We study the null-controllability of some hypoelliptic quadratic parabolic equations posed on the whole Euclidean space with moving control supports, and provide necessary or sufficient geometric conditions on the moving control supports to ensure null-controllability. The first class of equations is the one associated to non-autonomous Ornstein-Uhlenbeck operators satisfying a generalized Kalman rank condition. In particular, when the moving control supports comply with the flow associated to the transport part of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck operators, a necessary and sufficient condition for null-controllability on the moving control supports is established. The second class of equations is the class of accretive non-selfadjoint quadratic operators with zero singular spaces for which some sufficient geometric conditions on the moving control supports are also given to ensure null-controllability.
We study the null-controllability of parabolic equations associated to a general class of hypoelliptic quadratic differential operators. Quadratic differential operators are operators defined in the Weyl quantization by complex-valued quadratic symbols. We consider in this work the class of accretive quadratic operators with zero singular spaces. These possibly degenerate non-selfadjoint differential operators are known to be hypoelliptic and to generate contraction semigroups which are smoothing in specific Gelfand-Shilov spaces for any positive time. Thanks to this regularizing effect, we pr…
We prove that the approximate null-controllability with uniform cost of the hypoelliptic Ornstein-Uhlenbeck equations posed on $\mathbb R^n$ is characterized by an integral thickness geometric condition on the control supports. We also provide associated quantitative weak observability estimates. This result for the hypoelliptic Ornstein-Uhlenbeck equations is deduced from the same study for a large class of non-autonomous elliptic equations from moving control supports. We generalize in particular results known for parabolic equations posed on $\mathbb R^n$, for which the approximate null-con…
We consider damped wave (resp. Schr{ö}dinger and plate) equations driven by a hypoelliptic "sum of squares" operator L on a compact manifold and a damping function b(x). We assume the Chow-Rashevski-H{ö}rmander condition at rank k (at most k Lie brackets needed to span the tangent space) together with analyticity of M and the coefficients of L. We prove decay of the energy at rate $log(t)^{-1/k}$ (resp. $log(t)^{-2/k}$ ) for data in the domain of the generator of the associated group. We show that this decay is optimal on a family of Grushin-type operators. This result follows from a perturbat…
We study the partial Gelfand-Shilov regularizing effect and the exponential decay for the solutions to evolution equations associated to a class of accretive non-selfadjoint quadratic operators, which fail to be globally hypoelliptic on the whole phase space. By taking advantage of the associated Gevrey regularizing effects, we study the null-controllability of parabolic equations posed on the whole Euclidean space associated to this class of possibly non-globally hypoelliptic quadratic operators. We prove that these parabolic equations are null-controllable in any positive time from thick con…
In this paper, we show the nonexistence results for the Kirchhoff elliptic, parabolic, and hyperbolic type equations on the Heisenberg groups. Also, the pseudo-parabolic and pseudo-hyperbolic equations of the Kirchhoff-type are under consideration. To prove these results we use the test function method. In addition, the analogous results are transferred to the cases of systems. Also, we give some examples of non-local nonlinearities.
Some recent works have shown that the heat equation posed on the whole Euclidean space is null-controllable in any positive time if and only if the control subset is a thick set. This necessary and sufficient condition for null-controllability is linked to some uncertainty principles as the Logvinenko-Sereda theorem which give limitations on the simultaneous concentration of a function and its Fourier transform. In the present work, we prove new uncertainty principles for finite combinations of Hermite functions and establish an analogue of the Logvinenko-Sereda theorem with an explicit contro…
This article is concerned with quantitative unique continuation estimates for equations involving a "sum of squares" operator $\mathcal{L}$ on a compact manifold $\mathcal{M}$ assuming: $(i)$ the Chow-Rashevski-Hörmander condition ensuring the hypoellipticity of $\mathcal{L}$, and $(ii)$ the analyticity of $\mathcal{M}$ and the coefficients of $\mathcal{L}$. The first result is the tunneling estimate $\|φ\|_{L^2(ω)} \geq Ce^{- λ^{\frac{k}{2}}}$ for normalized eigenfunctions $φ$ of $\mathcal{L}$ from a nonempty open set $ω\subset \mathcal{M}$, where $k$ is the hypoellipticity index of $\mathcal…
We show how to apply harmonic spaces potential theory in the study of the Dirichlet problem for a general class of evolution hypoelliptic partial differential equations of second order. We construct Perron-Wiener solution and we provide a sufficient condition for the regularity of the boundary points. Our criterion extends and generalizes the classical parabolic-cone criterion for the Heat equation due to Effros and Kazdan.
