The Landau equations give a physically useful criterion for how singularities arise in Feynman amplitudes. Furthermore, they are fundamental to the uses of perturbative QCD, by determining the important regions of momentum space in asymptotic problems. Generalizations are also useful. We will show that in existing treatments there are significant gaps in derivations, and in some cases implicit assumptions that will be shown here to be false in important cases like the massless Feynman graphs ubiquitous in QCD applications. In this paper is given a new proof that the Landau condition is both necessary and sufficient for physical-region pinches in the kinds of integral typified by Feynman graphs. The proof's range is broad enough to include the modified Feynman graphs that are used in QCD applications. Unlike many existing derivations, there is no need to use the Feynman parameter method. Some possible further applications of the new proof and its subsidiary results are proposed.
On the spanning cuts consistency problem in the IBP reductions of Feynman integrals
State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Physics and Technology, Institute of Quantum Matter, South China Normal University（华南师范大学量子物质研究所核物理与技术国家重点实验室）；Guangdong Basic Research Center of Excellence for Structure and Fundamental Interactions of Matter, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Nuclear Science（广东省核科学重点实验室结构及基本相互作用卓越基础研究中心）；Institute for Theoretical Particle Physics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)（卡尔斯鲁厄理工学院理论粒子物理研究所）
The pinched/non-pinched classification of intersections of causal singularities of propagators in Minkowski space is reconsidered in the context of the theory of asymptotic operation as a first step towards extension of the latter to non-Euclidean asymptotic regimes. A highly visual distribution-theoretic technique of singular wave fronts is tailored to the needs of the theory of Feynman diagrams. Besides a simple derivation of the usual Landau equations in the case of the conventional singularities, the technique naturally extends to other types of singularities e.g. due to linear denominator…
We present a new formula for the coaction of a large class of integrals. When applied to one-loop (cut) Feynman integrals, it can be given a diagrammatic representation purely in terms of pinches and cuts of the edges of the graph. The coaction encodes the algebraic structure of these integrals, and offers ways to extract important properties of complicated integrals from simpler functions. In particular, it gives direct access to discontinuities of Feynman integrals and facilitates a straightforward derivation of the differential equations they satisfy, which we illustrate in the case of the …
We demonstrate that Feynman integrals of a fixed diagram form a flat vector bundle over the complement of Landau varieties that possesses a connection \begin{equation} \frac{\partial}{\partial p_{i,μ}}f_β(p_{i,μ})=\sum_{β'} \sum_k \sum_{I_1,...,I_k} \frac{A^{I_1,...,I_k}_{i,μ,β,β'}(p)}{L_{I_1}(p)...L_{I_k}(p)} f_{β'}(p) \end{equation} where $L_I(p)$ are the Landau polynomials (multidiscriminants). This is the Gauss-Manin connection for the original integral. This result suggests a shift of focus from the integrals to the geometry of the complement of Landau varieties and Riemann-Hilbert data a…
Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford（牛津大学数学研究所）；Higgs Centre for Theoretical Physics, University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学希格斯理论物理中心）；Center for Theoretical Physics, Department of Physics, Columbia University（哥伦比亚大学物理系理论物理中心）；Institute for Advanced Study（普林斯顿高等研究院）
We advocate a strategy of bootstrapping Feynman integrals from just knowledge of their singular behavior. This approach is complementary to other bootstrap programs, which exploit non-perturbative constraints such as unitarity, or amplitude-level constraints such as gauge invariance. We begin by studying where a Feynman integral can become singular, and the behavior it exhibits near these singularities. We then characterize the space of functions that we expect the integral to evaluate to, in order to formulate an appropriate ansatz. Finally, we derive constraints on where each singularity can…
The quarks and gluons are confined objects, they cannot be put on the mass-shell, it is questionable to apply the Landau equation to study the Feynman diagrams in the QCD sum rules. Furthermore, we carry out the operator product expansion in the deep Euclidean region $p^2\to -\infty$, where the Landau singularities cannot exist. The Landau equation servers as a kinematical equation in the momentum space, and is independent on the factorizable and nonfactorizable properties of the Feynman diagrams in the color space. The meson-meson scattering state and tetraquark molecular state both have four…
The diagrammatic coaction underpins the analytic structure of Feynman integrals, their cuts and the differential equations they admit. The coaction maps any diagram into a tensor product of its pinches and cuts. These correspond respectively to differential forms defining master integrals, and integration contours which place a subset of the propagators on shell. In a canonical basis these forms and contours are dual to each other. In this talk I review our present understanding of this algebraic structure and its manifestation for dimensionally-regularized Feynman integrals that are expandabl…
We introduce a novel approach for solving the problem of identifying regions in the framework of Method of Regions by considering singularities and the associated Landau equations given a multi-scale Feynman diagram. These equations are then analyzed by an expansion in a small threshold parameter via the Power Geometry technique. This effectively leads to the analysis of Newton Polytopes which are evaluated using a Mathematica based convex hull program. Furthermore, the elements of the Gröbner Basis of the Landau Equations give a family of transformations, which when applied, reveal regions li…
Using the multivariate residue calculus of Leray, we give a precise definition of the notion of a cut Feynman integral in dimensional regularization, as a residue evaluated on the variety where some of the propagators are put on shell. These are naturally associated to Landau singularities of the first type. Focusing on the one-loop case, we give an explicit parametrization to compute such cut integrals, with which we study some of their properties and list explicit results for maximal and next-to-maximal cuts. By analyzing homology groups, we show that cut integrals associated to Landau singu…
We define an embedding of the space of complex momenta and masses in perturbation theory into a universal projective space. This embedding is natural in the sense of properties of the vector bundle defined by Feynman integrals on the complement to Landau varieties. We point out that there is a holonomic D-module associated with individual Feynman integrals. We quote explicit generators for this D-module on the fully deformed space of particle momenta. This basis is quadratic in the derivatives. We conclude that there is holonomic D-module on the physical space of momenta.
