecture for VWSAN gateways, in wh…
This article adopts a holistic approach to address the problem of poor broadband connectivity in rural areas by suggesting a novel wireless network architecture, also called the "Frugal 5G Network". To arrive at the Frugal 5G Network architecture, we take into consideration the rural connectivity needs and the characteristics specific to rural areas. As part of the proposed Frugal 5G Network, we define a heterogeneous Access Network wherein macro cells provide a carpet coverage while Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) provide additional capacity to serve the village clusters. WLAN is backhau…
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) have become pervasive and are used in many applications and services. Usually the deployments of WSNs are task oriented and domain specific; thereby precluding re-use when other applications and services are contemplated. This inevitably leads to the proliferation of redundant WSN deployments. Virtualization is a technology that can aid in tackling this issue, as it enables the sharing of resources/infrastructure by multiple independent entities. In this paper we critically review the state of the art and propose a novel architecture for WSN virtualization. The …
Fourth Generation (4G) Wireless System will integrate heterogeneous wireless overlay systems i.e. interworking of WLAN/ GSM/ CDMA/ WiMAX/ LTE/ etc with guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS) and Experience (QoE).QoS(E) vary from network to network and is application sensitive. User needs an optimal mobility solution while roaming in Overlaid wireless environment i.e. user could seamlessly transfer his session/ call to a best available network bearing guaranteed Quality of Experience. And If this Seamless transfer of session is executed between two networks having different access standards then i…
Minimizing the energy consumption of a wireless sensor network application is crucial for effective realization of the intended application in terms of cost, lifetime, and functionality. However, the minimizing task is hardly possible as no overall energy cost function is available for optimization. Optimizing a specific component of the total energy cost does not help in reducing the total energy cost as this reduction may be negated by an increase in the energy consumption of other components of the application. Recently we proposed Hierarchy Energy Driven Architecture as a robust architectu…
Nowadays scarcity of spectrum availability is increasing highly. Adding cognition to the existing Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) infrastructure will help in this situation. As sensor nodes in WSN are limited with some constrains like power, efforts are required to increase the lifetime and other performance measures of the network. In this paper we propose the idea of Doubly Cognitive WSN. The basic idea is to progressively allocate the sensing resources only to the most promising areas of the spectrum. This work is based on Artificial Neural Network as well as on Support Vector Machine (SVM) c…
Wireless sensor networks are finally becoming a reality. In this paper, we present a scalable architecture for using wireless sensor networks in combination with wireless Ethernet networks to provide a complete end-to-end solution to narrow the gap between the low-level information and context awareness. We developed and implemented a complete proximity detector in order to give a wearable computer, such as a PDA, location context. Since location is only one element of contextawareness, we pursued utilizing photo sensors and temperature sensors in learning as much as possible about the environ…
The integration of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) into wireless networks has opened a new horizon to meet the capacity and coverage requirements foreseen in future wireless networks. Harnessing UAVs as flying base stations (BSs) has helped to achieve a cost-effective and on-the-go wireless network that may be used in several scenarios such as to support disaster response and in temporary hotspots. Despite the extensive research on the application side of UAVs, the integration of UAVs as BSs into existing wireless networks remains an open challenge. While UAV BSs can help to increase the area …
Achieving end-to-end ultra-reliability and resiliency in mission critical communications is a major challenge for future wireless networks. Dual connectivity has been proposed by 3GPP as one of the viable solutions to fulfill the reliability requirements. However, the potential correlation in failures occurring over different wireless links is commonly neglected in current network design approaches. In this paper, we investigate the impact of realistic correlation among different wireless links on end-to-end reliability for two selected architectures from 3GPP. In ultra-reliable use-cases, we …
Power management is one of the vital issue in wireless sensor networks, where the lifetime of the network relies on battery powered nodes. Transmitting at high power reduces the lifetime of both the nodes and the network. One efficient way of power management is to control the power at which the nodes transmit. In this paper, a virtual multiple input multiple output wireless sensor network (VMIMO-WSN)communication architecture is considered and the power control of sensor nodes based on the approach of game theory is formulated. The use of game theory has proliferated, with a broad range of ap…
The present white paper focuses on the system requirements of TERRANOVA. Initially details the key use cases for the TERRANOVA technology and presents the description of the network architecture. In more detail, the use cases are classified into two categories, namely backhaul & fronthaul and access and small cell backhaul. The first category refers to fibre extender, point-to-point and redundancy applications, whereas the latter is designed to support backup connection for small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), internet of things (IoT) dense environments, data centres, indoor wireless acc…
The promising vision of Information-Centric Networking (ICN) and of its realization, Named Data Networking (NDN), has attracted extensive attention in recent years in the context of the Internet of Things (IoT) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs). However, a comprehensive NDN/ICN-based architectural design for WSNs, including specially tailored naming schemes and forwarding mechanisms, has yet to be explored. In this paper, we present single-Channel Cluster-based Information-Centric WSN (CCIC-WSN), an NDN/ICN-based framework to fulfill the requirements of cluster-based WSNs, such as communicat…
Energy preservation is one of the most important challenges in wireless sensor networks. In most applications, sensor networks consist of hundreds or thousands nodes that are dispersed in a wide field. Hierarchical architectures and data aggregation methods are increasingly gaining more popularity in such large-scale networks. In this paper, we propose a novel adaptive Energy-Efficient Multi-layered Architecture (EEMA) protocol for large-scale sensor networks, wherein both hierarchical architecture and data aggregation are efficiently utilized. EEMA divides the network into some layers as well…
Integrity checking is ubiquitous in data networks, but not all network traffic needs integrity protection. Many applications can tolerate slightly damaged data while still working acceptably, trading accuracy versus efficiency to save time and energy. Such applications should be able to receive damaged data if they so desire. In today's network stacks, lower-layer integrity checks discard damaged data regardless of the application's wishes, violating the End-to-End Principle. This paper argues for optional integrity checking and gently redesigns a commodity network architecture to support inte…
The objective of this paper is to increase life time of homogeneous wireless sensor networks (WSNs) through minimizing long range communication and energy balancing. Sensor nodes are resource constrained particularly with limited energy that is difficult or impossible to replenish. LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is most well-known cluster based architecture for WSN that aims to evenly dissipate energy among all sensor nodes. In cluster based architecture, the role of cluster head is very crucial for the successful operation of WSN because once the cluster head becomes non fun…
Experimentation is important when designing communication protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks. Lower-layers have a major impact on upper-layer performance, and the complexity of the phenomena can not be entirely captured by analysis or simulation. In this report, we go through the complete process, from designing an energy-efficient self-organizing communication architecture (MAC, routing and application layers) to real-life experimentation roll-outs. The presented communication architecture includes a MAC protocol which avoids building and maintaining neighborhood tables, and a geographica…
