The symmetry factor of Feynman diagrams for real and complex scalar fields is presented. Being analysis of Wick expansion for Green functions, the mentioned factor is derived in a general form. The symmetry factor can be separated into two ones corresponding to that of connected and vacuum diagrams. The determination of symmetry factors for the vacuum diagrams is necessary as they play a role in the effective action and phase transitions in cosmology. In the complex scalar theory the diagrams different in topology may give the same contribution, hence inverse of the symmetry factor (1/S) for total contribution is a summation of each similar ones (1/S_i), i.e., 1/S = \sum_i (1/S_i).
TikZ-Feynman is a LaTeX package allowing Feynman diagrams to be easily generated within LaTeX with minimal user instructions and without the need of external programs. It builds upon the TikZ package and leverages the graph placement algorithms from TikZ in order to automate the placement of many vertices. TikZ-Feynman still allows fine-tuned placement of vertices so that even complex diagrams can still be generated with ease.
This paper describes the Mathematica package FeynArts used for the generation and visualization of Feynman diagrams and amplitudes. The main features of version 3 are: generation of diagrams at three levels, user-definable model files, support for supersymmetric models, and publication-quality Feynman diagrams in PostScript or LaTeX.
The non-planar Feynman diagram with seven massless, scalar propagators and four on-shell legs (the crossed double box) is calculated analytically in dimensional regularization. The non-planar diagram with six propagators is also discussed.
We describe the FeynEdit tool for drawing Feynman diagrams. Input and output is done using the LaTeX macros of FeynArts, which also implies that diagrams drawn by FeynArts can be edited with FeynEdit. The LaTeX code can be conveniently transferred using copy-and-paste.
A C-program DIANA (DIagram ANAlyser) for the automatic Feynman diagram evaluation is presented. It consists of two parts: the analyzer of diagrams and the interpreter of a special text manipulating language. This language is used to create a source code for analytical or numerical evaluations and to keep the control of the process in general.
We determine the numerical values of scalar multi-loop two-vertex Feynman diagrams, the generalized sunset diagrams, by integrating all but the longitudinal momenta analytically. For the longitudinal momenta we introduce one collective coordinate, which allows us to determine the numerical value of the diagram efficiently and to an arbitrary accuracy. The imaginary part and the threshold behavior of the diagram are also handled within this framework.
Co-operation of the Feynman DIagram ANAlyzer (DIANA) with the underlying operational system (UNIX) is presented. We discuss operators to run external commands and a recent development of parallel processing facilities and an extension in the spirit of a component model.
We present a method to evaluate numerically Feynman diagrams directly from their Feynman parameters representation. We first disentangle overlapping singularities using sector decomposition. Threshold singularities are treated with an appropriate contour deformation. We have validated our technique comparing with recent analytic results for the gg->h two-loop amplitudes with heavy quarks and scalar quarks.
xloops is a program package that calculates Feynman diagrams by using computer algebra systems. In this paper it is shown which problems to be solved by computer algebra arise during such calculations, and how this problems are handled in the framework of xloops.
New developments concerning the extension of the Feynman diagram analyzer DIANA are presented. We discuss new graphic facilities, application of DIANA to processes with Majorana fermions and different approaches to automation of momenta distribution.
A Mathematica implementation of the program LERG-I is presented that performs the reduction of tensor integrals, encountered in one-loop Feynman diagram calculations, to scalar integrals. The program was originally coded in REDUCE and in that incarnation was applied to a number of problems of physical interest.
We discuss a progress in calculation of Feynman integrals which has been done with help of the Differential Equation Method and demonstrate the results for a class of two-point two-loop diagrams.
An algorithm for obtaining the Taylor coefficients of an expansion of Feynman diagrams is proposed. It is based on recurrence relations which can be applied to the propagator as well as to the vertex diagrams. As an application, several coefficients of the Taylor series expansion for the two-loop propagator and two-loop non-planar vertex diagrams are calculated. The results of the numerical evaluation of these diagrams using conformal mapping and Pade approximants are given.
The near threshold expansion of Feynman diagrams is derived from their configuration space representation, by performing all x integrations. The general scalar Feynman diagram is considered, with an arbitrary number of external momenta, an arbitrary number of internal lines and an arbitrary number of loops, in n dimensions and all masses may be different. The expansions are considered both below and above threshold. Rules, giving real and imaginary part, are derived. Unitarity of a sunset diagram with I internal lines is checked in a direct way by showing that its imaginary part is equal to th…
A method is presented in which matrix elements for some processes are calculated recursively. This recursive calculational technique is based on the method of basis spinors.
