Kazuhiro Ichihara, Katsumi Ishikawa, Eri Matsudo
We determine the minimal number of colors for non-trivial $\mathbb{Z}$-colorings on the standard minimal diagrams of $\mathbb{Z}$-colorable torus links. Also included are complete classifications of such $\mathbb{Z}$-colorings and of such $\mathbb{Z}$-colorings by only four colors, which are shown by using rack colorings on link diagrams.
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A quandle coloring quiver is a quiver structure, introduced by Karina Cho and Sam Nelson, which is defined on the set of quandle colorings of an oriented knot or link by a finite quandle. We study quandle coloring quivers of (p, 2)-torus knots and links with respect to dihedral quandles.
R-equivalence classes of $\mathrm{Rot} \mathbb{E}^{2}$-colorings of torus knots
本研究引入纽结图广群着色的R等价关系，并确定特定条件下环面纽结图的$\u0001$mathrm{Rot} \u0001$mathbb{E}^{2}$着色R等价类。
Quandle Coloring Quivers of general Torus links by dihedral quandles
本研究通过先穷尽着色数再分析着色间关联的方法，完整刻画了一般环面链环的二面体广群着色广群图，明确了其含完全子图且结构随着色数变化的特性。
For a link with zero determinants, a Z-coloring is defined as a generalization of Fox coloring. We call a link having a diagram which admits a non-trivial Z-coloring a Z-colorable link. The minimal coloring number of a Z-colorable link is the minimal number of colors for non-trivial Z-colorings on diagrams of the link. We give sufficient conditions for non-splittable Z-colorable links to have the least minimal coloring number.
We consider the number of colors for the colorings of links by the symmetric group $S_3$ of degree $3$. For knots, such a coloring corresponds to a Fox 3-coloring, and thus the number of colors must be 1 or 3. However, for links, there are colorings by $S_3$ with 4 or 5 colors. In this paper, we show that if a 2-bridge link admits a coloring by $S_3$ with 5 colors, then the link also admits such a coloring with only 4 colors.
The minimal coloring number of a $\mathbb{Z}$-colorable link is the minimal number of colors for non-trivial $\mathbb{Z}$-colorings on diagrams of the link. In this paper, we show that the minimal coloring number of any non-splittable $\mathbb{Z}$-colorable links is four. As an example, we consider the link obtained by replacing each component of the given link with several parallel strands, which we call a parallel of a link. We show that an even parallel of a link is $\mathbb{Z}$-colorable except for the case of 2 parallels with non-zero linking number. We then give a simple way to obtain a …
Twisted links are a generalization of classical links and correspond to stably equivalence classes of links in thickened surfaces. In this paper we introduce twisted intersection colorings of a diagram and construct two invariants of a twisted link using such colorings. As an application, we show that there exist infinitely many pairs of twisted links such that for each pair the two twisted links are not equivalent but their double coverings are equivalent. We also introduce a method of constructing a pair of twisted links whose double coverings are equivalent.
Chirality of torus-covering $T^2$-links of degree three
研究三次度的 торus 覆盖 $T^2$ 链结的手性，通过三链结数、Fox $p$-着色数和与 $p$-着色相关的quandle cocycle不变量等不变量进行探讨，确定与三色的quandle cocycle不变量。
It was shown that any $\mathbb{Z}$-colorable link has a diagram which admits a non-trivial $\mathbb{Z}$-coloring with at most four colors. In this paper, we consider minimal numbers of colors for non-trivial $\mathbb{Z}$-colorings on minimal diagrams of $\mathbb{Z}$-colorable links. We show, for any positive integer $N$, there exists a minimal diagram of a $\mathbb{Z}$-colorable link such that any $\mathbb{Z}$-coloring on the diagram has at least $N$ colors. On the other hand, it is shown that certain $\mathbb{Z}$-colorable torus links have minimal diagrams admitting $\mathbb{Z}$-colorings wit…
Widths of links via diagram colorings
本研究通过链环图着色定义链环不变量，证明其与标准Morse函数下的各类链环宽度概念一致，该方法算法化且易编程实现，还计算了万余个14交叉以内链环的最大宽度。
In this paper, we study the colorability of link diagrams by the Alexander quandles. We show that if the reduced Alexander polynomial $Δ_{L}(t)$ is vanishing, then $L$ admits a non-trivial coloring by any non-trivial Alexander quandle $Q$, and that if $Δ_{L}(t)=1$, then $L$ admits only the trivial coloring by any Alexander quandle $Q$, also show that if $Δ_{L}(t)\not=0, 1$, then $L$ admits a non-trivial coloring by the Alexander quandle $Λ/(Δ_{L}(t))$.
