Takafumi Mase, Akane Nakamura, Hidetaka Sakai
We express discrete Painlevé equations as discrete Hamiltonian systems. The discrete Hamiltonian systems here mean the canonical transformations defined by generating functions. Our construction relies on the classification of the discrete Painlevé equations based on the surface-type. The discrete Hamiltonians we obtain are written in the logarithm and dilogarithm functions.
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In this paper we study different Hamiltonian systems with polynomial and rational Hamiltonians associated with the generic third Painlevé equation and present explicit birational transformations relating them.
Recently, a quantum version of Painleve equations from the point of view of their symmetries was proposed by H. Nagoya. These quantum Painleve equations can be written as Hamiltonian systems with a (noncommutative) polynomial Hamiltonian. We give a characterization of the quantum Painleve equations by certain holomorphic properties. Namely, we introduce canonical transformations such that the Painleve Hamiltonian system is again transformed into a polynomial Hamiltonian system, and we show that the Hamiltonian can be uniquely characterized through this holomorphic property.
Modified Painlevé systems with meromorphic solutions for polynomial Hamiltonians of all degrees
本文研究了具有多项式哈密顿量的所有次数的非自治哈密顿系统，其所有解均为复平面上的有理函数。通过计算Okamoto的初始条件空间，得到关于系数函数的微分约束，从而确定了多项式哈密顿量的三种、四种、五种和七种系统，揭示了新的Painlevé等价问题参考哈密顿量。
We present an asymmetric $q$-Painlevé equation. We will derive this using $q$-orthogonal polynomials with respect to generalized Freud weights: their recurrence coefficients will obey this $q$-Painlevé equation (up to a simple transformation). We will show a stable method of computing a special solution which gives the recurrence coefficients. We establish a connection with $α-q-P_V$.
We find and study a two-parameter family of coupled Painlevé II systems in dimension four with affine Weyl group symmetry of several types. Moreover, we find a three-parameter family of polynomial Hamiltonian systems in two variables $t,s$. Setting $s=0$, we can obtain an autonomous version of the coupled Painlevé II systems. We also show its symmetry and holomorphy conditions.
This is the second article in a suite of articles investigating relations between Stäckel-type systems and Painlevé-type systems. In this article we construct isomonodromic Lax representations for Painlevé-type systems found in the previous paper by Frobenius integrable deformations of Stäckel-type systems. We first construct isomonodromic Lax representations for Painlevé-type systems in the so called magnetic representation and then, using a multitime-dependent canonical transformation, we also construct isomonodromic Lax representations for Painlevé-type systems in the non-magnetic represent…
In this work we show that the $ N\times N $ Toeplitz determinants with the symbols $ z^μ\exp(-{1/2}\sqrt{t}(z+1/z)) $ and $ (1+z)^μ(1+1/z)^ν\exp(tz) $ -- known $τ$-functions for the \PIIIa and \PV systems -- are characterised by nonlinear recurrences for the reflection coefficients of the corresponding orthogonal polynomial system on the unit circle. It is shown that these recurrences are entirely equivalent to the discrete Painlevé equations associated with the degenerations of the rational surfaces $ D^{(1)}_{6} \to E^{(1)}_{7} $ (discrete Painlevé {\rm II}) and $ D^{(1)}_{5} \to E^{(1)}_{6}…
Orthogonal Polynomials for the Gaussian Weight with a Jump and Discrete Painlevé Equations
本文提出精细化的离散潘勒韦识别问题，强调超越表面类型描述动力学，并以带单跳跃高斯权正交多项式中的递推关系为例展示求解方法。
Special solutions of a discrete Painlevé equation for quantum minimal surfaces
本文研究量子极小曲面中离散Painlevé方程的解，发现其与Painlevé V方程共享初始值空间，并揭示迭代与Bäcklund变换的对应，最终用修正Bessel函数给出唯一正解。
We find a one-parameter family of polynomial Hamiltonian system in two variables with $W({A}^{(1)}_1)$-symmetry. We also show that this system can be obtained by the compatibility conditions for the linear differential equations in three variables. We give a relation between it and the second member of the second Painlevé hierarchy. Moreover, we give some relations between an autonomous version of its polynomial Hamiltonian system in two variables and the mKdV hierarchies.