We show Carleman estimates, observability inequalities and null controllability results for parabolic equations with non smooth coefficients degenerating at an interior point.
Explicit representations of densities for linear parabolic partial differential equations are useful in order to design computation schemes of high accuracy for a considerable class of diffusion models. Approximations of lower order based on the WKB-expansion have been used in order to compute Greeks in standard models of the interest rate market (cf. [2]). However, it turns out that for higher order approximations another related expansion leads to more accurate schemes. We compute a local explicit formula for a class of parabolic problems and determine a lower bound of the time horizon where…
We study fractional hypoelliptic Ornstein-Uhlenbeck operators acting on $L^2(\mathbb{R}^n)$ satisfying the Kalman rank condition. We prove that the semigroups generated by these operators enjoy Gevrey regularizing effects. Two byproducts are derived from this smoothing property. On the one hand, we prove the null-controllability in any positive time from thick control subsets of the associated parabolic equations posed on the whole space. On the other hand, by using interpolation theory, we get global $L^2$ subelliptic estimates for the these operators.
This paper deals with the analysis of the internal control with constraint of positive kind of a parabolic PDE with nonlinear diffusion when the time horizon is large enough. The minimal controllability time will be strictly positive. We prove a global steady state constrained controllability result for a quasilinear parabolic with nonlinearity in the diffusion term. Then, under suitable dissipative assumption in the system and local controllability results, we conclude the result to any initial datum and any target trajectory.
This paper is dedicated to the application of the DeGiorgi-Nash-Moser regularity theory to the kinetic Fokker-Planck equation. This equation is hypoelliptic. It is parabolic only in the velocity variable, while the Liouville transport operator has a mixing effect in the position/velocity phase space. The mixing effect is incorporated in the classical DeGiorgi method via the averaging lemmas. The result can be seen as a Hölder regularity version of the classical averaging lemmas.
This paper deals with the hierarchical control of the parabolic equation.We use Stackelberg{Nash strategies. As usual, we consider one leader and two followers. To each leader we associate a Nash equilibrium corresponding to a bi-objective optimal control problem, then, we look for a leader that solves null controllability e with trajectories problem. We consider linear and nonlinear equations in dimension 1.
This paper is devoted to the controllability of linear systems of two coupled parabolic equations when the coupling involves a space dependent first order term. This system is set on an bounded interval, and the first equation is controlled by a force supported in a subinterval of I or on the boundary. In the case where the intersection of the coupling and control domains is nonempty, we prove null controllability at any time. Otherwise, we provide a minimal time for null controllability. Finally we give a necessary and sufficient condition for the approximate controllability. The main technic…
We consider systems of parabolic equations coupled in zero order terms in a star-like or a tree-like shape, with an internal control acting in only one of the equations. We obtain local exact controllability to the stationary solutions of the system, under hypotheses concerning the supports of the coupling functions. The key point is establishing Carleman estimates with appropriate observation operators for the adjoint to the linearized system, which allows the study of the controllability problem, in either linear or nonlinear cases, in an $L^\infty$ framework.
This paper is devoted to the partial null controllability issue of parabolic linear systems with n equations. Given a bounded domain in R N, we study the effect of m localized controls in a nonempty open subset only controlling p components of the solution (p, m < n). The first main result of this paper is a necessary and sufficient condition when the coupling and control matrices are constant. The second result provides, in a first step, a sufficient condition of partial null controllability when the matrices only depend on time. In a second step, through an example of partially controlled 2x…
We prove the null controllability of a one dimensional degenerate parabolic equation with drift and a singular potential. We study the case the potential arises at the left end point and the weighted Dirichlet boundary control is located at this point. We get a spectral decomposition of a suitable operator, defined in a weighted Sobolev space, involving Bessel functions and their zeros, then we use the moment method by Fattorini and Russell to obtain an upper estimate of the cost of controllability. We also obtain a lower estimate of the cost of controllability by using a representation theore…
This paper is devoted to studying the null and approximate controllability of two linear coupled parabolic equations posed on a smooth domain of R^N (N>1) with coupling terms of zero and first orders and one control localized in some arbitrary nonempty open subset of the domain. We prove the null controllability under a new sufficient condition and we also provide the first example of a not approximately controllable system in the case where the support of one of the nontrivial first order coupling terms intersects the control domain.
