We show that the Mellin summation technique (MST) is a well defined and useful tool to compute loop integrals at finite temperature in the imaginary-time formulation of thermal field theory, especially when interested in the infrared limit of such integrals. The method makes use of the Feynman parametrization which has been claimed to have problems when the analytical continuation from discrete to arbitrary complex values of the Matsubara frequency is performed. We show that without the use of the MST, such problems are not intrinsic to the Feynman parametrization but instead, they arise as a result of (a) not implementing the periodicity brought about by the possible values taken by the discrete Matsubara frequencies before the analytical continuation is made and (b) to the changing of the original domain of the Feynman parameter integration, which seemingly simplifies the expression but in practice introduces a spurious endpoint singularity. Using the MST, there are no problems related to the implementation of the periodicity but instead, care has to be taken when the sum of denominators of the original amplitude vanishes. We apply the method to the computation of loop integrals appearing when the effects of external weak magnetic fields on the propagation of scalar particles is considered.
In this talk, we describe part of our recent work \cite{FGdeR05} (see also \cite{F05,G05}) that gives new results in the context of asymptotic expansions of Feynman diagrams using the Mellin-Barnes representation.
It is shown that the integral representation of Feynman diagrams in terms of the traditional Feynman parameters, when combined with properties of the Mellin--Barnes representation and the so called {\it converse mapping theorem}, provide a very simple and efficient way to obtain the analytic asymptotic behaviours in both the large and small ratios of mass scales.
A general method for calculating asymptotic expansions of infinite sums in thermal field theory is presented. It is shown that the Mellin summation method works elegantly with dimensional regularization. A general result is derived for a class of one-loop Feynman diagrams at finite-temperature.
In this paper, we present a new approach to the construction of Mellin-Barnes representations for Feynman integrals inspired by the Method of Brackets. The novel technique is helpful to lower the dimensionality of Mellin-Barnes representations in complicated cases, some examples are given.
We show that at one-loop order, negative-dimensional, Mellin-Barnes' (MB) and Feynman parametrization (FP) approaches to Feynman loop integrals calculations are equivalent. Starting with a generating functional, for two and then for $N$-point scalar integrals we show how to reobtain MB results, using negative-dimensional and FP techniques. The $N-$point result is valid for different masses, arbitrary exponents of propagators and dimension.
Feynman diagrams may be evaluated by Mellin-Barnes representations of their Feynman parameter integrals in d=4-2\eps dimensions. Recently, the Mathematica toolkit AMBRE has been developed for the automatic derivation of such representations with a loop-by-loop approach. We describe the package and exemplify its use with the \eps-expansion of the massive one-loop QED vertex function.
The construction of Mellin-Barnes (MB) representations for non-planar Feynman diagrams and the summation of multiple series derived from general MB representations are discussed. A basic version of a new package AMBREv.3.0 is supplemented. The ultimate goal of this project is the automatic evaluation of MB representations for multiloop scalar and tensor Feynman integrals through infinite sums, preferably with analytic solutions. We shortly describe a strategy of further algebraic summation.
A number of irreducible master integrals for L-loop sunrise-type and bubble Feynman diagrams with generic values of masses and external momenta are explicitly evaluated via Mellin-Barnes representation.
The status of analytical evaluation of double and triple box diagrams is characterized. The method of Mellin-Barnes representation as a tool to evaluate master integrals in these problems is advocated. New MB representations for massive on-shell double boxes with general powers of propagators are presented.
The Mathematica toolkit AMBRE derives Mellin-Barnes (MB) representations for Feynman integrals in d=4-2eps dimensions. It may be applied for tadpoles as well as for multi-leg multi-loop scalar and tensor integrals. AMBRE uses a loop-by-loop approach and aims at lowest dimensions of the final MB representations. The present version of AMBRE works fine for planar Feynman diagrams. The output may be further processed by the package MB for the determination of its singularity structure in eps. The AMBRE package contains various sample applications for Feynman integrals with up to six external part…
By symbolic summation methods based on difference fields we present a general strategy that transforms definite multi-sums, e.g., in terms of hypergeometric terms and harmonic sums, to indefinite nested sums and products. We succeeded in this task with all our concrete calculations of 2--loop and 3--loop massive single scale Feynman diagrams with local operator insertion.
I describe a package written in MATHEMATICA that automatizes typical operations performed during evaluation of Feynman graphs with Mellin-Barnes (MB) techniques. The main procedure allows to analytically continue a MB integral in a given parameter without any intervention from the user and thus to resolve the singularity structure in this parameter. The package can also perform numerical integrations at specified kinematic points, as long as the integrands have satisfactory convergence properties. I demonstrate that, at least in the case of massive graphs in the physical region, the convergenc…
Feynman integrals may be represented by the Mathematica packages AMBRE and MB as multiple Mellin-Barnes integrals. With the Mathematica package MBsums these Mellin-Barnes integrals are transformed into multiple sums.
