We introduce an algebro-geometrically motived integration-by-parts (IBP) reduction method for multi-loop and multi-scale Feynman integrals, using a framework for massively parallel computations in computer algebra. This framework combines the computer algebra system Singular with the workflow management system GPI-Space, which is being developed at the Fraunhofer Institute for Industrial Mathematics (ITWM). In our approach, the IBP relations are first trimmed by modern algebraic geometry tools and then solved by sparse linear algebra and our new interpolation methods. These steps are efficiently automatized and automatically parallelized by modeling the algorithm in GPI-Space using the language of Petri-nets. We demonstrate the potential of our method at the nontrivial example of reducing two-loop five-point nonplanar double-pentagon integrals. We also use GPI-Space to convert the basis of IBP reductions, and discuss the possible simplification of IBP coefficients in a uniformly transcendental basis.
Multivariate partial fractioning is a powerful tool for simplifying rational function coefficients in scattering amplitude computations. Since current research problems lead to large sets of complicated rational functions, performance of the partial fractioning as well as size of the obtained expressions are a prime concern. We develop a large scale parallel framework for multivariate partial fractioning, which implements and combines an improved version of Leinartas' algorithm and the {\sc MultivariateApart} algorithm. Our approach relies only on open source software. It combines parallelism …
In this manuscript, which is to appear in the proceedings of the conference "MathemAmplitude 2019" in Padova, Italy, we provide an overview of the module intersection method for the the integration-by-parts (IBP) reduction of multi-loop Feynman integrals. The module intersection method, based on computational algebraic geometry, is a highly efficient way of getting IBP relations without double propagator or with a bound on the highest propagator degree. In this manner, trimmed IBP systems which are much shorter than the traditional ones can be obtained. We apply the modern, Petri net based, wo…
We provide a leading singularity analysis protocol in Baikov representation, for the searching of Feynman integrals with uniform transcendental (UT) weight. This approach is powered by the recent developments in rationalizing square roots and syzygy computations, and is particularly suitable for finding UT integrals with multiple mass scales. We demonstrate the power of our approach by determining the UT basis for a two-loop diagram with three external mass scales.
New applications of Feynman disentangling method in quantum mechanics are studied and the time-dependent singular oscillator problem is solved in this approach. The important role of representation group theory is discussed in this context.
The Landau equations give a physically useful criterion for how singularities arise in Feynman amplitudes. Furthermore, they are fundamental to the uses of perturbative QCD, by determining the important regions of momentum space in asymptotic problems. Generalizations are also useful. We will show that in existing treatments there are significant gaps in derivations, and in some cases implicit assumptions that will be shown here to be false in important cases like the massless Feynman graphs ubiquitous in QCD applications. In this paper is given a new proof that the Landau condition is both ne…
We consider the analytic properties of Feynman integrals from the perspective of general A-discriminants and A-hypergeometric functions introduced by Gelfand,Kapranov and Zelevinsky (GKZ). This enables us, to give a clear and mathematically rigour description of the singular locus, also known as Landau variety, via principal A-determinants. We also comprise a description of the various second type singularities. Moreover, by the Horn-Kapranov-parametrization we give a very efficient way to calculate a parametrization of Landau varieties. We furthermore present a new approach to study the sheet…
Using well-known methods we generalize (hyper)virial theorems to case of singular potential. Discussion is performed for most general second order differential equation, which involves all physically interesting cases, as Schrodinger and Klein-Gordon equations with singular potentials. Some physical consequences are discussed. The connection with Feynman-Hellmann like theorems are also considered and some relevant differences are underlined.