We briefly review the technology involved in extracting the field-theory limit of multiloop bosonic string amplitudes, and we apply it to the evaluation of simple two-loop diagrams involving scalars and gauge bosons.
A detailed investigation is presented of a set of algorithms which form the basis for a fast and reliable numerical integration of one-loop multi-leg (up to six) Feynman diagrams, with special attention to the behavior around (possibly) singular points in phase space. No particular restriction is imposed on kinematics, and complex masses (poles) are allowed.
We review recent progress that we have achieved in evaluating the class of fully massive vacuum integrals at five loops. After discussing topics that arise in classification, evaluation and algorithmic codification of this specific set of Feynman integrals, we present some selected new results for their expansions around $4-2\varepsilon$ dimensions.
In this paper the connection between standard perturbation theory techniques and the new Bern-Kosower calculational rules for gauge theory is clarified. For one-loop effective actions of scalars, Dirac spinors, and vector bosons in a background gauge field, Bern-Kosower-type rules are derived without the use of either string theory or Feynman diagrams. The effective action is written as a one-dimensional path integral, which can be calculated to any order in the gauge coupling; evaluation leads to Feynman parameter integrals directly, bypassing the usual algebra required from Feynman diagrams,…
In theories like SM or MSSM with a complex gauge group structure the complete set of Feynman diagrams contributed to a particular physics process can be splited to exact gauge invariant subsets. Arguments and examples given in the review demonstrate that in many cases computations and analysis of the gauge invariant subsets are important.
A new powerful method to calculate Feynman diagrams is proposed. It consists in setting up a Taylor series expansion in the external momenta squared (in general multivariable). The Taylor coefficients are obtained from the original diagram by differentiation and putting the external momenta equal to zero, which means a great simplification. It is demonstrated that it is possible to obtain by analytic continuation of the original series high precision numerical values of the Feynman integrals in the whole cut plane. For this purpose conformal mapping and subsequent resummation by means of Padé …
We present an application that automatically writes the Helas library corresponding to the Feynman rules of any Lagrangian, renormalizable or not, in quantum field theory. The code, written in Python, takes the Universal FeynRules Output as an input and produces the complete set of routines (wave-functions and amplitudes) that are needed for the computation of Feynman diagrams at leading as well as at higher orders. The representation is language independent and outputs in Fortran, C++, Python are currently available. A few key sample applications implemented in the MadGraph5 framework are pre…
When performing a full calculation within the Standard Model or its extensions, it is crucial that one utilizes a consistent set of signs for the gauge couplings and gauge fields. Unfortunately, the literature is plagued with differing signs and notations. We present all Standard Model Feynman rules, including ghosts, in a convention-independent notation, and we table the conventions in close to 40 books and reviews.
An asymptotic expansion of the two-loop two-point ``master'' diagram with two masses $m$ and $M$, on the mass shell $Q^2=M^2$, is presented. The treatment of the non-analytical terms arising in the expansion around the branching point is discussed. Some details of the calculation of a new class of two-loop integrals are given.
A recently proposed scheme for numerical evaluation of Feynman diagrams is extended to cover all two-loop two-point functions with arbitrary internal and external masses. The adopted algorithm is a modification of the one proposed by F. V. Tkachov and it is based on the so-called generalized Bernstein functional relation. On-shell derivatives of self-energies are also considered and their infrared properties analyzed to prove that the method which is aimed to a numerical evaluation of massive diagrams can handle the infrared problem within the scheme of dimensional regularization. Particular c…
We present compact, fully analytical expressions for singular parts of a class of three-loop diagrams which cannot be factorized into lower-loop integrals. As a result of the calculations we obtain the analytical expression for the three-loop effective potential of the massive O(N) ϕ^4 model presented recently by J.-M.Chung and B.K.Chung, Phys.Rev. D56, 6508 (1997).