Over the past two decades, the controllability of several examples of parabolic-hyperbolic systems has been investigated. The present article is the beginning of an attempt to find a unified framework that encompasses and generalizes the previous results. We consider constant coefficients heat-transport systems with coupling of order zero and one, with a locally distributed control in the source term, posed on the one dimensional torus. We prove the null-controllability, in optimal time (the one expected because of the transport component) when there is as much controls as equations. When the …
We establish a local null controllability result for following the nonlinear parabolic equation: $$u_t-\left(b\left(x,\int_0^1u \ \right)u_x \right)_x+f(t,x,u)=hχ_ω,\ (t,x)\in (0,T)\times (0,1) $$ where $b(x,r)=\ell(r)a(x)$ is a function with separated variables that defines an operator which degenerates at $x=0$ and has a nonlocal term. Our approach relies on an application of Liusternik's inverse mapping theorem that demands the proof of a suitable Carleman estimate.
In this paper, we prove the small-time global null-controllability of forward (resp. backward) semilinear stochastic parabolic equations with globally Lipschitz nonlinearities in the drift and diffusion terms (resp. in the drift term). In particular, we solve the open question posed by S. Tang and X. Zhang, in 2009. We propose a new twist on a classical strategy for controlling linear stochastic systems. By employing a new refined Carleman estimate, we obtain a controllability result in a weighted space for a linear system with source terms. The main novelty here is that the Carleman parameter…
This paper is devoted to the study of the null and approximate controllability for some classes of linear coupled parabolic systems with less controls than equations. More precisely, for a given bounded domain in R^N, we consider a system of m linear parabolic equations (m > 2) with coupling terms of first and zero order, and m-1 controls localized in some arbitrary nonempty open subset. In the case of constant coupling coefficients, we provide a necessary and sufficient condition to obtain the null or approximate controllability in arbitrary small time. In the case m = 2 and N = 1, we also gi…
The approach to Lipschitz stability for uniformly parabolic equations introduced by Imanuvilov and Yamamoto in 1998, based on Carleman estimates, seems hard to apply to the case of Grushin-type operators of interest to this paper. Indeed, such estimates are still missing for parabolic operators degenerating in the interior of the space domain. Nevertheless, we are able to prove Lipschitz stability results for inverse source problems for such operators, with locally distributed measurements in arbitrary space dimension. For this purpose, we follow a mixed strategy which combines the appraoch du…
Hierarchical local null controllability for a non-degenerate quasi-linear parabolic system
Universidade Federal Fluminense（弗鲁米嫩塞联邦大学）；Instituto de Matemática e Estatistica（数学与统计研究所）；Instituto Federal do Rio de Janeiro（里约热内卢联邦学院）；Universidad Nacional Agraria La Molina（拉莫利纳国立农业大学）；Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg（埃尔朗根-纽伦堡弗里德里希·亚历山大大学）
We study the null-controllability of parabolic equations associated to non-autonomous Ornstein-Uhlenbeck operators. When a Kalman type condition holds for some positive time $T>0$, these parabolic equations are shown to enjoy a Gevrey regularizing effect at time $T>0$. Thanks to this regularizing effect, we prove by adapting the Lebeau-Robbiano method that these parabolic equations are null-controllable in time greater than or equal to $T>0$ from control regions, for which null-controllability is classically known to hold in the case of the heat equation.
In this paper, we study the null controllability of weakly degenerate coupled parabolic systems with two different diffusion coefficients and one control force. To obtain this aim, we develop first new global Carleman estimates for degenerate parabolic equations with weight functions different from the ones in the previous works.
We consider linear one-dimensional parabolic equations with space dependent coefficients that are only measurable and that may be degenerate or singular.Considering generalized Robin-Neumann boundary conditions at both extremities, we prove the null controllability with one boundary control by following the flatness approach, which providesexplicitly the control and the associated trajectory as series. Both the control and the trajectory have a Gevrey regularity in time related to the $L^p$ class of the coefficient in front of $u\_t$.The approach applies in particular to the (possibly degenera…
We compute the small time asymptotic of the fundamental solution of Hörmander's type hypoelliptic operators with drift, at a stationary point, $x_0$, of the drift field. We show that the order of the asymptotic depends on the controllability of an associated control problem and of its approximating system. If the control problem of the approximating system is controllable at $x_0$, then so is also the original control problem, and in this case we show that the fundamental solution blows up as $t^{-N/2}$, where $N$ is a number determined by the Lie algebra at $x_0$ of the fields, that define th…
In this paper we present a null controllability result for a degenerate semilinear parabolic equation with first order terms. The main result is obtained after the proof of a new Carleman inequality for a degenerate linear parabolic equation with first order terms.