We embed Feynman integrals in the subvarieties of Grassmannians through homogenization of the integrands in projective space, then obtain GKZ-systems satisfied by those scalar integrals. The Feynman integral can be written as linear combinations of the hypergeometric functions of a fundamental solution system in neighborhoods of regular singularities of the GKZ-system, whose linear combination coefficients are determined by the integral on an ordinary point or some regular singularities. Taking some Feynman diagrams as examples, we elucidate in detail how to obtain the fundamental solution sys…
We present a systematic description of the mathematical techniques for studying multiloop Feynman diagrams which constitutes a full-fledged and inherently more powerful alternative to the BPHZ theory. The new techniques emerged as a formalization of the reasoning behind a recent series of record multiloop calculations in perturbative quantum field theory. It is based on a systematic use of the ideas and notions of the distribution theory. We identify the problem of asymptotic expansion of products of singular functions in the sense of distributions as a key problem of the theory of asymptotic …
We consider parametric Feynman integrals and their dimensional regularization from the point of view of differential forms on hypersurface complements and the approach to mixed Hodge structures via oscillatory integrals. We consider restrictions to linear subspaces that slice the singular locus, to handle the presence of non-isolated singularities. In order to account for all possible choices of slicing, we encode this extra datum as an enrichment of the Hopf algebra of Feynman graphs. We introduce a new regularization method for parametric Feynman integrals, which is based on Leray coboundari…
We propose a strategy to study the analytic structure of Feynman parameter integrals where singularities of the integrand consist of rational irreducible components. At the core of this strategy is the identification of a selected stratum of discontinuities induced from the integral, together with a geometric method for computing their singularities on the principal sheet. For integrals that yield multiple polylogarithms we expect the data collected in this strategy to be sufficient for the construction of their symbols. We motivate this analysis by the Aomoto polylogarithms, and further check…
The numerical evaluation of multi-loop scattering amplitudes in the Feynman representation usually requires to deal with both physical (causal) and unphysical (non-causal) singularities. The loop-tree duality (LTD) offers a powerful framework to easily characterise and distinguish these two types of singularities, and then simplify analytically the underling expressions. In this paper, we work explicitly on the dual representation of multi-loop Feynman integrals generated from three parent topologies, which we refer to as Maximal, Next-to-Maximal and Next-to-Next-to-Maximal loop topologies. In…
Uncovering Singularities in Feynman Integrals via Machine Learning
School of Physical Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China（物理科学学院，中国科学技术大学）；Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics, KIT（理论粒子物理研究所，卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院）；Interdisciplinary Center for Theoretical Study, University of Science and Technology of China（交叉学科理论研究中心，中国科学技术大学）；Peng Huanwu Center for Fundamental Theory, Hefei, Anhui 230026, China（彭桓武理论研究中心，安徽合肥230026，中国）；Center for High Energy Physics, Peking University（高能物理中心，北京大学）
Using well-known methods we generalize (hyper)virial theorems to case of singular potential. Discussion is carried on for most general second order differential equation, which involves all physically interesting cases, such as Schrödinger and two-body Klein-Gordon equations with singular potentials. Some physical consequences are discussed. The connection with Feynman-Hellmann like theorems are also considered and some relevant differences are underlined.
A Systematic Approach to Finite Multiloop Feynman Integrals
Universität Zürich（苏黎世大学）；Universidad Autónoma de Sinaloa（西马洛阿自治大学）；Universitat de València – Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas（瓦伦西亚大学–西班牙国家研究委员会）；Universidad de Salamanca（萨拉曼卡大学）
I review various aspects of Feynman integrals, regularization and renormalization. Following Bloch, I focus on a linear algebraic approach to the Feynman rules, and I try to bring together several renormalization methods found in the literature from a unifying point of view, using resolutions of singularities. In the second part of the paper, I briefly sketch the work of Belkale, Brosnan resp. Bloch, Esnault and Kreimer on the motivic nature of Feynman integrals.
On the spanning cuts consistency problem in the IBP reductions of Feynman integrals
State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Institute of Quantum Matter, South China Normal University（华南师范大学量子物质研究所核物理与技术国家重点实验室）；Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nuclear Science（广东省核科学重点实验室结构及基本相互作用卓越基础研究中心）；Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)（卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院理论粒子物理研究所）
In this review, we discuss recent developments concerning efficient calculations of multi-loop multi-leg scattering amplitudes. Inspired by the remarkable properties of the Loop-Tree Duality (LTD), we explain how to reconstruct an integrand level representation of scattering amplitudes which only contains physical singularities. These so-called causal representations can be derived from connected binary partitions of Feynman diagrams, properly entangled according to specific rules. We will focus on the detection of flux orientations which are compatible with causality, describing the implement…
Twisted Feynman Integrals: from generating functions to spin-resummed post-Minkowskian dynamics