Geometric approach for the identification of Hamiltonian systems of quasi-Painlevé type
本文通过几何方法识别准庞加莱型哈密顿系统，利用双有理变换分析其全局结构。
The construction and role of symmetries for difference equations are now well known. In this paper, the symmetry analysis of the discrete Painleve equations is considered. We assume that the characteristics depend on $n$ and $u_n$ only and we obtain a number of symmetries. These symmetries are used to construct exact solutions in some cases.
We study factorizations of rational matrix functions with simple poles on the Riemann sphere. For the quadratic case (two poles) we show, using multiplicative representations of such matrix functions, that a good coordinate system on this space is given by a mix of residue eigenvectors of the matrix and its inverse. Our approach is motivated by the theory of discrete isomonodromic transformations and their relationship with difference Painlevé equations. In particular, in these coordinates, basic isomonodromic transformations take the form of the discrete Euler-Lagrange equations. Secondly we …
We construct cluster algebras the variables and coefficients of which satisfy the discrete mKdV equation, the discrete Toda equation and other integrable bilinear equations, several of which lead to q-discrete Painlevé equations. These cluster algebras are obtained from quivers with an infinite number of vertices or with the mutation-period property. We will also show that a suitable transformation of quivers corresponds to a reduction of the difference equation.
In this paper the Riemann-Hilbert problem, with jump supported on a appropriate curve on the complex plane with a finite endpoint at the origin, is used for the study of corresponding matrix biorthogonal polynomials associated with Laguerre type matrices of weights ---which are constructed in terms of a given matrix Pearson equation. First and second order differential systems for the fundamental matrix, solution of the mentioned Riemann-Hilbert problem are derived. An explicit and general example is presented to illustrate the theoretical results of the work. Related matrix eigenvalue problem…
Over the last decade it has become clear that discrete Painlevé equations appear in a wide range of important mathematical and physical problems. Thus, the question of recognizing a given non-autonomous recurrence as a discrete Painlevé equation and determining its type according to Sakai's classification scheme, understanding whether it is equivalent to some known (model) example, and especially finding an explicit change of coordinates transforming it to such an example, becomes one of the central ones. Fortunately, Sakai's geometric theory provides an almost algorithmic procedure for answer…
Discrete equations from Bäcklund transformations of the fifth Painlevé equation
本文从第五Painlevé方程的Bäcklund变换导出离散方程，包括一个具有三元对称性的新离散方程，并利用广义Laguerre多项式和广义Umemura多项式推导出离散方程的有理解层次，同时利用非唯一有理解对得到满足同一离散方程的不同有理解层次。
Hamiltonian reductions in Matrix Painlevé systems
本文利用哈密顿约化方法证明，对于 Painlevé 方程折叠变换对应的有限群 G，其不变构型下的多粒子及矩阵 Painlevé 系统可约化为规模更小的等价系统。
Hirota's discrete KdV equation is an integrable partial difference equation on $\mathbb{Z}^2$, which approaches the Korteweg-de Vries (KdV) equation in a continuum limit. In this paper, we show that its multiplicative-discrete versions have the special solutions given by the solutions of $q$-Painlevé equations of types $A_J^{(1)}$ $(J=3,4,5,6)$.
Solutions to an autonomous discrete KdV equation via Painlevé-type ordinary difference equations
本文通过Painlevé型常微分方程求解带有额外参数的离散KdV方程，获得两种精确解。
In this letter we will use higher-order supersymmetric quantum mechanics to obtain several families of complex solutions of the Painleve IV equation with real parameters. We shall also study the algebraic structure, the eigenfunctions and the energy spectra of the corresponding non-hermitian Hamiltonians.
The $τ$-function theory of Painlevé systems is used to derive recurrences in the rank $n$ of certain random matrix averages over U(n). These recurrences involve auxilary quantities which satisfy discrete Painlevé equations. The random matrix averages include cases which can be interpreted as eigenvalue distributions at the hard edge and in the bulk of matrix ensembles with unitary symmetry. The recurrences are illustrated by computing the value of a sequence of these distributions as $n$ varies, and demonstrating convergence to the value of the appropriate limiting distribution.