K. Cho and S. Nelson introduced the notion of a quandle coloring quiver, which is a quiver-valued link invariant, and a quandle cocycle quiver which is an enhancement of the quandle coloring quiver by assigning to each vertex a weight computed using a quandle 2-cocycle. In this paper, we study quandle coloring quivers using dihedral quandles and introduce the notions of a shadow quandle coloring quiver and a shadow quandle cocycle quiver, which are shadow versions of the quandle coloring quiver and the quandle cocycle quiver. We show that, when we use a dihedral quandle of prime order, the qua…
Coloring invariants for links in $Σ_g\times S^1$
本文针对亏格g的闭定向曲面Σ_g与S¹的乘积空间中的链环，研究其着色不变量及推广形式的定义问题，属于几何拓扑领域的理论研究。
The bridge number of surface links and kei colorings
本文利用 kei 着色建立曲面链环桥数的下界，证明对每个整数 $n\geq4$ 都存在无穷多个桥数恰为 $n$ 的曲面纽结。
In this paper we define and present a simple combinatorial formula for a 3-variable Laurent polynomial invariant of conjugacy classes in Artin braid group $B_m$. We show that this Laurent polynomial satisfies the Conway skein relation and its coefficients are Vassiliev invariants of braids.
Two-tone colorings and surjective dihedral representations for links
本文针对多分支链环引入双色着色方法，给出了链环群容许满射二面体群表示的条件，并证明至少含3个分支的链环群存在到任意次数二面体群的满射同态。
We introduce an up-down coloring of a virtual-link diagram. The colorabilities give a lower bound of the minimum number of Reidemeister moves of type II which are needed between two 2-component virtual-link diagrams. By using the notion of a quandle cocycle invariant, we determine the necessity of Reidemeister moves of type II for a pair of diagrams of the trivial virtual-knot. This implies that for any virtual-knot diagram $D$, there exists a diagram $D'$ representing the same virtual-knot such that any sequence of generalized Reidemeister moves between them includes at least one Reidemeister…
We improve the lower bound for the minimum number of colors for linear Alexander quandle colorings of a knot given in Theorem 1.2 of Colorings beyond Fox: The other linear Alexander quandles (Linear Algebra and its Applications, Vol. 548, 2018). We express this lower bound in terms of the degree k of the reduced Alexander polynomial of the considered knot. We show that it is exactly k + 1 for L-space knots. Then we apply these results to torus knots and Pretzel knots P(-2,3,2l + 1), l>=0. We note that this lower bound can be attained for some particular knots. Furthermore, we show that Theorem…
For each odd prime p, and for each non-split link admitting non-trivial p-colorings, we prove that the maximum number of Fox colors is p. We also prove that we can assemble a non-trivial p-coloring with any number of colors, from the minimum to the maximum number of colors. Furthermore, for any rational link, we prove that there exists a non-trivial coloring of any Schubert Normal Form of it, modulo its determinant, which uses all colors available. If this determinant is an odd prime, then any non-trivial coloring of this Schubert Normal Form, modulo the determinant, uses all available colors.…
We introduce two kinds of structures, called v-structures and t-structures, on biquandles. These structures are used for colorings of diagrams of virtual links and twisted links such that the numbers of colorings are invariants. Given a biquandle or a quandle, we give a method of constructing a biquandle with these structures. Using the numbers of colorings, we show that Bourgoin's twofoil and non-orientable virtual $m$-foils do not represent virtual links.