Complete Feynman diagram automatic computation systems are now coming of age after many years of development. They are made available to the high energy physics community through user-friendly interfaces. Theorists and experimentalists can benefit from these powerful packages for speeding up time consuming calculations and for preparing event generators. The general architecture of these packages is presented and the current development of the one-loop diagrams extension is discussed. A rapid description of the prominent packages and tools is then proposed. Finally, the necessity for defining …
The evaluation of quantum corrections in the theory of the electroweak and strong interactions via higher-order Feynman diagrams requires complicated and laborious calculations, which however can be structured in a strictly algorithmic way. These calculations are ideally suited for the application of computer algebra systems, and computer algebra has proven to be a very valuable tool in this field already over several decades. It is sketched how computer algebra is presently applied in evaluating the predictions of the electroweak theory with high precision, and some recent results obtained in…
We show how to apply the BCFW recursion relation to Feynman loop integrals with the help of the Feynman-tree theorem. We deconstruct in this way all Feynman diagrams in terms of on-shell subamplitudes. Every cut originating from the Feynman-tree theorem corresponds to an integration over the phase space of an unobserved particle pair. We argue that we can calculate scattering amplitudes alternatively by the construction of on-shell and gauge-invariant subamplitudes.
Explicit formulae for asymptotic expansions of Feynman diagrams in typical limits of momenta and masses with external legs on the mass shell are presented.
It is shown how strictly four-dimensional integration by parts combined with differential renormalization and its infrared analogue can be applied for calculation of Feynman diagrams.
This article describes the latest versions of the Mathematica packages FeynArts, FormCalc, and LoopTools for the generation and evaluation of one-loop diagrams.
We show how Feynman diagrams may be evaluated to take advantage of recent developments in the application of Cutkosky rules to the calculation of one-loop amplitudes. A sample calculation of gg->gH, previously calculated by Ellis et al., is presented illustrating this equivalence. This example demonstrates the use of cutting rules for massive amplitudes.
In this talk, we describe part of our recent work \cite{FGdeR05} (see also \cite{F05,G05}) that gives new results in the context of asymptotic expansions of Feynman diagrams using the Mellin-Barnes representation.
It is shown that the usual expression for a Feynman diagram in terms of the Feynman propagator $Δ_F(x-y)$ can be replaced by an equivalent expression involving the positive-energy on-shell propagator $Δ^+(x-y)$, supplemented by appropriate functions associated with time-ordering. When this alternate way of expressing a Feynman diagram is Fourier transformed into momentum space, the momentum associated with each function $Δ^+(x-y)$ is on-shell, and is only conserved at each vertex if an energy is attributed to the contributions of the time-ordering functions. The resulting expression is analogo…
We extend Gegenbauer Polynomials technique to evaluate a class of complicated Feynman diagrams. New results in the form of $_3F_2$-hypergeometrical series of unit argument, are presented. As a by-product, we present a new transformation rule for $_3F_2$-hypergeometric series with argument $-1$.
It is shown that the integral representation of Feynman diagrams in terms of the traditional Feynman parameters, when combined with properties of the Mellin--Barnes representation and the so called {\it converse mapping theorem}, provide a very simple and efficient way to obtain the analytic asymptotic behaviours in both the large and small ratios of mass scales.
We propose a general coaction for families of integrals appearing in the evaluation of Feynman diagrams, such as multiple polylogarithms and generalized hypergeometric functions. We further conjecture a link between this coaction and graphical operations on Feynman diagrams. At one-loop order, there is a basis of integrals for which this correspondence is fully explicit. We discuss features and present examples of the diagrammatic coaction on two-loop integrals. We also present the coaction for the functions ${}_{p+1}F_p$ and Appell $F_1$.
jQuery.Feyn is a tool for drawing Feynman diagrams with Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG), written in JavaScript and runs in modern browsers. It features predefined propagator styles, vertex types, and symbols. Math formulae can be included as external graphics, or typeset with TeX through MathJax library. The generated SVG code can be easily modified to make fine adjustments and conveniently transferred using copy-and-paste.
Multiple reggeon exchange supplies subleading logs that may be used to restore unitarity to the Low-Nussinov Pomeron, provided it can be proven that the sum of Feynman diagrams to all orders gives rise to such multiple regge exchanges. This question cannot be easily tackled in the usual way except for very low-order diagrams, on account of delicate cancellations present in the sum which necessitate individual Feynman diagrams to be computed to subleading orders. Moreover, it is not clear that sums of high-order Feynman diagrams with complicated criss-crossing of lines can lead to factorization…
We compute the two and three loop corrections to the beta function for Yang-Mills theories in the background gauge field method and using the background gauge field as the only source. The calculations are based on the separation of the one loop effective potential into zero and positive modes and are entirely analytical. No two or three loop Feynman diagrams are considered in the process.