In this paper, we analyze the null controllability property for a degenerate parabolic equation involving memory terms with a locally distributed control. We first derive a null controllability result for a nonhomogeneous degenerate heat equation via new Carleman estimates with weighted time functions that do not blow up at t= 0. Then this result is successfully used with a classical fixed point to obtain null controllability for the initial memory system.
In this paper, we present a new Carleman estimate for the adjoint equations associated to a class of super strong degenerate parabolic linear problems. Our approach considers a standard geometric imposition on the control domain, which can not be removed in the general situations. Additionally, we also apply the aformentioned main inequality in order to investigate the null controllability of two nonlinear parabolic systems. The first application is concerned a global null controllability result obtained for some semilinear equations, relying on a fixed point argument. In the second one, a loc…
In the discrete setting of one-dimensional finite-differences we prove a Carleman estimate for a semi-discretization of the parabolic operator $\partial_t-\partial_x (c\partial_x)$ where the diffusion coefficient $c$ has a jump. As a consequence of this Carleman estimate, we deduce consistent null-controllability results for classes of semi-linear parabolic equations.
One proves that the linear and semilinear stochastic parabolic equations with a multiplicative noise with a finite number of modes are exactly null controllable.
We prove null controllability for linear and semilinear heat equations with dynamic boundary conditions of surface diffusion type. The results are based on a new Carleman estimate for this type of boundary conditions.
In this work, we propose a method for solving Kolmogorov hypoelliptic equations based on Fourier transform and Feynman-Kac formula. We first explain how the Feynman-Kac formula can be used to compute the fundamental solution to parabolic equations with linear or quadratic potential. Then applying these results after a Fourier transform we deduce the computation of the solution to a a first class of Kolmogorov hypoelliptic equations. Then we solve partial differential equations obtained via Feynman-Kac formula from the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck generator. Also, a new small time approximation of the so…
We consider a system of two parabolic equations with a forcing term present in one equation and a cubic coupling term in the other one. We prove that the system is locally null controllable.
In this paper, we consider the well-known Fattorini's criterion for approximate controllability of infinite dimensional linear systems of type $y'=A y+Bu$. We precise the result proved by H. O. Fattorini in \cite{Fattorini1966} for bounded input $B$, in the case where $B$ can be unbounded or in the case of finite-dimensional controls. More precisely, we prove that if Fattorini's criterion is satisfied and if the set of geometric multiplicities of $A$ is bounded then approximate controllability can be achieved with finite dimensional controls. An important consequence of this result consists in…
In this paper we prove a uniform controllability result for a fourth order parabolic partial differential equation which includes a transport term, when the coefficients of higher order terms vanish. We prove the null controllability of the system with a single boundary control, and also it is obtained that the cost of the control decreases to zero, under the hypothesis of the control time being large enough. Moreover, we prove that, if the control time is small enough, the cost of controllability increases to infinity.
Let us consider a nonlinear degenerate reaction-diffusion equation with application to climate science. After proving that the solution remains nonnegative at any time, when the initial state is nonnegative, we prove the approximate controllability between nonnegative states at any time via multiplicative controls, that is, using as control the reaction coefficient.
In this paper, we study some controllability and observability properties for a coupled system of time-discrete fourth- and second-order parabolic equations. This system can be regarded as a simplification of the well-known stabilized Kumamoto-Sivashinsky equation. Unlike the continuous case, we can prove only a relaxed observability inequality which yields a $ϕ(\triangle t)$-controllability result. This result tells that we cannot reach exactly zero but rather a small target whose size goes to 0 as the discretization parameter $\triangle t$ goes to 0. The proof relies on a known Carleman esti…
In this paper, we study the global approximate multiplicative controllability for nonlinear degenerate parabolic Cauchy-Neumann problems. First, we will obtain embedding results for weighted Sobolev spaces, that have proved decisive in reaching well-posedness for nonlinear degenerate problems. Then, we show that the above systems can be steered in $L^2$ from any nonzero, nonnegative initial state into any neighborhood of any desirable nonnegative target-state by bilinear piecewise static controls. Moreover, we extend the above result relaxing the sign constraint on the initial date.