The 8-parameter elliptic Sakai difference Painlevé equation admits a Lax formulation. We show that a suitable specialization of the Lax equation gives rise to the time-independent Schrödinger equation for the $BC_1$ 8-parameter 'relativistic' Calogero-Moser Hamiltonian due to van Diejen. This amounts to a generalization of previous results concerning the Painlevé-Calogero correspondence to the highest level in the two hierarchies.
We focus on Fuchsian equations with four accessory parameters and three singular points. We see that the Fuchsian equations admit a "degeneration scheme" in some sense, which is expected to give rise to a degeneration scheme of discrete isomodromic deformation equations with four-dimensional phase space. We compute an example of discrete isomonodromic deformation equations of a certain Fuchsian equation.
In this paper, we provide a comprehensive method for constructing Lax pairs of discrete Painlevé equations by using a reduced hypercube structure. In particular, we consider the $A_5^{(1)}$-surface $q$-Painlevé system which has the affine Weyl group symmetry of type $(A_2+A_1)^{(1)}$. Two new Lax pairs are found.
We consider a family of tronquée solutions of the Painelvé II equation \begin{equation*} q''(s)=2q(s)^3+sq(s)-(2α+\frac12), \qquad α> -\frac12, \end{equation*} which is characterized by the Stokes multipliers $$s_1=-e^{-2απi },\quad s_2=ω, \quad s_3=-e^{2 απi} $$ with $ω$ being a free parameter. These solutions include the well-known generalized Hastings-McLeod solution as a special case if $ω=0$. We derive asymptotics of integrals of the tronquée solutions and the associated Hamiltonians over the real axis for $α> -1/2$ and $ω\geq 0$, with the constant terms evaluated explicitly. Our results …
We study the analytic properties of a matrix discrete system introduced in [7]. The singularity confinement for this system is shown to hold generically, i.e. in the whole space of parameters except possibly for algebraic subvarieties. This paves the way to a generalization of Painleve analysis to discrete matrix models.
In this paper, we construct two lattices from the $τ$ functions of $A_4^{(1)}$-surface $q$-Painlevé equations, on which quad-equations of ABS type appear. Moreover, using the reduced hypercube structure, we obtain the Lax pairs of the $A_4^{(1)}$-surface $q$-Painlevé equations.
A recently formulated conjecture of Gamayun, Iorgov and Lisovyy gives an asymptotic expansion of the Jimbo--Miwa--Ueno isomonodromic $τ$-function for certain Painlevé transcendents. The coefficients in this expansion are given in terms of conformal blocks of a two-dimensional conformal field theory, which can be written as infinite sums over pairs of partitions. In this note a discrete matrix model is proposed on a lattice whose partition function can be used to obtain a multiple integral representation for the length restricted partial sums of the Painlevé conformal blocks. This leads to expr…
Co-primeness preserving higher dimensional extension of $q$-discrete Painlevé I, II equations
该研究借助周期簇代数构造q-离散Painlevé I、II方程及其高阶类似方程，通过特定k×k交换矩阵确定k=4、5对应方程，k≥6时得到满足互素性的高阶离散方程。
We present an new system of ordinary differential equations with affine Weyl group symmetry of type E_6^{(1)}. This system is expressed as a Hamiltonian system of sixth order with a coupled Painleve VI Hamiltonian.