We study the unwheeled rational Kontsevich integral of torus knots. We give a precise formula for these invariants up to loop degree 3 and show that they appear as colorings of simple diagrams. We show that they behave under cyclic branched coverings in a very simple way. Our proof is combinatorial: it uses the results of Wheels and Wheelings and new decorations of diagrams.
Fox $p$-Colorings as Fixed Points of Braid Representations
该研究将纽结与链环的Fox p-着色转化为辫群表示的不动点，给出着色数显式公式，并应用于环面链环与螺旋链环得到Fox 3-着色空间的显式描述。
For any link and for any modulus $m$ we introduce an equivalence relation on the set of non-trivial m-colorings of the link (an m-coloring has values in Z/mZ). Given a diagram of the link, the equivalence class of a non-trivial m-coloring is formed by each assignment of colors to the arcs of the diagram that is obtained from the former coloring by a permutation of the colors in the arcs which preserves the coloring condition at each crossing. This requirement implies topological invariance of the equivalence classes. We show that for a prime modulus the number of equivalence classes depends on…
All knots are known to be hyperbolic, satellite, or torus knots, and one important family is Lorenz links, or T-links, which arise from dynamics. However, it remains difficult to determine the geometric type of a Lorenz link from a description via dynamics or as a T-link. In this paper, we consider those T-links that are torus links. We show that T-links obtained by full twists along torus links can never be torus links, aside from a family of cases. This addresses a question of Birman and Kofman.
Symmetric quandle colorings and ribbon concordance
本文证明Yoshikawa表中的曲面链环$10_1^{-1,-1}$无法被阶为4的对称二面体quandle着色，并揭示了该着色缺失如何阻碍其与可着色链环$8_1^{-1,-1}$间的广义ribbon合痕。
On Medial Quandle Coloring Link Invariant and Detecting Causality
本文研究中间quandle着色链环不变量在(2+1)维全局双曲时空中检测因果性的能力，证明在特定等价关系下无法区分关键链环，并给出充分条件及广义定理。
K. Ichihara and E. Matsudo introduced the notions of $\mathbb{Z}$-colorable links and the minimal coloring number for $\mathbb{Z}$-colorable links, which is one of invariants for links. They proved that the lower bound of minimal coloring number of a non-splittable $\mathbb{Z}$-colorable link is 4. In this paper, we show the minimal coloring number of any non-splittable $\mathbb{Z}$-colorable link is exactly 4.
We introduce colorings of oriented surface-links by biquasiles using marked graph diagrams. We use these colorings to define counting invariants and Boltzmann enhancements of the biquasile counting invariants for oriented surface-links. We provide examples to show that the invariants can distinguish both closed surface-links and cobordisms and are sensitive to orientation.
We compute the triply graded Khovanov-Rozansky homology of a family of links, including positive torus links and $\operatorname{Sym}^l$-colored torus knots.
Quandle coloring quivers of pretzel links
本文系统研究pretzel链环的二面体quandle着色及着色拟阵，确定3-pretzel情形，并在n为素数时给出4-pretzel及一般m-pretzel链环的着色数和拟阵结构，附完整证明。
This paper is an extended account of my "Introductory Plenary talk at Knots in Hellas 2016" conference We start from the short introduction to Knot Theory from the historical perspective, starting from Heraclas text (the first century AD), mentioning R.Llull (1232-1315), A.Kircher (1602-1680), Leibniz idea of Geometria Situs (1679), and J.B.Listing (student of Gauss) work of 1847. We spend some space on Ralph H. Fox (1913-1973) elementary introduction to diagram colorings (1956). In the second section we describe how Fox work was generalized to distributive colorings (racks and quandles) and e…
We obtain the full list of Goeritz invariants of all torus knots and links.