Hidden Region Finder: asymptotic expansions of Feynman integrals in Minkowski space
Higgs Centre for Theoretical Physics, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学物理与天文学学院希格斯理论物理中心）；CERN, Theoretical Physics Department（欧洲核子研究中心理论物理部）
The worldline formalism shares with string theory the property that it allows one to write down master integrals that effectively combine the contributions of many Feynman diagrams. While at the one-loop level these diagrams differ only by the position of the external legs along a fixed line or loop, at multiloop they generally involve different topologies. Here we summarize various efforts that have been made over the years to exploit this property in a computationally meaningful way. As a first example, we show how to generalize the Landau-Khalatnikov-Fradkin formula for the non-perturbative…
In this paper, we study systematically scalar one-loop two-, three-, and four-point Feynman integrals with complex internal masses. Our analytic results presented in this report are valid for both real and complex internal masses. The calculations are then implemented into a {\tt Mathematica} (version $9$) package and {\tt FORTRAN} program. Our program is cross-checked numerically with {\tt LoopTools} (version $2.14$) in real as well as complex internal masses. We find a perfect agreement between our results and {\tt LoopTools} for all cases. Additionally, this work is applied for evaluating s…
It is shown that the high-energy expansion of the scattering amplitude calculated from Feynman diagrams factorizes in such a way that it can be reduced to the eikonalized form up to the terms of inverse power in energy in accordance with results obtained by solving the Klein-Gordon equation. Therefore the two approaches when applied to the suppression of the emission of soft photons by fast charged particles in dense matter should give rise to the same results. A particular limit of thin targets is briefly discussed.
In this short note, we come back to the recent proposal put forward by Kharzeev and Levin [PRL 114 (2015) 24, 242001], in which they phenomenologically couple the non-perturbative Veneziano ghost to the perturbative gluon, leading to a modified gluon propagator (the "glost") of the Gribov type, with complex poles. As such, a possible link was made between the QCD topological θ-vacuum (Veneziano ghost) and color confinement (no physically observable gluons). We discuss some subtleties concerning gauge (BRST) invariance of this proposal, related to the choice of Feynman gauge. We furthermore pro…
We show that direct Feynman-parametric loop integration is possible for a large class of planar multi-loop integrals. Much of this follows from the existence of manifestly dual-conformal Feynman-parametric representations of planar loop integrals, and the fact that many of the algebraic roots associated with (e.g. Landau) leading singularities are automatically rationalized in momentum-twistor space---facilitating direct integration via partial fractioning. We describe how momentum twistors may be chosen non-redundantly to parameterize particular integrals, and how strategic choices of coordin…
Because of IR (pinch) singularities a resummation is necessary in non-equilibrium field theories, that can be performed by using Kadanoff--Baym equations. Taking Landau prescription correctly into account, Kadanoff--Baym equations reduce to Boltzmann equations only in a restricted kinematical range; in other cases a new equation (the former constraint equation) has to be considered. In relaxation time approximation this new equation results in the shifting and smearing of multiparticle thresholds.
We present the complete set of vertex, wave function and charge renormalisation constants in QCD in a general simple gauge group and with the complete dependence on the covariant gauge parameter $ξ$ in the minimal subtraction scheme of conventional dimensional regularisation. Our results confirm all already known results, which were obtained in the Feynman gauge, and allow the extraction of other useful gauges such as the Landau gauge. We use these results to extract the Landau gauge five-loop anomalous dimensions of the composite operator $A^2$ as well as the Landau gauge scheme independent g…
We calculate the leading electroweak (EW) corrections to the important process of Higgs production associated with two bottom quarks at the CERN Large Hadron Collider (LHC). Our study is restricted to the Standard Model (SM). At tree-level Higgs production in association with a b-quark pair proceeds through the small Yukawa bottom coupling in the Standard Model. Even in the limit where this coupling vanishes, EW one-loop effects, through the top-Higgs Yukawa coupling in particular, can still trigger this reaction. This contribution is small for Higgs masses around 120GeV but it quickly picks u…