We construct a solution of an analog of the Schrödinger equation for the Hamiltonian $ H_I (z, t, q_1, q_2, p_1, p_2) $ corresponding to the second equation $P_1^2$ in the Painleve I hierarchy. This solution is produced by an explicit change of variables from a solution of the linear equations whose compatibility condition is the ordinary differential equation $P_1^2$ with respect to $z$. This solution also satisfies an analog of the Schrödinger equation corresponding to the Hamiltonian $ H_{II} (z, t, q_1, q_2, p_1, p_2) $ of Hamiltonian system with respect to $t$ which is compatible with $P_…
In a recent work difference equations (Laguerre-Freud equations) for the bi-orthogonal polynomials and related quantities corresponding to the weight on the unit circle $ w(z)=\prod^m_{j=1}(z-z_j(t))^{ρ_j} $ were derived.Here it is shown that in the case $ m=3 $ these difference equations, when applied to the calculation of the underlying U(N) average, reduce to a coupled system identifiable with that obtained by Adler and van Moerbeke using methods of the Toeplitz lattice and Virasoro constraints. Moreover it is shown that this coupled system can be reduced to yield the discrete fifth Painlev…
We prove that Fredholm determinants of the form det(1-K_s), where K_s is the restriction of either the discrete Bessel kernel or the discrete {}_2F_1 kernel to {s,s+1,...}, can be expressed through solutions of discrete Painleve II and V equations, respectively. These Fredholm determinants can also be viewed as distribution functions of the first part of the random partitions distributed according to a poissonized Plancherel measure and a z-measure, or as normalized Toeplitz determinants with symbols exp(η(u+1/u)) and (1+u)^z(1+ξ/u)^{z'}. The proofs are based on a general formalism involving d…
We examine whether the Painlevé property is a necessary condition for the integrability of nonlinear ordinary differential equations. We show that for a large class of linearisable systems this is not the case. In the discrete domain, we investigate whether the singularity confinement property is satisfied for the discrete analogues of the non-Painlevé continuous linearisable systems. We find that while these discrete systems are themselves linearisable, they possess nonconfined singularities.
In this paper we study a certain recurrence relation, that can be used to generate ladder operators for the Laguerre Unitary ensemble, from the point of view of Sakai's geometric theory of Painlevé equations. On one hand, this gives us one more detailed example of the appearance of discrete Painlevé equations in the theory of orthogonal polynomials. On the other hand, it serves as a good illustration of the effectiveness of a recently proposed procedure on how to reduce such recurrences to some canonical discrete Painlevé equations.
The solutions of the discrete Painlevé equation I were constructed in terms of elliptic and hyperelliptic $ψ$ functions for algebraic curves of genera one and two. For the case of genus two, there appear higher order difference equations which naturally contain the discrete Painlevé equation I as a special case.
Explicit Hamiltonian structure of the Flaschka-Newell Painlevé II hierarchy via symmetry reduction of the Painlevé IV hierarchy
研究通过Painlevé IV层次对称约化得到Flaschka - Newell Painlevé II层次哈密顿结构，构建适应对合的达布坐标，经变换使对称对角作用，导出约化哈密顿量及相关矩阵的显式表达式，展示对称坐标在等单值系统约化中的作用。
We propose a new bilinear Hirota equation for $τ$-functions associated with the $E_8$ root lattice, that provides a "lens" generalisation of the $τ$-functions for the elliptic discrete Painlevé equation. Our equations are characterized by a positive integer $r$ in addition to the usual elliptic parameters, and involve a mixture of continuous variables with additional discrete variables, the latter taking values on the $E_8$ root lattice. We construct explicit $W(E_7)$-invariant hypergeometric solutions of this bilinear Hirota equation, which are given in terms of elliptic hypergeometric sum/in…
Recursion Relation for Toeplitz Determinants and the Discrete Painlevé II Hierarchy
本文利用单位圆上正交多项式的 Riemann-Hilbert 方法，建立了 Toeplitz 行列式与离散 Painlevé II 层级解之间的联系，并构造了新的 Lax 对，将其映射到 Cresswell 和 Joshi 的已知 Lax 对。
This is the third article in our series of articles exploring connections between dynamical systems of Stäckel-type and of Painlevé-type. In this article we present a method of deforming of minimally quantized quasi-Stäckel Hamiltonians, considered in Part I to self-adjoint operators satisfying the quantum Frobenius condition, thus guaranteeing that the corresponding Schrödinger equations posses common, multi-time solutions. As in the classical case, we obtain here both magnetic and non-magnetic families of systems. We also show the existence of multitime-dependent quantum canonical maps betwe…
Matrix Szego biorthogonal polynomials for quasi-definite matrices of measures are studied. For matrices of Holder weights a Riemann-Hilbert problem is uniquely solved in terms of the matrix Szego polynomials and its Cauchy transforms. The Riemann-Hilbert problem is given as an appropriate framework for the discussion of the Szego matrix and the associated Szego recursion relations for the matrix orthogonal polynomials and its Cauchy transforms. Pearson type differential systems characterizing the matrix of weights are studied. These are linear systems of ordinary differential equations which a…