We introduce a new construction of a surface link in the 4-space. We construct a surface link as a branched covering over the standard torus, which we call a torus-covering link. We show that a certain torus-covering $T^2$-link is equivalent to the split union of spun $T^2$-links and turned spun $T^2$-links. We show that a certain torus-covering $T^2$-link has a non-classical link group. We give a certain class of ribbon torus-covering $T^2$-links. We present the quandle cocycle invariant of a certain torus-covering $T^2$-link obtained from a classical braid, by using the quandle cocycle invar…
We consider a surface link in the 4-space which can be presented by a simple branched covering over the standard torus, which we call a torus-covering link. Torus-covering links include spun $T^2$-knots and turned spun $T^2$-knots. In this paper we braid a torus-covering link over the standard 2-sphere. This gives an upper estimate of the braid index of a torus-covering link. In particular we show that the turned spun $T^2$-knot of the torus $(2,\,p)$-knot has the braid index four.
Quandle coloring quivers are directed graph-valued invariants of oriented knots and links, defined using a choice of finite quandle $X$ and set $S\subset\mathrm{Hom}(X,X)$ of endomorphisms. From a quandle coloring quiver, a polynomial knot invariant known as the \textit{in-degree quiver polynomial} is defined. We consider quandle coloring quiver invariants for oriented surface-links, represented by marked graph diagrams. We provide example computations for all oriented surface-links with ch-index up to 10 for choices of quandles and endomorphisms.
The present paper is an addendum to "Spherical structures on torus knots and links", arXiv:1008.0312, and concerns more general case of torus knot and link cone-manifolds.
We consider surface links in the 4-space which are presented by the form of simple branched coverings over the standard torus, which we call torus-covering links. In this paper, we study unknotting numbers of torus-covering links. In some cases, we can determine the unknotting numbers.
This article is about a natural distance function induced by smooth cobordisms between links. We show that the cobordism distance of torus links is determined by the profiles of their signature functions, up to a constant factor.
Signatures of iterated torus links
本文计算了塞弗特链环（含带核环面链环）的多元符号，将其用于链环缆线多元符号计算的拼接公式，并将相关公式用平行四边形整点表示，类似Hirzebruch公式。
We compute bordered Floer homology CFDD of (2,2n)-torus link complement, and discuss assorted examples and type-DD structure homotopy equivalence.
Twisted torus links that are unlinks
本文研究了通过扭转 torus 链环得到的 unlink 的参数特征。
Hyperbolic Twisted Torus Links
本文研究了双曲扭转环链的性质，发现当|s|>3时，所有扭转环链均为双曲。
We show that the Kauffman bracket skein modules of certain manifolds obtained from integral surgery on a (2,2b) torus link are finitely generated, and list the generators for select examples.
Biquandles are generalizations of quandles. As well as quandles, biquandles give us many invariants for oriented classical/virtual/surface links. Some invariants derived from biquandles are known to be stronger than those from quandles for virtual links. However, we have not found an essentially refined invariant for classical/surface links so far. In this paper, we give an explicit one-to-one correspondence between biquandle colorings and quandle colorings for classical/surface links. We also show that biquandle homotopy invariants and quandle homotopy invariants are equivalent. As a byproduc…
An example of semiquandle and u-polynomials for flat virtual knots via this semiquandle coloring
本文给出一个半拟群例子，利用其着色定义平坦虚纽结的不变量，并阐明其与u-多项式的联系。
We discuss the connection between colorings of a link diagram and the Goeritz matrix.
We compute Cayley graphs and automorphism groups for all finite $n$-quandles of two-bridge and torus knots and links, as well as torus links with an axis.