Walter Burke Institute for Theoretical Physics, California Institute of Technology（加州理工学院沃尔特·伯克理论物理研究所）；Theoretical Physics Department, CERN（欧洲核子研究中心理论物理部）；Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute)（马克斯·普朗克引力物理研究所（阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦研究所））；Max Planck Institute für Physik, Werner-Heisenberg-Institut（马克斯·普朗克物理研究所维尔纳·海森堡研究所）
Integrand Analysis, Leading Singularities and Canonical Bases beyond Polylogarithms
Technical University of Munich（慕尼黑工业大学）；University of Oxford（牛津大学）；Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute)（马克斯·普朗克引力物理研究所（阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦研究所））
Spherical contours introduced in \cite{SphericalContours} translate the concept of "discontinuity across a branch cut" to Feynman parameter space. In this paper, we further explore spherical contours and connect them to the computation of leading IR divergences of 1 loop graphs directly in Feynman parameter space. These spherical contours can be used to develop a Feynman parameter space analog of "Leading Singularities" of loop integrands which allows us to develop a method of determining Feynman parameter integrands with no reference to the momentum space loop integrand. Finally, we explore s…
We advocate a strategy of bootstrapping Feynman integrals from just knowledge of their singular behavior. This approach is complementary to other bootstrap programs, which exploit non-perturbative constraints such as unitarity, or amplitude-level constraints such as gauge invariance. We begin by studying where a Feynman integral can become singular, and the behavior it exhibits near these singularities. We then characterize the space of functions that we expect the integral to evaluate to, in order to formulate an appropriate ansatz. Finally, we derive constraints on where each singularity can…
In this thesis we will study Feynman integrals from the perspective of A-hypergeometric functions, a generalization of hypergeometric functions which goes back to Gelfand, Kapranov, Zelevinsky (GKZ) and their collaborators. This point of view was recently initiated by the works [74] and [150]. Inter alia, we want to provide here a concise summary of the mathematical foundations of A-hypergeometric theory in order to substantiate this viewpoint. This overview will concern aspects of polytopal geometry, multivariate discriminants as well as holonomic D-modules. As we will subsequently show, ever…
Two-loop corrections to scattering amplitudes are crucial theoretical input for collider physics. Recent years have seen tremendous advances in computing Feynman integrals, scattering amplitudes, and cross sections for five-particle processes. In this paper, we initiate the study of the function space for planar two-loop six-particle processes. We study all genuine six-particle Feynman integrals, and derive the differential equations they satisfy on maximal cuts. Performing a leading singularity analysis in momentum space, and in Baikov representation, we find an integral basis that puts the d…
We propose a variant of elliptic multiple polylogarithms that have at most logarithmic singularities in all variables and satisfy a differential equation without homogeneous term. We investigate several non-trivial elliptic two-loop Feynman integrals with up to three external legs and express them in terms of our functions. We observe that in all cases they evaluate to pure combinations of elliptic multiple polylogarithms of uniform weight. This is the first time that a notion of uniform weight is observed in the context of Feynman integrals that evaluate to elliptic polylogarithms.
Light-front gauge is the most popular one to work with fundamental interactions, due to its characteristic maximum kinematical Poincare operators that it allows. However, it is also known to be one of the trickiest gauges one can work with for gauge theories, due to its singular nature. So, in terms of perturbative calculations in the light-front, there are only a few published and tabulated results for the pertinent Feynman integrals, mostly involving massless integrals. And the majority of the results given are only for the divergent parts of them and the complete closed form (or with the fi…
We study multivariate Mellin transforms of Laurent polynomials by considering special toric compactifications which make their singular structure apparent. This gives a precise description of their convergence domain, refining results of Nilsson, Passare, Berkesch and Forsgård. We also reformulate the geometric sector decomposition approach of Kaneko and Ueda in terms of these compactifications. Specializing to the case of Feynman integrals in the parametric representation, we construct multiple such compactifications given by certain systems of subgraphs. As particular cases, we recover the s…
Chebyshev Approximations of Feynman Integrals for Collider Physics
CERN（欧洲核子研究中心）；Higgs Centre for Theoretical Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学物理与天文学学院希格斯理论物理中心）；Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), Universidade de Lisboa（里斯本大学高级技术研究所）；LIP（葡萄牙粒子与核物理研究所）；Department of Physics and Astronomy, Ghent University（根特大学物理与天文学系）
Hidden Region Finder: asymptotic expansions of Feynman integrals in Minkowski space
Higgs Centre for Theoretical Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学物理与天文学学院希格斯理论物理中心）；CERN, Theoretical Physics Department（欧洲核子研究中心理论物理部）
The connection between Feynman integrals and GKZ $A$-hypergeometric systems has been a topic of recent interest with advances in mathematical techniques and computational tools opening new possibilities; in this paper we continue to explore this connection. To each such hypergeometric system there is an associated toric ideal, we prove that the latter has the Cohen-Macaulay property for two large families of Feynman integrals. This implies, for example, that both the number of independent solutions and dynamical singularities are independent of space-time dimension and generalized propagator p…