Initial value space of the four dimensional Painlevé system with $(A_5+A_1)^{(1)}$ symmetry
本文构造了具有$(A_5+A_1)^{(1)}$对称性的四维Painlevé系统的初始值空间，将其作为辛流形上的多项式辛系统进行描述。
We study a Hamiltonian system without the Painlevé property and show that it admits a kind of regularisation on a bundle of rational surfaces with certain divisors removed, generalising Okamoto's spaces of initial conditions for the Painlevé differential equations. The system in question was obtained by Takasaki as part of the Painlevé-Calogero correspondence and possesses the algebro-Painlevé property, being related by an algebraic transformation to the fourth Painlevé equation. We provide an atlas for the bundle of surfaces in which the system has a global Hamiltonian structure, with all Ham…
We investigate the discrete Painleve II equation over finite fields. We treat it over local fields and observe that it has a property that is similar to the good reduction over finite fields. We can use this property, which seems to be an arithmetic analogue of singularity confinement, to avoid the indeterminacy of the equations over finite fields and to obtain special solutions from those defined originally over fields of characteristic zero.
It is well known that two-dimensional mappings preserving a rational elliptic fibration, like the Quispel-Roberts-Thompson mappings, can be deautonomized to discrete Painlevé equations. However, the dependence of this procedure on the choice of a particular elliptic fiber has not been sufficiently investigated. In this paper we establish a way of performing the deautonomization for a pair of an autonomous mapping and a fiber. %By choosing a particular Starting from a single autonomous mapping but varying the type of a chosen fiber, we obtain different types of discrete Painlevé equations using…
In this study, we consider the asymptotic behaviour of the first discrete Painlev\{e} equation in the limit as the independent variable becomes large. Using an asymptotic series expansion, we identify two types of solutions which are pole-free within some sector of the complex plane containing the positive real axis. Using exponential asymptotic techniques, we determine the Stokes Phenomena effects present within these solutions, and hence the regions in which the asymptotic series expression is valid. From a careful analysis of the switching behaviour across Stokes lines, we find that the fir…
The `restoration method' is a novel method we recently introduced for systematically deriving discrete Painlevé equations. In this method we start from a given Painlevé equation, typically with E$_8^{(1)}$ symmetry, obtain its autonomous limit and construct all possible QRT-canonical forms of mappings that are equivalent to it by homographic transformations. Discrete Painlevé equations are then obtained by deautonomising the various mappings thus obtained. We apply the restoration method to two challenging examples, one of which does not lead to a QRT mapping at the autonomous limit but we ver…
The extension of the Painlevé-Calogero coorespondence for n-particle Inozemtsev systems raises to the multi-particle generalisations of the Painlevé equations which may be obtained by the procedure of Hamiltonian reduction applied to the matrix or non-commutative Painlevé systems, which also gives isomonodromic formulation for these non-autonomous Hamiltonian systems. We provide here dual systems for the rational multi-particle Painlevé systems (PI,PII and PIV) by reduction from another intersection a coadjoint orbit of GL(n) action with the level set of moment map. We describe this duality in…
Different Hamiltonians for differential Painlevé equations and their identification using a geometric approach
本文基于 Sakai 几何理论，提出将 Painlevé 方程不同哈密顿表示变换为标准形式的系统化坐标变换方法，并以 P_IV 为例详细说明，为 Painlevé 等价问题提供实用工具。
This article is the first one in a suite of three articles exploring connections between dynamical systems of Stäckel-type and of Painlevé- type. In this article we present a deformation of autonomous Stäckel-type systems to non-autonomous Frobenius integrable systems. First, we consider quasi-Stäckel systems with quadratic in momenta Hamiltonians containing separable potentials with time dependent coefficients and then we present a procedure of deforming these equations to non-autonomous Frobenius integrable systems. Then, we present a procedure of deforming quasi-Stäckel systems with so call…
We derive the discrete Painlevé equations associated to the affine Weyl group E$_8^{(1)}$ that can be represented by an (in the QRT sense) "asymmetric" trihomographic system. The method used in this paper is based on singularity confinement. We start by obtaining all possible singularity patterns for a general asymmetric trihomographic system and discard those patterns which cannot lead to confined singularities. Working with the remaining ones we implement the confinement conditions and derive the corresponding discrete Painlevé equations, which involve two variables. By eliminating either of…
A discretization of Painlevé VI equation was obtained by Jimbo and Sakai in 1996. There are two ways to quantize it: 1) use the affine Weyl group symmetry (of $D_5^{(1)}$) (Hasegawa, 2011), 2) Lax formalism i.e. monodromy preserving point of view. It turns out that the second approach is also successful and gives the same quantization as in the first approach.