Twisted torus knots and links are given by twisting adjacent strands of a torus link. They are geometrically simple and contain many examples of the smallest volume hyperbolic knots. Many are also Lorenz links. We study the geometry of twisted torus links and related generalizations. We determine upper bounds on their hyperbolic volumes that depend only on the number of strands being twisted. We exhibit a family of twisted torus knots for which this upper bound is sharp, and another family with volumes approaching infinity. Consequently, we show there exist twisted torus knots with arbitrarily…
The structure of the Khovanov homology of $(n,m)$ torus links has been extensively studied. In particular, Marko Stosic proved that the homology groups stabilize as $m\rightarrow\infty$. We show that the Khovanov homotopy types of $(n,m)$ torus links, as constructed by Robert Lipshitz and Sucharit Sarkar, also become stably homotopy equivalent as $m\rightarrow\infty$. We provide an explicit bound on values of $m$ beyond which the stabilization begins. As an application, we give new examples of torus links with non-trivial $Sq^2$ action.
We introduce the notion of rational links in the solid torus. We show that rational links in the solid torus are fully characterized by rational tangles, and hence by the continued fraction of the rational tangle. Furthermore, we generalize this by giving an infinite family of ambient isotopy invariants of colored diagrams in the Kauffman bracket skein module of an oriented surface.
The Hilbert Polynomial of Quandles and Colorings of Random Links
本文研究随机辫子闭包的 quandle 着色数平均值，证明其对应一个 Hilbert 多项式，计算了所有阶不大于 4 的 quandle 的不变量，并将已有稳定性结果从周期稳定性改进为稳定性。
Character varieties of torus links
本文研究环面链环补空间基本群表示到代数群G的模空间几何，通过发展内蕴分层将其与底层环面纽结关联，并显式计算了G=SL_2(C)和SL_3(C)时的E-多项式，揭示了其与链环股数的意外关系。
In the present paper we extend the definition of slice-torus invariant to links. We prove a few properties of the newly-defined slice-torus link invariants: the behaviour under crossing change, a slice genus bound, an obstruction to strong sliceness, and a combinatorial bound. Furthermore, we provide an application to the computation of the splitting number. Finally, we use the slice-torus link invariants, and the Whitehead doubling to define new strong concordance invariants for links, which are proven to be independent from the corresponding slice-torus link invariant.
In this paper we give an explicit formula for the twisted Alexander polynomial of any torus link and show that it is a locally constant function on the $SL(2, \mathbb C)$-character variety. We also discuss similar things for the higher dimensional twisted Alexander polynomial and the Reidemeister torsion.
The family of negative torus links $T_{p,q}$ over a fixed number of strands $p$ admits a stable limit in reduced Khovanov homology as $q$ grows to infinity. In this paper, we endow this stable space with a bi-graded commutative algebra structure. We describe these algebras explicitly for $p=2,3,4$. As an application, we compute the homology of two families of links, and produce a lower bound for the width of the homology of any $4$-stranded torus link.
A Reidemeister Theorem for Solid Ribbon Torus Links
针对焊接链环的Reidemeister刻画这一长期未解问题，本文提出了实心带状环面链环（R4中仅含带状奇点的浸入实心环面）的Reidemeister定理，在广义带状同痕下给出完整刻画。
On the number of components of twisted torus links
本文提出一种类似欧几里得算法的过程计算扭曲环面链环 $T(p,q;r,s)$ 的分支数，证明其分支数为 $\gcd(p,q,r,s)$ 的倍数，并据此验证了相关猜想。
Knot quandle decomposition along a torus
本文研究了补包含不可压缩环面的纽结增广基本拟群结构，揭示了卫星纽结与其伴纽结及模式纽结基本拟群/群的关系，并提出了研究仿射拟群的代数方法。
In classical knot theory, Markov's theorem gives a way of describing all braids with isotopic closures as links in $\mathbb{R}^3$. We present a version of Markov's theorem for extended loop braids with closure in $B^3 \times S^1$, as a first step towards a Markov's theorem for extended loop braids and ribbon torus-links in $\mathbb{R}^4$.
We prove the hyperbolization theorem for punctured torus bundles and two-bridge link complements by decomposing them into ideal tetrahedra which are then given hyperbolic structures, following Rivin's volume maximization principle.
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