The Hopf algebra structure underlying Feynman diagrams which governs the process of renormalization in perturbative quantum field theory is reviewed. Recent progress is briefly summarized with an emphasis on further directions of research.
The ASPIRE program, which is based on the Landau singularities and the method of power geometry to unveil the regions required for the evaluation of a given Feynman diagram asymptotically in a given limit, also allows for the evaluation of scaling coming from the top facets. In this work, we relate the scaling having equal components of the top facets of the Newton polytope to the maximal cut of given Feynman integrals. We have therefore connected two independent approaches to the analysis of Feynman diagrams.
Two-loop vertex Feynman diagrams with infrared and collinear divergences are investigated by two independent methods. On the one hand, a method of calculating Feynman diagrams from their small momentum expansion extended to diagrams with zero mass thresholds is applied. On the other hand, a numerical method based on a two-fold integral representation is used. The application of the latter method is possible by using lightcone coordinates in the parallel space. The numerical data obtained with the two methods are in impressive agreement.
General prescriptions for evaluation of coefficients at arbitrary powers and logarithms in the asymptotic expansion of Feynman diagrams in the Sudakov limit are discussed and illustrated by two-loop examples. Peculiarities connected with evaluation of individual terms of the expansion, in particular, the introduction of auxiliary analytic regularization, are characterized.
In recent lattice QCD studies, the Feynman-Hellmann theorem is often used to estimate separate contributions of the connected and disconnected diagrams to the nucleon sigma term. We demonstrate through a simple analysis within an effective model of QCD why this could be dangerous although the theorem is naturally expected to hold for the sum of the two contributions, i.e. the net nucleon sigma term.
We discuss certain computational methods and analytical techniques that can be used to automatize the various steps involved in the renormalization group analysis of an MSR field theory. The methods rely mainly on the well known packages FeynArts and SecDec. The former is used with minor modifications for generating the Feynman diagrams and obtaining the corresponding expressions, and the latter for dimensional regularization and epsilon expansion of the Feynman integrals. We first discuss how suitable classes and generic model files required by FeynArts are created, present the minor modifica…
The Rooted Maps Theory, a branch of the Theory of Homology, is shown to be a powerful tool for investigating the topological properties of Feynman diagrams, related to the single particle propagator in the quantum many-body systems. The numerical correspondence between the number of this class of Feynman diagrams as a function of perturbative order and the number of rooted maps as a function of the number of edges is studied. A graphical procedure to associate Feynman diagrams and rooted maps is then stated. Finally, starting from rooted maps principles, an original definition of the genus of …
The aim of XLOOPS is to calculate one-particle irreducible Feynman diagrams with one or two closed loops for arbitrary processes in the Standard model of particles and related theories. Up to now this aim is realized for all one-loop diagrams with at most three external lines and for two-loop diagrams with two external lines.
An important aspect of improving perturbative predictions in high energy physics is efficiently reducing dimensionally regularised Feynman integrals through integration by parts (IBP) relations. The well-known triangle rule has been used to achieve simple reduction schemes. In this work we introduce an extensible, multi-loop version of the triangle rule, which we refer to as the diamond rule. Such a structure appears frequently in higher-loop calculations. We derive an explicit solution for the recursion, which prevents spurious poles in intermediate steps of the computations. Applications for…
A geometrical approach to the calculation of N-point Feynman diagrams is reviewed. It is shown that the geometrical splitting yields useful connections between Feynman integrals with different momenta and masses. It is demonstrated how these results can be used to reduce the number of variables in the occurring functions.
We discuss the first-time calculation of the static gravitational two-body potential up to fifth post-Newtonian(PN) order. The results are achieved through a manifest factorization property of the odd PN diagrams. The factorization property is illustrated also at first and third PN order.
We review several multi-loop techniques for analytical massless Feynman diagram calculations in relativistic quantum field theories: integration by parts, the method of uniqueness, functional equations and the Gegenbauer polynomial technique. A brief, historically oriented, overview of some of the results obtained over the decades for the massless 2-loop propagator-type diagram is given. Concrete examples of up to $5$-loop diagram calculations are also provided.