We introduce techniques to treat numerically Mellin-Barnes integrals in physical regions, which arise in the need of the computation of Feynman integrals for the electroweak two-loop corrections to the pseudo observables at the Z-boson resonance.
Given a Feynman parameter integral, depending on a single discrete variable $N$ and a real parameter $ε$, we discuss a new algorithmic framework to compute the first coefficients of its Laurent series expansion in $ε$. In a first step, the integrals are expressed by hypergeometric multi-sums by means of symbolic transformations. Given this sum format, we develop new summation tools to extract the first coefficients of its series expansion whenever they are expressible in terms of indefinite nested product-sum expressions. In particular, we enhance the known multi-sum algorithms to derive recur…
Some recent results on evaluating Feynman integrals are reviewed. The status of the method based on Mellin-Barnes representation as a powerful tool to evaluate individual Feynman integrals is characterized. A new method based on Groebner bases to solve integration by parts relations in an automatic way is described.
In this talk I review the connections between Feynman integrals and multiple polylogarithms. After an introductory section on loop integrals I discuss the Mellin-Barnes transformation and shuffle algebras. In a subsequent section multiple polylogarithms are introduced. Finally, I discuss how certain Feynman integrals evaluate to multiple polylogarithms.
We address the problem of evaluation of multiloop Feynman integrals by means of their Mellin-Barnes representation. After a brief overview of available capabilities though open source toolkits and their application in various circumstances, we introduce a new code MBcreate which allows one to automatically deduce a concise Mellin-Barnes representation for a given parametric integral. A thorough discussion of its implementation and use is provided.
We show that the series expansion of quantum field theory in the Feynman diagrams can be explicitly mapped on the partition function of the simplicial string theory -- the theory describing embeddings of the two--dimensional simplicial complexes into the space--time of the field theory. The summation over two--dimensional geometries in this theory is obtained from the summation over the Feynman diagrams and the integration over the Schwinger parameters of the propagators. We discuss the meaning of the obtained relation and derive the one--dimensional analog of the simplicial theory on the exam…
For the investigation of higher order Feynman integrals, potentially with tensor structure, it is highly desirable to have numerical methods and automated tools for dedicated, but sufficiently 'simple' numerical approaches. We elaborate two algorithms for this purpose which may be applied in the Euclidean kinematical region and in d=4-2*epsilon dimensions. One method uses Mellin-Barnes representations for the Feynman parameter representation of multi-loop Feynman integrals with arbitrary tensor rank. Our Mathematica package AMBRE has been extended for that purpose, and together with the packag…
We evaluate, analytically, a specific class of eighth--order and tenth--order QED contributions to the anomalous magnetic moment of the muon. They are generated by Feynman diagrams involving lowest order vacuum polarization insertions of leptons $l=e,μ$, and $τ$. The results are given in the form of analytic expansions in terms of the mass ratios $m_e/m_μ$ and $m_μ/m_τ$. We compute as many terms as required by the error induced by the present experimental uncertainty on the lepton masses. We show how the Mellin--Barnes integral representation of Feynman parametric integrals allows for an easy …
This paper describes algorithms to deal with nested symbolic sums over combinations of harmonic series, binomial coefficients and denominators. In addition it treats Mellin transforms and the inverse Mellin transformation for functions that are encountered in Feynman diagram calculations. Together with results for the values of the higher harmonic series at infinity the presented algorithms can be used for the symbolic evaluation of whole classes of integrals that were thus far intractable. Also many of the sums that had to be evaluated seem to involve new results. Most of the algorithms have …
The relativistic two-body potentials of constraint theory for systems composed of two spin-0 or two spin-1/2 particles are calculated, in perturbation theory, by means of the Lippmann-Schwinger type equation that relates them to the scattering amplitude. The cases of scalar and vector interactions with massless photons are considered. The two-photon exchange contributions, calculated with covariant propagators,are globally free of spurious infra-red singularities and produce at leading order O(α^4) effects that can be represented in three-dimensional x-space by local potentials proportional to…
The off-shell massless six-point double box and hexagon conformal Feynman integrals with generic propagator powers are expressed in terms of linear combinations of multiple hypergeometric series of the generalized Horn type. These results are derived from 9-fold Mellin-Barnes representations obtained from their dual conformal Feynman parameter representations. The individual terms in the presented expressions satisfy the differential equation that relates the double box in $D$ dimensions to the hexagon in $D+2$ dimensions.