Singularities hidden in the collinear region around an external massless leg may lead to conformal symmetry breaking in otherwise conformally invariant finite loop momentum integrals. For an $\ell$-loop integral, this mechanism leads to a set of linear $2$nd-order differential equations with a non-homogeneous part. The latter, due to the contact nature of the anomaly in momentum space, is determined by $(\ell-1)$-loop information. Solving such differential equations in general is an open problem. In the case of 5-particle amplitudes up to two loops, the function space is known, and we can thus…
Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford（牛津大学数学研究所）；Higgs Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学希格斯理论物理中心）；Center for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, Columbia University（哥伦比亚大学物理系理论物理中心）；Institute for Advanced Study（普林斯顿高等研究院）
We study the symbology of planar Feynman integrals in dimensional regularization by considering geometric configurations in momentum twistor space corresponding to their leading singularities (LS). Cutting propagators in momentum twistor space amounts to intersecting lines associated with loop and external dual momenta, including the special line associated with the point at infinity, which breaks dual conformal symmetry. We show that cross-ratios of intersection points on these lines, especially those on the infinity line, naturally produce symbol letters for Feynman integrals in $D=4-2ε$, wh…
Kinematics, cluster algebras and Feynman integrals
CAS Key Laboratory of Theoretical Physics, Institute of Theoretical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院理论物理研究所）；School of Fundamental Physics and Mathematical Sciences, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS（杭州高等研究院基础物理与数学学院，中国科学院大学）；ICTP-AP International Centre for Theoretical Physics Asia-Pacific（亚太理论物理中心）；School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学物理科学学院）；Peng Huanwu Center for Fundamental Theory（彭桓武基础研究中心）
We determine closed and compact expressions for the epsilon-expansion of certain Gaussian hypergeometric functions expanded around half-integer values by explicitly solving for their recurrence relations. This epsilon-expansion is identified with the normalized solution of the underlying Fuchs system of four regular singular points. We compute its regularized zeta series (giving rise to two independent associators) whose ratio gives the epsilon-expansion at a specific value. Furthermore, we use the well known one-loop massive bubble integral as an example to demonstrate how to obtain all-order…
We present a novel benchmark application of a quantum algorithm to Feynman loop integrals. The two on-shell states of a Feynman propagator are identified with the two states of a qubit and a quantum algorithm is used to unfold the causal singular configurations of multiloop Feynman diagrams. To identify such configurations, we exploit Grover's algorithm for querying multiple solutions over unstructured datasets, which presents a quadratic speed-up over classical algorithms when the number of solutions is much smaller than the number of possible configurations. A suitable modification is introd…
We study the most general triangle diagram through the Symmetries of Feynman Integrals (SFI) approach. The SFI equation system is obtained and presented in a simple basis. The system is solved providing a novel derivation of an essentially known expression. We stress a description of the underlying geometry in terms of the Distance Geometry of a tetrahedron discussed by Davydychev-Delbourgo [1], a tetrahedron which is the dual on-shell diagram. In addition, the singular locus is identified and the diagram's value on the locus's two components is expressed as a linear combination of descendant …
Feynman amplitudes at higher orders in perturbation theory generically have complex singular structures. Notwithstanding the emergence of many powerful new methods, the presence of infrared divergences poses significant challenges for their evaluation. In this article, we develop a systematic method for the removal of the infrared singularities, by adding appropriate counterterms that approximate and cancel divergent limits point-by-point at the level of the integrand. We provide a proof of concept for our method by applying it to master-integrals that are found in scattering amplitudes for re…
We show that the Mellin summation technique (MST) is a well defined and useful tool to compute loop integrals at finite temperature in the imaginary-time formulation of thermal field theory, especially when interested in the infrared limit of such integrals. The method makes use of the Feynman parametrization which has been claimed to have problems when the analytical continuation from discrete to arbitrary complex values of the Matsubara frequency is performed. We show that without the use of the MST, such problems are not intrinsic to the Feynman parametrization but instead, they arise as a …
The first application of a quantum algorithm to Feynman loop integrals is reviewed. The connection between quantum computing and perturbative quantum field theory is feasible due to fact that the two on-shell states of a Feynman propagator are naturally encoded in a qubit. The particular problem to be addressed is the identification of the causal singular configurations of multiloop Feynman diagrams. The identification of such configurations is carried out through the implementation of a modified Grover's quantum algorithm for querying multiple solutions over unstructured datasets.
We introduce the tools of intersection theory to the study of Feynman integrals, which allows for a new way of projecting integrals onto a basis. In order to illustrate this technique, we consider the Baikov representation of maximal cuts in arbitrary space-time dimension. We introduce a minimal basis of differential forms with logarithmic singularities on the boundaries of the corresponding integration cycles. We give an algorithm for computing a basis decomposition of an arbitrary maximal cut using so-called intersection numbers and describe two alternative ways of computing them. Furthermor…