Schlesinger transformations are algebraic transformations of a Fuchsian system that preserve its monodromy representation and act on the characteristic indices of the system by integral shifts. One of the important reasons to study such transformations is the relationship between Schlesinger transformations and discrete Painlevé equations; this is also the main theme behind our work. We derive \emph{discrete Schlesinger evolution equations} describing discrete dynamical systems generated by elementary Schlesinger transformations and give their discrete Hamiltonian description w.r.t.~the standa…
We consider the asymptotic behaviour of the second discrete Painlevé equation in the limit as the independent variable becomes large. Using asymptotic power series, we find solutions that are asymptotically pole-free within some region of the complex plane. These asymptotic solutions exhibit Stokes phenomena, which is typically invisible to classical power series methods. We subsequently apply exponential asymptotic techniques to investigate such phenomena, and obtain mathematical descriptions of the rapid switching behaviour associated with Stokes curves. Through this analysis, we determine t…
Discrete Painlevé equations and pencils of quadrics in $\mathbb P^3$
本文提出用 $\mathbb P^3$ 中的二次曲面束替代广义 Halphen 曲面族，将离散 Painlevé 方程解释为保持曲面束并诱导参数 Möbius 变换的 $\mathbb P^3$ 自治双有理变换，从而建立基于二次曲面束分类的新几何方案。
Representations of quadratic Heisenberg-Weyl algebras and polynomials in the fourth Painlevé transcendent
本文研究了涉及第四Painlevé超越函数的哈密顿量在不可约情况下的可解性，通过交换子恒等式构造诱导表示，并给出激发态作为双变量多项式的显式公式。
Symmetries and solutions of the Painleve IV equation are presented in an alternative framework which provides the bridge between the Hamiltonian formalism and the symmetric Painleve IV equation. This approach originates from a method developed in the setting of pseudo-differential Lax formalism describing AKNS hierarchy with the Darboux-Backlund and Miura transformations. In the Hamiltonian formalism the Darboux-Backlund transformations are introduced as maps between solutions of the Hamilton equations corresponding to two allowed values of Hamiltonian's discrete parameter. The action of the g…
The Painlevé equations can be written as Hamiltonian systems with affine Weyl group symmetries. A canonical quantization of the Painlevé equations preserving the affine Weyl group symmetries has been studied. While, the Painlevé equations are isomonodromic equations for certain second-order linear differential equations. In this paper, we introduce a canonical quantization of Lax equations for the Painlevé equations and construct symmetries of the quantum Lax equations. We also show that our quantum Lax equations are derived from Virasoro conformal field theory.
We consider Schrödinger equations for the quantum Painlevé equations. We present hypergeometric solutions of the Schrödinger equations for the quantum Painlevé equations, as particular solutions. We also give a representation theoretic correspondence between Hamiltonians of the Schrödinger equations for the quantum Painlevé equations and those of the KZ equation or the confluent KZ equations.
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