We investigate the structure of the constraints on three-point correlation functions emerging when conformal invariance is imposed in momentum space and in arbitrary space-time dimensions, presenting a derivation of their solutions for arbitrary scalar operators. We show that the differential equations generated by the requirement of symmetry under special conformal transformations coincide with those satisfied by generalized hypergeometric functions (Appell's functions). Combined with the position space expression of this correlator, whose Fourier transform is given by a family of generalized…
I present an algorithm based on sector decomposition and Mellin-Barnes techniques to power expand Feynman integrals. The coefficients of this expansion are given in terms of finite integrals that can be calculated numerically. I show in an example the benefit of this method for getting the full analytic power expansion from differential equations by providing the correct ansatz for the solution. For method of regions the presented algorithm provides a numerical check, which is independent from any power counting argument.
We consider the most general two-loop massless correlator $I(n_1,n_2,n_3,n_4,n_5; x,y;D)$ of two composite vertices with the Bjorken fractions $x$ and $y$ for arbitrary indices $\{n_i\}$ and space-time dimension $D$; this correlator is represented by a "kite" diagram. The correlator $I(\{n_i\};x,y;D)$ is the generating function for any scalar Feynman integrals related to this kind of diagrams. We calculate $I(\{n_i\};x,y;D)$ and its Mellin moments in a direct way by evaluating hypergeometric integrals in the $α$ representation. The result for $I(\{n_i\};x,y;D)$ is given in terms of a double hy…
We show how the conic hull method, recently developed for the analytic and non-iterative evaluation of multifold Mellin-Barnes (MB) integrals, can be extended to the case where these integrals have straight contours of integration parallel to the imaginary axes in the complex planes of the integration variables. MB integrals of this class appear, for instance, when one computes the $ε$-expansion of dimensionally regularized Feynman integrals, as a result of the application of one of the two main strategies (called A and B in the literature) used to resolve the singularities in $ε$ of MB repres…
In this paper we present a summary of results obtained for scalar field theories using the Feynman-Schwinger (FSR) approach. Specifically, scalar QED and chi^2phi theories are considered. The motivation behind the applications discussed in this paper is to use the FSR method as a rigorous tool for testing the quality of commonly used approximations in field theory. Exact calculations in a quenched theory are presented for one-, two-, and three-body bound states. Results obtained indicate that some of the commonly used approximations, such as Bethe-Salpeter ladder summation for bound states and…
In the Lee-Pomeransky representation, Feynman integrals can be identified as a subset of Euler-Mellin integrals, which are known to satisfy Gel'fand-Kapranov-Zelevinsky (GKZ) system of partial differential equations. Here we present an automated package to derive the associated GKZ system for a given Feynman diagram and solve it in terms of hypergeometric functions using two equivalent algorithms, namely the triangulation method and the Gröbner deformation method. We present our code in the form of a Mathematica package FeynGKZ.wl which requires the softwares polymake, Macaulay2 and TOPCOM, an…
The sixth order QED radiative corrections to lepton anomalies due to the fourth order vacuum polarization insertions within the Mellin-Barnes representation
Sector decomposition in its practical aspect is a constructive method used to evaluate Feynman integrals numerically. We present a new program performing the sector decomposition and integrating the expression afterwards. The program can be also used in order to expand Feynman integrals automatically in limits of momenta and masses with the use of sector decompositions and Mellin--Barnes representations. The program is parallelizable on modern multicore computers and even on multiple computers. Also we demonstrate some new numerical results for four-loop massless propagator master integrals.
We study multivariate Mellin transforms of Laurent polynomials by considering special toric compactifications which make their singular structure apparent. This gives a precise description of their convergence domain, refining results of Nilsson, Passare, Berkesch and Forsgård. We also reformulate the geometric sector decomposition approach of Kaneko and Ueda in terms of these compactifications. Specializing to the case of Feynman integrals in the parametric representation, we construct multiple such compactifications given by certain systems of subgraphs. As particular cases, we recover the s…
During the last several years remarkable progress has been made in numerical calculations of dimensionally regulated multi-loop Feynman diagrams using Mellin-Barnes (MB) representations. The bottlenecks were non-planar diagrams and Minkowskian kinematics. The method has been proved to work in highly non-trivial physical application (two-loop electroweak bosonic corrections to the $Z \to b \bar{b}$ decay), and cross-checked with the sector decomposition (SD) approach. In fact, both approaches have their pros and cons. In calculation of multidimensional integrals, depending on masses and scales …
The long-standing problem of representing the general massive one-loop Feynman integral as a meromorphic function of the space-time dimension $d$ has been solved for the basis of scalar one- to four-point functions with indices one. In 2003 the solution of difference equations in the space-time dimension allowed to determine the necessary classes of special functions: self-energies need ordinary logarithms and Gauss hypergeometric functions $_2F_1$, vertices need additionally Kampé de Fériet-Appell functions $F_1$, and box integrals also Lauricella-Saran functions $F_S$. In this study, alterna…
We explore the idea to bootstrap Feynman integrals using integrability. In particular, we put the recently discovered Yangian symmetry of conformal Feynman integrals to work. As a prototypical example we demonstrate that the D-dimensional box integral with generic propagator powers is completely fixed by its symmetries to be a particular linear combination of Appell hypergeometric functions. In this context the Bloch-Wigner function arises as a special Yangian invariant in 4D. The bootstrap procedure for the box integral is naturally structured in algorithmic form. We then discuss the Yangian …
We discuss some of the problems that may occur in the calculation of complicated Feynman diagrams. These include the group independent evaluation of color factors, and the summation techniques that are needed for the expansion of diagrams into their Mellin moments.
The program FIESTA has been completely rewritten. Now it can be used not only as a tool to evaluate Feynman integrals numerically, but also to expand Feynman integrals automatically in limits of momenta and masses with the use of sector decompositions and Mellin-Barnes representations. Other important improvements to the code are complete parallelization (even to multiple computers), high-precision arithmetics (allowing to calculate integrals which were undoable before), new integrators and Speer sectors as a strategy, the possibility to evaluate more general parametric integrals.
In these lectures we introduce the Feynman-Schwinger representation method for solving nonperturbative problems in field theory. As an introduction we first give a brief overview of integral equations and path integral methods for solving nonperturbative problems. Then we discuss the Feynman-Schwinger (FSR) representation method with applications to scalar interactions. The FSR approach is a continuum path integral integral approach in terms of covariant trajectories of particles. Using the exact results provided by the FSR approach we test the reliability of commonly used approximations for n…
We show that for two non-trivial lambda phi ^4 problems (the anharmonic oscillator and the Landau-Ginzburg hierarchical model), improved perturbative series can be obtained by cutting off the large field contributions. The modified series converge to values exponentially close to the exact ones. For lambda larger than some critical value, the method outperforms Pade's approximants and Borel summations. The method can also be used for series which are not Borel summable such as the double-well potential series. We show that semi-classical methods can be used to calculate the modified Feynman ru…
Mellin-Barnes (MB) integrals are well-known objects appearing in many branches of mathematics and physics, ranging from hypergeometric functions theory to quantum field theory, solid state physics, asymptotic theory, etc. Although MB integrals have been studied for more than one century, until now there is no systematic computational technique of the multiple series representations of $N$-fold MB integrals for $N>2$. Relying on a simple geometrical analysis based on conic hulls, we show here a solution to this important problem. Our method can be applied to resonant (i.e logarithmic) and nonre…
The LanHEP program version 3.0 for Feynman rules generation from the Lagrangian is described. It reads the Lagrangian written in a compact form, close to the one used in publications. It means that Lagrangian terms can be written with summation over indices of broken symmetries and using special symbols for complicated expressions, such as covariant derivative and strength tensor for gauge fields. Supersymmetric theories can be described using the superpotential formalism and the 2-component fermion notation. The output is Feynman rules in terms of physical fields and independent parameters in…
The symmetry factor of Feynman diagrams for real and complex scalar fields is presented. Being analysis of Wick expansion for Green functions, the mentioned factor is derived in a general form. The symmetry factor can be separated into two ones corresponding to that of connected and vacuum diagrams. The determination of symmetry factors for the vacuum diagrams is necessary as they play a role in the effective action and phase transitions in cosmology. In the complex scalar theory the diagrams different in topology may give the same contribution, hence inverse of the symmetry factor (1/S) for t…
These proceedings describe a computation of the large-$n_f$ terms contributing to the QCD splitting functions at the fourth order in the strong coupling constant $α_s$. Using the FORCER package for the reduction of four-loop two-point Feynman integrals, Mellin moments of the four-loop splitting functions have been computed. These moments are used to derive analytic Mellin-space expressions, by forming and finding solutions to systems of Diophantine equations. Expressions for the terms proportional to $n_f^3$ of the flavour singlet, and to $n_f^2$ of the flavour non-singlet splitting functions …
Mellin-Barnes and sector decomposition methods are used to evaluate tensorial Feynman diagrams in the Euclidean kinematical region. Few software packages are shortly described and few examples demonstrate their use.
